What is the Definition of Colonization

7/27/2019 What is the Definition of Colonization

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The Colonial history of Sri Lanka is dated from the start of thePortuguese period in Ceylon, in 1505, untilSri

Lankaachievedindependencein 1948.

Portuguese era

The first Europeans to visit Sri Lanka in modern times were the Portuguese:Francisco de Almeidaarrived in 1505,

finding the island divided into seven warring kingdoms and unable to fend off intruders. The Portuguese founded a

fort at the port city ofColomboin 1517 and gradually extended their control over the coastal areas. In 1592 the

Sinhalese moved their capital to the inland city ofKandy, a location more secure against attack from invaders.

Intermittent warfare continued through the 16th century.

Many lowland Sinhalese were forced to convert toChristianitywhile the coastalMoorswere religiously persecuted

and forced to retreat to theCentral highlands. The Buddhist majority disliked Portuguese occupation and its

influences and welcomed any power who might rescue them and defeat the Portuguese. In 1602, therefore, when

theDutchcaptainJoris van Spilbergenlanded, the king of Kandy appealed to him for help.

Dutch era

It was in 1638 that the Dutch attacked in earnest but ended with an agreement(which was disrespected by both

parties), and not until 1656 that Colombo fell. By 1660 the Dutch controlled the whole island except the kingdom of

Kandy. The Dutch (who were Protestants) persecuted the Catholics (the left-over Portuguese settlers) but left theBuddhists, Hindus and Moslems alone. However, they taxed the people far more heavily than the Portuguese had

done. A mixed Dutch-Sinhalese people known asBurgher peoplesare the legacy of Dutch rule.

In 1659, the British sea captainRobert Knoxlanded by chance on Sri Lanka and was captured by the king of

Kandy. He escaped 19 years later and wrote an account of his stay. This helped to bring the island to the attention

of the British.

British rule

During theNapoleonic Wars,Great Britain, fearing thatFrenchcontrol of the Netherlands might deliver Sri Lanka

to the French, occupied the coastal areas of the island (which theycalledCeylon) with little difficulty in 1796. In

1802 by theTreaty of Amiensthe Dutch part of the island was ceded to Britain, and became a crown colony. In

1803 theBritishinvaded theKingdom of Kandyin the 1stKandyan War, but were bloodily repulsed. In 1815 Kandywas occupied in the 2nd Kandyan War, finally ending Sri Lankan independence.

Following the bloody suppression of theUva Rebellion, the Kandyan peasantry were stripped of their lands by

theWastelands Ordinance, a modernenclosuremovement and reduced to penury. The British found that the

uplands of Sri Lanka were very suited tocoffee,teaandrubbercultivation, and by the mid 19th century Ceylon tea

had become a staple of the British market, bringing great wealth to a small class of white tea planters. To work the

estates, the planters imported large numbers of Tamil workers asindentured labourersfrom south India, who soon

made up 10% of the island's population. These workers had to work in slave-like conditions and to live in line

rooms, not very different from cattle sheds.

The British colonialists favoured the semi-European Burghers, certain high-casteSinhalese and the Tamils who

were mainly concentrated to the north of the country, exacerbating divisions and enmities which have survivedever since. Nevertheless, the British also introduced democratic elements to Sri Lanka for the first time in its

history. The Burghers were given some degree of self-government as early as 1833. It was not until 1909 that

constitutional development began with a partly elected assembly, and not until 1920 that elected members

outnumbered official appointees.Universal suffragewas introduced in 1931, over the protests of the Sinhalese,

Tamil and Burgher elite who objected to the common people being allowed to vote
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dia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Amienshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_renaminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Knox_(sailor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgher_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joris_van_Spilbergenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Province,_Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeidahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_period_in_Ceylon


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Independence movement

The Ceylon National Congress (CNC) was founded to agitate for greater autonomy. The party soon split along

ethnic and caste lines. Prof. K. M. de Silva, the famous Peradeniya historian has pointed out that the refusal of the

Ceylon Tamils to accept minority status to be one of the main causes which broke up the CNC.[1]

The CNC did not

seek independence or "Swaraj". What may be called the independence movement broke into two streams, viz., the

"constitutionalists", who sought independence by gradual modification of the status of Ceylon, and the more radical

groups associated with the Colombo Youth League, Labour movement of Goonasinghe, and the Jaffna Youth

Congress. These organizations were the first to raise the cry of Swaraj, or outright independence, following the

Indian example, whenJawaharlal Nehru, Sarojini Naidu and other Indian leaders visited Ceylon in 1926.[2]The

efforts of the constitutionalists led to the arrival of the Donoughmore Commissionreforms (1931) and theSoulbury

Commissionrecommendations, which essentially upheld the 1944 draft constitution of the Board of ministers

headed byD. S. Senanayake.[1][2]

The MarxistLanka Sama Samaja Party(LSSP), which grew out of the Youth

Leagues in 1935, made the demand for outright independence a cornerstone of their policy[7]Its deputies in the

State Council,N.M. PereraandPhilip Gunawardena, were aided in this struggle by other less radical members

likeColvin R. De Silva,Leslie Goonewardena,Vivienne Goonewardena,Edmund SamarkodyNatesa Iyerand Don

Alwin Rajapaksa. They also demanded the replacement of English as the official language by Sinhala and Tamil.

