Prepared by Roberto RoccoChair Spatial Planning and Strategy, TU Delft

Challenge(the(future

SpatialPlanning&Strategy

WHAT IS PLANNING

?

SpatialPlanning&Strategy

Urban planners and designers are no longer the all powerful figures they once thought they were. We have moved away from ideas

like the ‘ideal city’. But why?

It is easier to send a man to

the moon than to plan and design

a city

Sir Peter Hall said:

1. Multiplicity of stakeholders (in several levels and organised in networks)

2. Lack of common visions and goals3. Divergence about ways to achieve goals

4. The wicked character of urban problems (there are no “solutions” for urban development problems, but

several possible courses of action)

Cities have...

The main task for urban planners and designers is to act as articulators of spatial visions and solutions for a sustainable and

fair future

Foster + Partners, Duisburg City Masterplan, Duisburg, Germany, 2007. The new masterplan for the inner city of Duisburg builds on the success of Foster + Partners’ Inner Harbour redevelopment and will strengthen Duisburg’s transformation into a vibrant, green and sustainable city. Available at: http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/1443/Default.aspx

Planners and designers do not “make” cities. They are one of the agents that act in order to steer the city

Some rights reserved by tigger89. Available at Flickr

Our job is to

shape the attention

of actors towards

desirable futures

shape the attention

We do that by preparing and articulating spatial visions and plans

that...

• Deliver sustainable and fair futures

• Increase public goods

• Redistribute gains

• Increase life chances and prosperity

In order to do that effectively we need to understand human activity on space and THEN propose interventions, directions and

policies that might improve existing conditions

James Bell: Visualising Social Space, All rights reserved by jamvlog. Available at Flickr

Planners and designers are inserted and can

act upon complex systems of governance

WHAT’S GOVERNANCE AGAIN?

Private Sector

Civil Society

Public Sector

The great sectors of society ought to be in positive tension, where they are simultaneously apply and receive pressure from other groups. The problem with this model is that not everyone has an equal voice or right to express their views.

WHAT’S GOVERNANCE AGAIN?

Private Sector

Civil Society

Public Sector

Civil

Public Sector

Agents form coalitions between sectors and

within sectors towards changing objectives

Spatial Planners and designers?

Public Sector Private Sector Civil Society

Different levels of government (national,

provincial, local, district)Transnational organizations

or associations (e.g. European Union, UN, World

Bank, IMF)Ministries

Sectorial Boards (water boards, port authorities, etc)

Local companiesForeign companiesPrivate investors

Semi-public/semi-private institutions

NGOsInterest groups

UnionsProfessional organizations

CharitiesNeighborhood associations

Sports clubsOrganised religions

and other associationsThink tanksFoundations

Movements (political or not, like the Boy Scouts, the

YMCA and the Association for the

Advancement of People of Colour, for instance)

WHAT’S GOVERNANCE AGAIN?

State (the rule of law)

Private Sector

Civil Society

Public Sector

Civil

Public Sector

Why is governance

important for us?• These relationships are our object of study:

• How to operate with the relationships in place?

• How to propose new relationships and tools to articulate different actors, develop and implement desirable spatial visions and guarantee political/ economical and institutional support and successful implementation?

• Democratic processes (everyone has some kind of voice, thus avoiding oppression)

• Legitimacy

• Support and understanding

• Likely to deliver more effective results

Participation boosts governance

processes

governance

Participation opens the door to different kinds of

knowledge

• A strong argument for participation is that knowledge is constructed in communication. It would be therefore unethical and unintelligent to impose top-down solutions that do not take into account the knowledge of stakeholders.

Participation

• In Urban Planning it is not about citizen participation ONLY, but about stakeholder participation and articulation (public, private and civil).

• Of course, citizen participation is an essential aspect of any participatory process, but investors and different government branches can and should ‘participate’ in decision making and plan making.

Top down or bottom up?

• This does not mean that all initiatives must be bottom up. The rule of law implies that there are LEGITIMATE actors in any endeavor (and probably leaders and investors). Legitimacy and power of implementation do not always go together, but it is fair to expect that the public sector has the upper hand in implementing spatial plans, because it has the legitimacy to do so.

• There are vocal actors and silent ones, but they must be given a voice in planning and designing processes.

Time for increased participation in city

making?• Do you know examples of

participatory planning in your country or elsewhere? How do they do it?

* This lecture is not about participatory planning, but we will discuss it elsewhere!!!