The Marxist groups were a tiny minority and yet their movement was viewed with grave suspicion by the British

administration. The heroic (but ineffctive) attempts to rouse the public against the British Raj in revolt would have

led to certain bloodshed and a delay in independence. British state papers released in the 1950s show that the

Marxist movement had a very negative impact on the policy makers at the Colonial office.

TheSoulbury Commissionwas the most important result of the agitation for constitutional reform in the 1930s. The

Tamil leadership had by then fallen into the hands ofG. G. Ponnambalamwho had rejected the "Ceylonese

identity".[3]

Ponnamblam had declared himself a "proud Dravidian", and attempted to establish an independent

identity for the Tamils. Ponnamblam was a politician who attacked the Sinhalese, and their historical chronicle

known as theMahavamsa. One such inflamed attack in Navalapitiya led to the first Sinhala-Tamil riot in

1939.[2][4]

Ponnambalam opposeduniversal franchise, supported thecaste system, and claimed that the protection

of Tamil rights requires the Tamils (15% of the population in 1931) having an equal number of seats in parliament

to that of the Sinhalese (about 72% of the population). This "50-50" or "balanced representation" policy became the

hall mark of Tamil politics of the time. Ponnambalam also accused the British of having established colonization in

"traditional Tamil areas", and having favoured the Buddhists by the buddhist temporalities act. TheSoulbury

Commissionrejected these submissions by Ponnambalam, and even noted their unacceptable communal

character. Sinhalese writers pointed out the large immigration of Tamils to the southern urban centers, especially

after the opening of the Jaffna-Colombo railway. Meanwhile, Senanayake, Baron Jayatilleke, Oliver Gunatilleke

and others lobbied the Soulbury Commission without confronting them officially. The unofficial submissions

contained what was to later become the draft constitution of 1944.[2]

The close collaboration of the D. S. Senanayake government with the war-time British administration led to the

support ofLord Louis Mountbatten. His dispatches and a telegram to the Colonial office supporting Independence

for Ceylon have been cited by historians as having helped the Senanayake government to secure the

independence of Sri Lanka. The shrewd cooperation with the British as well as diverting the needs of the war

market to Ceylonese markets as a supply point, managed by Oliver Goonatilleke, also led to a very favourable

fiscal situation for the newly independent government.
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Second World War

During World War II, Sri Lanka was a front-line British base against the Japanese. Opposition to the war in Sri

Lanka was orchestrated by Marxist organizations. The leaders of the LSSP pro-independence agitation were

arrested by the Colonial authorities. On 5 April 1942, the Japanese Navybombed Colombo, which led to the flight

of Indian merchants, dominant in the Colombo commercial sector. This flight removed a major political problem

faceing the Senanayake government.[2]

Marxist leaders also escaped, to India, where they participated in the

independence struggle there. The movement in Ceylon was minuscule, limited to the English educated

intelligentsia and trade unions, mainly in the urban centres. These groups were led by Robert Gunawardena,Philip's brother. In stark contrast to this "heroic" but ineffective approach to the war, the Senanayake government

took advantage of the war to further its rapport with the commanding elite. Ceylon became crucial to the British

Empire in the war, withLord Louis Mountbattenusing Colombo as his headquarters for the Eastern Theater. Oliver

Goonatilleka successfully exploited the markets for the country's rubber and other agricultural products to replenish

the treasury. Nonetheless, Sinhalese continued to agitate for independence and Sinhalese sovereignty, using the

opportunities offered by the war to establish a special relationship with Britain.

Meanwhile, the Marxists, identifying the war as an imperialist sideshow and desiring aproletarian revolution, chose

a path of agitation disproportionate to their negligible combat strength, and diametrically opposed to the

"constitutionalist" approach of Senanayake and other Ethnic Sinhalese leaders. A small garrison on the Cocos

Islands, manned by Ceylonese, asttempted to cast off the British yoke. It has been claimed that the LSSP had

some hand in the action, though this is far from clear. Three of the participants were the only British SubjectPeoples to be shot for "mutiny" during World War II .

[5]Two members of the Governing Party,Junius Richard

JayawardeneandDudley Senanayake, held discussions with the Japanese to collaborate in liberating the island

from British colonialism.

Sri Lankans inSingaporeandMalaysiaformed the 'Lanka Regiment' of theIndian National Army.

The constitutionalists, led by D. S. Senanayake, succeeded in winning independence. The Soulbury constitution

was essentially what Senanayake's board of ministers had drafted in 1944. The promise of Dominion status, and

independence itself, had been given by the Colonial office.

Post-war

The Sinhalese leader Don Stephen Senanayake left the CNC on the issue of independence, disagreeing with therevised aim of 'the achieving of freedom', although his real reasons were more subtle.

[6]He subsequently formed

theUnited National Party(UNP) in 1946,[7]

when a new constitution was agreed on, based on the behind-the-

curtain lobbying of the Soulbury Commission. At the elections of 1947, the UNP won a minority of the seats in

Parliament, but cobbled together a coalition with the Sinhala Maha Sabha of Solomon Bandaranaike and the Tamil

Congress of G.G. Ponnambalam. The successful inclusions of the Tamil-communalist leader Ponnambalam, and

his Sinhala counterpart Bandaranaike were a remarkable political balancing act by Senanayake. However, the

vacuum in Tamil Nationalist politics created by Ponnamblam's transition to a moderate opened the field for the

Tamil Arasu Kachchi, a Tamil sovereignist party (rendered into English as the "Federal" party) led by S. J. V.

Chelvanaykam, the lawyer son of a Christian minister.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-jane-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-jane-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-jane-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletarian_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletarian_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletarian_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junius_Richard_Jayawardenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junius_Richard_Jayawardenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junius_Richard_Jayawardenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junius_Richard_Jayawardenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Senanayakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Senanayakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Senanayakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_National_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_National_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_National_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_National_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Senanayakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junius_Richard_Jayawardenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junius_Richard_Jayawardenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletarian_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-jane-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy


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What Is the Definition of Colonization?

The term colonisation refers to the process or act of establishing a colony or colonies. It can also mean the

spreading of a species into a new habitat. For instance in a sentence; the primary plant species to colonise such

islands are frequently transported there as airborne seeds.

Colonization is when a group or groups take over an area. Once in the area, the groups will set up for survival. A

few examples would be the early American settlers and bacteria in a host.

The definition of the word colonize is when a group of settlers travel to a different country and take control

politically over the country's indigenous people or citizens.

Colonization (orcolonisation) occurs whenever any one or more species populate an area. The term, which is

derived from the Latin colere, "to inhabit, cultivate, frequent practice, tend, guard, respect",[1]

originally referred to

humans. During the 19th century, biogeographers appropriated the term to also describe the activities of birds,

bacteria, or plant species. Human colonization is a narrower category than the related concept of colonialism.

Colonization refers strictly to migration, for example, to settlercolonies, trading posts, and plantations,

while colonialism deals with this, along with ruling the existing indigenous peoples of styled "new territories".

Modern colonization

Colonization may be used as a method of absorbing and assimilating foreign people into the culture of the imperial

country, and thus destroying any remnant of the foreign cultures that might threaten the imperial territory over the

long term by inspiring rebellion. During the Russian Empire, a policy ofRussification was followed, in order to

impose the Russian language and culture on conquered people in territory adjacent to Russia itself. In this way, the

Russian Empire aimed to gradually, and permanently, expand its territory by erasing foreign cultures. Foreign

languages within its territory were banned, as were foreign religions. The policy of Russification was pursued

during the Communist era as well. Under the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, ethnic Russians were sent to

colonize captured territory such as Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, while local languages, religions and customs

were banned or suppressed. Population transfer in the Soviet Union was also used both as a military strategy to

extinguish opposition to Soviet expansion, and as a continuation of the Russification policy of assimilating, or

failing that, eliminating ethnic minorities through exile to a distant territory such as Siberia.

In some cases, expatriate niches do set up permanently in target countries but whether this can be rightly calledcolonization is debatable precisely because of the ambiguity of intentions behind the movement and settling of

expatriates and in many cases (especially when not gathered into a niche per se) expatriates do not necessarily

seek to "expand their native civilization", but rather to integrate into the population of the new civilization. It must be

recognized that expatriates are different from exiles and often there is very little if no relationship between them.

Exiles are more often than not diasporic or displaced communities or persons who have fled their native territory or

homeland to somewhere else and are usually in this position due to the ramifications of war or other major political

upheavals and sometimes this includes the influence of colonization.

Many nations also have large numbers ofguest workers who are brought in to do seasonal work such as

harvesting or to do low-paid manual labor. Guest workers or contractors have a lower status than workers with

visas, because guest workers can be removed at any time for any reason. Many human colonists came to colonies

as slaves, so the legal power to leave or remain may not be the issue so much as the actual presence of thepeople in the new country.