Tools for a means

• Increase public goods

• Solve conflicts

• Balance the powers in governance processes

• Achieve SOCIAL JUSTICE

Planning is one of the main tools to strengthen democracy, in order to:

Our main goal is to create conditions for the full realization of human

potentials, through healthy, sustainable and fair

environments

TOOLS &MECHANISMS

The classic example: ZONING

http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/planen/fnp/en/historie/index.shtml

Roscommon County, Rep. Of Ireland

In the Netherlands:bestemmingsplan +

structuurvisie

http://www.bestemmingsplan.nl/

http://www.structuurvisies.nl

Sao PauloBORDER OF THE HAGUE

BORDER OF THE HAGUE

Regional Spatial Visions

http://www.4nw.org.uk/articles/article.php?page_id=457

North West of Englandplan

Regional Spatial Visions

The Randstad 2040plan

Source: http://www.randstadnieuws.nl/24-vastgoed/121-visie-projectontwikkeling-en-stedelijk-wonen/1053-randstad-2040-visie-in-startnotities/

Strategic PlansLarge Metropolitan Projects Randstad

UTRECHT CENTRAAL

SOURCE: VROM

AMSTERDAM ZUIDAS

DEN HAAG CENTRAAL

ROTTERDAM CENTRAAL

AMSTERDAM ZUIDAS

Strategic projects

Amsterdam Zuid-As

Spatial interventions(projects and designs)

Zuidas Dok

http://www.zuidasdok.nl

Province North

Holland

GovernanceMinistry Infra &Environment

Ministry Economic

Affairs

Amsterdam Urban Region

City of Amsterdam

PRORAIL

City of Amsterdam

Directorate-General for Public Works and Water

Management (RWS)

Bureau Zuidas

Stakeholders

Waternet

Province North

Holland

Rijkwaterstaat

Amsterdam Western District

Fire Brigade Amsterdam-Amstelland

Zuidas Development

Office

Real Estate Developers

People of Amsterdam

Other NGOs

Bureau Zuidas

• Current projects: tenders, self-build plots,

decision-making procedures

• Information

• Implementation

• Projects around Zuidas

• Themes such as traffic, green space and

sustainability

Social Function of Property

• It implies the separation between the right to OWN property and the right to BUILD or USE the property in different ways that benefit the community.

Expropriation (Onteigening)

Eminent domain (United States),

Compulsory purchase (United Kingdom, New Zealand, Ireland),

Resumption/compulsory acquisition (Australia),

Expropriation (South Africa and Canada)

An action of the state to seize a citizen's private property, expropriate property, or seize a citizen's rights in property with due monetary compensation, but without the owner's consent.

Public utility De Jure Belli et Pacis, Hugo Grotius in 1625

"... The property of subjects is under the eminent domain of the state, so that the state or he who acts for it may use and even alienate and destroy such property, not only in the case of extreme necessity, in which even private persons have a right over the property of others, but for ends of public utility, to which ends those who founded civil society must be supposed to have intended that private ends should give way. But it is to be added that when this is done the state is bound to make good the loss to those who lose their property."

Example of public utility: Selective flooding strategies (NL)

Source: de Volkskrant, 2004

TRANSFER of Development rightsSome physical rights include the rights to build, exploit natural resources, restrict access and farm. Other legally enforceable rights include the right to sell the land, subdivide it, rent it out or grant easements across it. These rights can be suspended or limited.

Source: http://government.cce.cornell.edu/doc/html/Transfer%20of%20Development%20Rights%20Programs.htm#Definition

Transfer of development rights

• TDR programs allow landowners to sever the building (aka development) rights from a particular piece of property and sell them.

• Purchasers are usually other landowners who want to increase the density of their developments.

• Local governments may also buy development rights in order to control price, design details or restrict growth.

TDR: the example of Grand Central Station, NYC

Source: http://government.cce.cornell.edu/doc/html/Transfer%20of%20Development%20Rights%20Programs.htm#Definition

TDR

You can build public policies based on TDRs!

Additional building rights

The separation between the right to own and the right to build that is implicit in tolls like zoning, give us the opportunity to build on tools like TDRs and additional building rights.

Additional development rights• ADRs are useful in combination with other legislation

(like ZONING) and specially in LARGE URBAN PROJECTS, where local governments have big stakes and where public money is used to improve infrastructure and public goods massively and where massive land valuation is expected as a result of the intervention.

• Investors in areas touched by LUPs must conform to existing ZONING regulations, which most of the times determine how much they can build in relation to the size of the plot they own (floor area index).

For an example, look at http://www.cityofjerseycity.com/hedc.aspx?id=6876

Additional building rights

• But if investors are willing to build BEYOND the existing zoning limitations, within the capacity to be created by large public works, they can buy a TITLE negotiable in the stock market or sealable as pubic titles.

• Each title will give the investor the ability to build X sq meters beyond existing regulations (within limits imposed by the planning authority). Because these titles are negotiable, their value depends on how much the market is willing to pay for them for a specific LUP at a specific time.

Incentives for building renewal

Further references

HABERMAS, the Public Sphere, and Democracy: A Critical Intervention, available at http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/papers/habermas.htm

PARKER, G. & DOAK, J. 2012. Key concepts in planning, London, Sage.

Thanks for watching & listening!Should you have any doubts, please contact r.c.rocco@tudelft.nl

And visit our BLOGwww.spatialplanningtudelft.eu

Challenge(the(future

SpatialPlanning&Strategy