Historical colonizations

Classical period[edit]

In ancient times, maritime nations such as the city-states ofGreece and Phoenicia often established colonies to

farm what they saw as uninhabited land. In classical times, land suitable for farming was often claimed by

migratory "barbarian tribes" who lived by hunting and gathering. To ancient Greeks and Phoenicians, the land was

regarded as simply vacant. However this does not mean that conflict did not exist between the colonizers and

native peoples. Greeks and Phoenicians also established colonies with the intent of regulating and expandingtrade throughout the Mediterranean and Middle East. Another period of colonization in Ancient times was from

the Romans. The Roman Empire conquered a large part ofWestern Europe, North Africa and West Asia. In North

Africa and west Asia they were often conquering what they regarded as "civilized" peoples, but as they moved
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-Steele03-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-Steele03-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-Steele03-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_posthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_integrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_workerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonization&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoeniciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoeniciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonization&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_workerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_integrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_posthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-Steele03-1


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north into Europe they mostly encountered rural tribes with very little in the way of cities. In these areas, waves of

Roman colonization often followed the conquest of the areas.

Many of the current cities around Europe began as Roman colonies, such as the German city Kln (Cologne),

which was originally called Colonia Claudia by the Romans; and the British capital city ofLondon which the

Romans founded as Londinium.

Middle Ages[edit]

The decline and collapse of the Roman Empire saw (and was partly caused by) the large-scale movement of

people in Eastern Europe and Asia. This is largely seen as beginning with nomadic horsemen from Asia

(specifically the Huns) moving into the richer pasture land to the west and so forcing the people there to move

further west and so on until eventually the Goths were forced to cross into the Roman Empire, resulting in

continuous war with Rome which played a major role in the fall of the Roman Empire. It was this period that saw

the large-scale movement of peoples establishing new colonies all over western Europe, the events of this time

saw the development of many of the modern day nations of Europe, the Franks in France and Germany and

the Anglo-Saxons in England. In West Asia, during Sassanid Empire, some Persians established colonies

in Yemen and Oman.

The Vikings ofScandinavia also carried out a large-scale colonization. The Vikings are best known as raiders,

setting out from their original homelands in Denmark, southern Norway and southern Sweden, to pillage the

coastlines of northern Europe. In time, the Vikings began trading, rather than raiding, and established colonies.

The Vikings discovered Iceland and establishing colonies before moving onto Greenland, where they briefly held

some colonies. The Vikings also launched an unsuccessful attempt at colonizing an area they called Vinland,

which is probably at a site now known as L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland and Labrador, on the eastern

coastline ofCanada.

Modern "Colonial era" colonialism[edit]

"Colonialism" in this context refers mostly to Western European countries' colonization of lands mainly in the

Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania; the main European countries active in this form of colonization

included Spain, Portugal, France, the Kingdom of England, the Netherlands, and (from the 18th century) Great

Britain. Each of these countries had a period of almost complete power in world trade at some stage in the era

from roughly 1500 to 1900. Some reports characterize Chinese activities in Tibet as colonization.[2][3]

While many colonization schemes focussed on shorter-term exploitation of economic opportunities (Newfoundland,

for example, orSiberia) or addressed specific goals (think Massachusetts orNew South Wales), a tradition also

developed of careful long-term social planning based on elaborate theory-building (note James

Oglethorpe's Colony of Georgia in the 1730s and Edward Gibbon Wakefield's New Zealand in the 1840s).[4]

Colonization of Europe[edit]

An increasing number of scholars and analysts describe contemporary Muslim immigration to Europe as a process

of colonization. Rauf Ceylan describes the Turkish communaities of Germany as "ethnic colonies".[5]

Robert S.

Leikendescribes Muslim immigrant communities in Europe as "something like a Muslim internal colony," in which

the immigrant becomes "not so much a member of British society as a colonial of his clan and village".[6]

Hans

Magnus Enzensbergeralso uses the language of colonization. Christopher Caldwell writes that "'colonization' well

describes the influx of the past half-century".[5]First, because of the scale of the phenomenon, and, moresignificantly according to Caldwell, because the "terms" of the transformation are "set by the immigrants".

[5]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colognehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonization&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labradorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonization&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_Colonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusettshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Oglethorpehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Oglethorpehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Georgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gibbon_Wakefieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonization&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauf_Ceylanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-Caldwell-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-Caldwell-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Leikenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Leikenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensbergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensbergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Caldwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-Caldwell-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-Caldwell-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-Caldwell-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-Caldwell-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-Caldwell-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-Caldwell-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-Caldwell-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-Caldwell-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Caldwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensbergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensbergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Leikenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Leikenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-Caldwell-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauf_Ceylanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonization&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gibbon_Wakefieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Georgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Oglethorpehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Oglethorpehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusettshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_Colonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonization&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labradorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonization&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne


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Plural society

A plural society

is defined by Fredrik Barth as a society combining ethnic contrasts: the economic interdependence of those

groups, and theirecological specialization (i.e., use of different environmental resources by each ethnic group).

The ecological interdependence, or the lack of competition, between ethnic groups may be based on the different

activities in the same region or on longterm occupation of different regions in the same nationstate. In Barths

view, ethnic boundaries are most enduring and stable when groups occupy different ecological niches; simply, they

make their living in different ways and dont compete. When different ethnic groups e xploit the same ecological

niche, the militarily more powerful group will normally replace the weaker one. However, if the weaker group is

better able to use marginal environments, the two groups could also coexist. Ethnic boundaries, distinctions, and

interdependence can be maintained given niche specialization, although specific cultural features of each group

may change.

Defined by J S Furnivall as a medley ofpeoples - European, Chinese, Indian and native, who do mix but do not

combine. Each group holds by its own religion, its own culture and language, its own ideas and ways. As

individuals they meet, but only in the marketplace in buying and selling. There is a plural society, with different

sections of the community living side by side, within the same political unit.

What Is a Plural Society?

A plural society is a community that has two or more cultural groups living together, but which maintain their

individual identities and practices. It is a society that fuses different ethnic groups in the same space.

Plural Societies and Democratic Regimes[edit]

During research about plural societies, Asim Ejaz, Student of M.phil Political Science in Islamia university

bahawalpur, Pakistan, presented his analytical summary about the book of Arend Lijphart, "democracy in plural

societies" that it is so much difficult to achieve and stable democratic government in plural society. As Aristotle

says about stable governing system that, a state aims at being, as far as it can be, a society composed of equal &

peers. For the stability of democratic regimes, there must be social homogeneity and political consensus amongthe deep social divisions, and, there must be ended of political differences. There are, because, the factors that

help in producing instability and breakdown of democracies. Arend Lijphart, therefore, used particular form of

democracy, Consociational Democracy, which is, according to him, may be difficult but it is not at all impossible to

achieve and maintain stable democratic government in plural societies.

Consociational democracy can be characterized by the cooperative attitude and behavior of the leaders of the

different segments of the population. In other meanings, there will be elite cooperation. This model of

Consociational democracy is both, normative and an empirical. In Austria, Belgium, Netherland and Switzerland,

there are sharp political divisions, but due to Consoiciational democracy, there is existence of political stability. In

Austria, political stability can be observed in the forms of Catholic-Socialist elite cooperation and grand coalition.

In non-Western countries, as Arend Lijphart highlights twin problems, and there are, sharp cleavages of various

kind and political stability. For the successful democratic regimes in the third world, due to plural societies,

Consociational democracy is based, also on normative model. A Plural society is a society, divided by segmental

cleavages, and, political stability is characterized by system maintenance, legitimacy, civil order and effectiveness.

Without these four elements, which are also interdependent, political stability cannot exist. According to Geberial

Almond, there are four types of political systems;

1) Ang lo-American Polit ical System 2) Continental European Polit ic al System 3) Pre-Indu str ial Polit ical

System 4) Totali tar ian Polit ical System .

He says that Anglo-American and Continental European Political systems show democratic regimes. The Anglo-

American political system is a homogenous and secular political system, while the Continental European political

system is characterized by a fragmentation of political culture due to plural societies within European countries.

According to Geberial Almond, Separation of power doctrine is also concerned with political stability. He extends

the idea of separation of power from three formal branches of government, executives and legislature, to informal

political subcultures like parties, interest groups and the media of communication. He much more emphasizes on

input structures than the output structures.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_Barthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_S_Furnivallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalities_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Indiahttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketplacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plural_society&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plural_society&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketplacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalities_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_S_Furnivallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_Barth


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Duverger and Neumann argue that there is a close relationship between the number of parties and democratic

stability, but a two party system not only seems to correspond to the nature of things because it can moderate

better than multiparty systems. In other words, a two party system is the best aggregation. In Switzerland, there is

a multiparty system, while in Austria, there is a two party system.

Arend Lijphart says that there are deep divisions between different segments of the population and absence of a

unifying consensus in most of the Asian, African and South American countries like Guyana, Surinam and Trinidad.

According to Cliffard Geertz, Communal attachment is called primordial loyalties, which may be based on

language, religion, custom, region, race or assumed blood ties. Each communal group hold its assumed ties,

therefore there is political instability and breakdown of democracy up until now.

He argues that due to political development, western countries have created homogeneity among their plural

societies, as like idealize British society. But Geberial Almond says that, in Continental European political system,

there is no secularism and political homogeneity, but there is cultural homogeneity. He argues that, non-western

countries would become more comprehensive and less remote they use this continental type, which is based on a

multi-racial (multi-national) society and lacking in strong consensus.

Furnivall says that democracy is achieved by the European countries with the help of Consociationalism, and,

there is fulfillment of the requirements and demands of the divided societies through appropriate processes. On the

other hand, in non-western countries, there is lack of strength in social will and social unity due to divided society,

and, it is dangerous for both, the democracy and a considerable degree of political unity.

Plural Society

Unit 1 Module 3 - Social Stratification & Social Mobility

Plural Society

Many of the societies which have problems of multicultural governance are former multi-ethnic colonies. A theory

of such colonial and post-colonial societies draws particularly on the work of J.S.Furnivall and M.G.Smith.

According to Furnivall different ethnic groups in a plural society meet only in the market place. This market place

however lacks the characteristics which Durkheim envisaged in his concept of organic solidarity. It lacks the shared

values which organic solidarity requires and involves brutal conflict and exploitation. The sense of solidarity on

which morality depends is to be found within the different ethnic groups when they go home from the market place.Within these groups there is intense solidarity and moral unity.

Furnivall worked in Burma but wrote about Java drawing on the work of the Dutch economic theorist, Boeke.

Boeke writes that in the economy of Netherlands India there is a materialism, rationalism and individualism and a

concentration on economic ends far more complete and absolute than in homogeneous Western lands As he sees

it this is a capitalism quite different from that which grew slowly over hundreds of years and maintained its moral

roots

M.G..Smith wrote originally about Grenada but his theory of the plural society has been widely used in the analysis

of colonial and post-colonial societies in the Caribbean. Smith is aware of the general sociological theory of Talcott

Parsons and its assumption of four mutually supportive institutions. In the Caribbean, however he argues that there

are several co-existing ethnic groups each of which has a nearly complete set of social institutions. Setting his

argument within the context of a review of social anthropological theories used in studying the Caribbean, he sees

the various ethnic groups as having their own family systems, there own productive economies, their own

languages and religion but not their own political system. In the political sphere they are all controlled by one

dominant segment... To put this in more concrete terms Blacks are descended from Slaves, Indians from

indentured labourers. The groups have remained distinct and have their own institutions. They exist however

politically under the domination of an outside power. Thus the defining feature of a plural society is seen as this

process of the domination of all ethnic groups by the colonial power. New problems arise when the colonial power

withdraws. Whereas Furnivall sees the different ethnic groups as bound together by the economic fact of the

market place, Smith sees them as bound together by a political institution, the colonial state.

One crucial institution in the Caribbean was the slave plantation. The history of plantations is traced by Max Weber

in his General Economic History to the manor. But the Caribbean slave plantation comes into existence when

capitalism directs horticultural production to the market. Similar developments occur in mining. M.G Smiths theory

has to take account of this. In fact he sees the plantation as one form of political institution

M.G.Smith collaborated with the South African, Leo Kuper in producing a series of essays on Africa and also

turned his attention to the United States in his book Corporations and Society, The case of South Africa is of

special interest calling for an analysis of a society based upon rural labour migrating to the gold mines.


8/18

The United States has developed as neither homogeneous nor plural but heterogeneous. Smith has to deal with

the question of social class. This is easy enough for he has only to say that each group has its own internal class

structure. He does, however, have to compare his own theory to that of Marx. He cannot accept that group

formation occurs between those having the same or different relations to the means of production, nor that in the

social production of the means of life men enter into circumstances which are independent of their will For Smith

the culture of ethnic groups in a plural society is not simply determined in this way. The plural segments in colonial

society operate according to a different dynamic which it is the purpose of Plural Society theory to explain.

Rex has attempted to set out a theory of the plural society which does justice to Marxian and other theories as wellas those of Smith. This involves first of all recognizing that such societies go though several phases of

development, pre-colonial, colonial and post colonial. In the colonial phase relations to the means of production

are important, even though they are more varied than Marxist categories suggest involving such structures as the

encomienda in Spanish America. At the same time however groups have a relationship to each other reminiscent

of the mediaeval estate system in Europe different groups having the cultures, rights and privileges which attach to

their function. In the post-colonial phase there would be according to this theory a number of developments. One

would be the subordination of peasants to the large estates or latitudinal, a second would be the replacement of

the former colonial power by a group able to take over its powers, a third would be a change in which new primarily

economic centres replaced the colonial power, and so far as resistance and struggle within the new system is

concerned.

Fanonism laying emphasis upon the national struggle would take precedence over class struggle.The application of plural society theory to capitalist societies based upon mining produces a different set of

problems. There rural agricultural reserves are expected to provide social back-up so that males of working age

can live in segregated compounds or locations and be intensively exploited. This is a situation very much like that

described by Furnivall.

References.

Boeke J, .H. De Economische Theorie der Dualistiche Saamleving quoted by Furnivall Op.cit p452.

Durkheim, E., (1933), The Division of Labour in Society, Free Press, Glencoe Illinois

Furnivall, J. S., (1939) Netherlands India, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,

Rex, J., (1981), A Working Paradigm for Race Relations Research Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol 4 No 1 pp1 -

25Smith, M, G., (1965), The Plural Society in the British West Indies, University of California Press, Berkeley and

Los Angeles.

Smith, M.G., (1964), Corporations and Society, Duckworth, London,Smith

M., G., and Kuper, L., (1969), Pluralism in Africa, University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles.Weber,

M., (1961) General Economic History, Collier Books, New York.


9/18

The history ofSri Lankabegins around 30,000 years ago when the island was first inhabited. Chronicles,

including theMahawansa, theDipavamsa, theCulavamsaand theRajaveliya, record events[1][2]

from the

beginnings of theSinhalesemonarchyin the 6th century BC;[3]

through the arrival ofEuropean Colonialistsin the

16th century; and to thedisestablishmentof the monarchy in 1815. Some mentions of the country are found in

theRamayana, theMahabharataand theLankavatara SutraMahayana Buddhism texts ofGautama Buddha's

teachings.Buddhismwas introduced in the 3rd century BC by ArhathMahinda(son of the Indian emperorAshoka

the Great).

From the 16th century, some coastal areas of the country were ruled by thePortuguese,DutchandBritish. Sri

Lanka was ruled by 181 kings from the Anuradhapura to Kandy periods.[4]

After 1815 the entire nation was

underBritishcolonial rule and armed uprisings against the British took place in the 1818Uva Rebellionand the

1848Matale Rebellion. Independence was finally granted in 1948 but the country remained a Dominion of the

British Empire.

In 1972 Sri Lanka assumed the status of a Republic. Aconstitutionwas introduced in 1978 which made

theExecutive Presidentthe head of state. TheSri Lankan Civil Warbegan in 1983, including anarmed youth

uprisingin 19871989, with the 25 year-long civil war ending in 2009.

Prehistoric era of Sri Lanka

The earliest archaeological evidence of human colonization in Sri Lanka appears at the site of

Balangoda.Balangoda Manarrived on the island about 34,000 years ago and have been identified

asMesolithichunter gathererswho lived in caves. Several of these caves, including the well

knownBatadombalenaand theFa-Hien Rock cave, have yielded many artifacts from these people who are

currently the first known inhabitants of the island.

Balangoda Manprobably createdHorton Plains, in the central hills, by burning the trees in order to catch game.

However, the discovery of oats and barley on the plains at about 15,000 BC suggests that agriculture had already

developed at this early date.[5]

Several minute granite tools (about 4 centimetres in length), earthenware, remnants of charred timber, and clay

burial pots date to theMesolithicstone age. Human remains dating to 6000 BC have been discovered during

recent excavations around a cave at Varana Raja Maha vihara and in the Kalatuwawa area.

Cinnamonis native to Sri Lanka and has been found inAncient Egyptas early as 1500 BC, suggesting early trade

between Egypt and the island's inhabitants. It is possible that BiblicalTarshishwas located on the island.James

Emerson Tennentidentified Sri Lanka withGalle.[6]

The protohistoric Early Iron Age appears to have established itself in South India by at least as early as 1200 BC, if

not earlier (Possehl 1990; Deraniyagala 1992:734). The earliest manifestation of this in Sri Lanka is radiocarbon-

dated to c. 1000-800 BC at Anuradhapura and Aligala shelter in Sigiriya (Deraniyagala 1992:709-29; Karunaratne

and Adikari 1994:58; Mogren 1994:39; with the Anuradhapura dating corroborated by Coningham 1999). It is verylikely that further investigations will push back the Sri Lankan lower boundary to match that of South India.

[7]

Archaeological evidence for the beginnings of theIron agein Sri Lanka is found atAnuradhapura, where a large

citysettlement was founded before 900 BC. The settlement was about 15 hectares in 900 BC, but by 700 BC it

had expanded to 50 hectares.[8]

A similar site from the same period has also been discovered near Aligala

inSigiriya.[9]

who still live in the central, Uva and north-eastern parts of the island, are probably direct descendants of the first

inhabitants, Balangoda man. They may have migrated to the island from the mainland around the time humans

spread from Africa to the Indian subcontinent.

Around 500 BC, Sri Lankans developed a uniquehydraulic civilization. Achievements include the construction ofthe largest reservoirs and dams of the ancient world as well as enormous pyramid-likeStupa(Dagoba)

architecture. This phase of Sri Lankan culture was profoundly influenced by earlyBuddhism.[citation needed]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahawansahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahawansahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahawansahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipavamsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipavamsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipavamsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culavamsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culavamsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culavamsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajaveliya&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajaveliya&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajaveliya&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhalese_Peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhalese_Peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-G208-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-G208-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-G208-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandyan_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandyan_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandyan_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahindahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahindahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahindahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-lanka.info-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-lanka.info-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-lanka.info-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva_Rebellionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva_Rebellionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva_Rebellionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matale_Rebellionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matale_Rebellionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matale_Rebellionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9389_JVP_Insurrectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9389_JVP_Insurrectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9389_JVP_Insurrectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balangoda_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balangoda_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balangoda_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_gatherershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_gatherershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_gatherershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batadombalenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batadombalenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batadombalenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fa-Hien_Rock_cave&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fa-Hien_Rock_cave&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fa-Hien_Rock_cave&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balangoda_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balangoda_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Plains_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Plains_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Plains_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarshishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarshishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarshishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Emerson_Tennenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Emerson_Tennenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Emerson_Tennenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Emerson_Tennenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuradhapurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuradhapurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuradhapurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiriyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiriyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagobahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagobahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagobahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagobahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiriyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuradhapurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Emerson_Tennenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Emerson_Tennenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarshishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Plains_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balangoda_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fa-Hien_Rock_cave&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batadombalenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_gatherershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balangoda_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9389_JVP_Insurrectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9389_JVP_Insurrectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matale_Rebellionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva_Rebellionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-lanka.info-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahindahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandyan_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-G208-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhalese_Peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajaveliya&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culavamsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipavamsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahawansahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka


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Buddhist scriptures note three visits by the Buddha to the island to see theNagaKings, who are said to be snakes

that can take the form of a human at will. Snake transformation of the kings are thought to be symbolic and not

based on historical fact.[10]

The earliest surviving chronicles from the island, theDipavamsaand theMahavamsa, say that tribes

ofYakkhas,Nagas(cobra worshippers) andDevas(god worshippers) inhabited the island prior to the migration of

Vijaya.

Potteryhas been found atAnuradhapurabearingBrahmiscript and non-Brahmi writing and date back to 600 BC

one of the oldest examples of the script.[11]

Ancient Sri Lanka

Landing of Vijaya

The Pali chronicles, theDipavamsa,Mahavamsa,Thupavamsaand theChulavamsa, as well as a large collection

of stone inscriptions,[12]

the Indian Epigraphical records, the Burmese versions of the chronicles etc., provide

information on the history of Sri Lanka from about the 6th century BC.[3]

The Mahavamsa, written around 400 AD by the monkNagasena, using the Deepavamsa, the Attakatha and other

written sources available to him, correlates well with Indian histories of the period. Indeed EmperorAshoka's reign

is recorded in the Mahavamsa. The Mahavamsa account of the period prior to Asoka's coronation, 218 years after

the Buddha's death, seems to be part legend. Proper historical records begin with the arrival ofVijayaand his 700

followers.Vijayawas a Vangan (nowBengal, India) prince, the eldest son of King Sinhabahu ("Man with Lion

arms") and his sister Queen Sinhasivali who had their capital at Sihapura[13]

(nowSingur[14]

inWest Bengal, India).

Both these Sinhala leaders were supposedly born of a mythical union between a lion and a human princess. The

Mahavamsa claims that Vijaya landed on the same day as the death of the Buddha. The story of Vijaya and Kuveni

(the local reigning queen) is reminiscent of Greek legend and may have a common source in ancient Proto-Indo-

European folk tales.[15]

According to the Mahavamsa, Vijaya landed on Sri Lanka near Mahathitha (Manthota orMannar[16]

), and

named[17]

on the island ofThambaparni("copper-colored sand"). This name is attested to inPtolemy's map of the

ancient world. The Mahavamsa also describes the Buddha visiting Sri Lanka three times. Firstly, to stop a war

between a Naga king and his son in law who were fighting over a ruby chair. It is said that on his last visit he left

his foot mark on Siripada("Adam's Peak").

Tamirabharaniis the old name for the second longest river in Sri Lanka (known asMalwatu Oyain Sinhala

andAruvi Aruin Tamil). This river was a main supply route connecting the capital,Anuradhapura, to Mahathitha

(nowMannar). The waterway was used by Greek and Chinese ships travelling the southern Silk Route.

Mahathitha was an ancient port linking Sri Lanka to India and the Persian gulf.[18]

The present day Sinhalese are a mixture of the indigenous people and of other peoples who came to the island

from various parts of India. The Sinhalese recognize the Vijayan Indo-Aryan culture and Buddhism, as distinct from

other groups in neighboring south India.

Anuradhapura Kingdom

In the early ages of theAnuradhapura Kingdomthe Sinhalese economy was based on farming and they made their

early settlements mainly near the rivers of the east, north central, and north east areas which had the water

necessary for farming the whole year round. The king was the ruler of country and responsible for the law, the

army, and being the protector of faith.Devanampiya Tissa(250-210 BC) wasSinhalesewas friends with the King of

theMauryaclan. His links with EmperorAsokaled to the introduction ofBuddhismbyMahinda(son of Asoka)

around 247 BC.Sangamitta(sister of Mahinda) brought aBodhisapling viaJambukola(Sambiliturei). This king's

reign was crucial toTheravada Buddhismand for Sri Lanka.

Elara(205-161 BC) was a Tamil King who ruled "Pihiti Rata" (Sri Lanka north of themahaweli) after killingKingAsela. DuringElara's timeKelani Tissawas a sub-king ofMaya Rata(in the south-west) andKavan

Tissawas a regional sub-king ofRuhuna(in the south-east). Kavan Tissa builtTissa Maha Vihara,Dighavapi

Tankand many shrines in Seruvila.Dutugemunu(161-137 BC), the eldest son of King Kavan Tissa, at 25 years of
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What is the Definition of Colonization

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