What is Psych 2

The Birth of Modern Psychology

• 1879 – the first psychological laboratory was officially established in Germany by WILHELM WUNDT.

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)•The first man to call himself a psychologist was a German scientist named Wilhelm Wundt. He wrote the first psychology text ever written.•He believed in the “science of immediate experience” which he named structuralism.•He studied human behavior using a series of experiments where his subjects would be exposed to a stimulus and then report their experiences. Ex: The sensation of seeing a red patch is immediate & elementary, whereas the perception of an apple is complex.

•He established psychology as an experimental science not as a philosophy.

Psychology PerspectivesThree EARLY approaches

Wilhelm Wundt“Father of Psychology”

Structuralism

E.B. TICHENER

Functionalism

William JAMES

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund FREUD

1. Structuralism

• E.B. Tichener• Elements of consciousness– Asked: What happens when we behave?

• Hoped to analyze sensations, images and feelings into basic elements– Ex. Breaking down the components of taste

2. Functionalism

• William James• Purpose of consciousness• Stream of consciousness– Asked: how and why we behave

3. Psychoanalysis

• Sigmund Freud• Unconscious Motivations• Psychotherapy– Unconscious motives and conflicts

Present Day Psychology

• Today – the major psychological perspectives are:1. Biological2. Learning/Behavioral3. Cognitive4. Sociocultural5. Psychodynamic

• Two influential movements:– Humanistic– Feministic

Psychological Perspectives

Perspective What do you think it is?

1) Biological

2) Behavioral

3) Cognitive

4) Sociocultural

5) Psychodynamic

1. BIOLOGICAL• Psychobiology: the study of how the brain,

nervous system, hormones, and genetics influence our behavior.

• Nervous system• Horomones• Brain chemistry• Heredity

2. LEARNING/BEHAVIOR• Simply called “behaviorism”

which is the study of the relation between people’s environment and their behavior

• Environment and experience

• Main focus is on observable behaviors – only what can be seen

• Does not speculate on mental processes such as thinking

• Main belief is that all behavior is learned

Ivan Pavlov:

• Russian Psychologist

• Won Nobel Prize for Medicine

in 1904

• Created a famous behaviorist theory on learning – CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

2. LEARNING/BEHAVIOR

Learned Associations - Conditioning

• When two unrelated things (stimuli) are paired together and eventually become associated with each other

• For example when the school bell rings you stand up and leave the classroom

• Conditioning• Conditioning 2

2. LEARNING/BEHAVIOR

Pavlov Con’t:• Famous for his Salivating (drooling) Dog

Experiment–When he would jingle his keys the dogs would

begin to drool– This is an example of conditioning because the

sound of the keys and the food are unrelated, but when paired together many times, the dogs associated the sound of keys with feeding

– Same thing happens when a cat hears the can opener and comes running

2. LEARNING/BEHAVIOR

2. LEARNING/BEHAVIOR

John B. Watson

• Brought Behaviorism to America

• Insisted all psychology should only be concerned with observable behaviors

• Developed strict laboratory control systems

• By controlling a subjects environment you can control all behavior

2. LEARNING/BEHAVIOR

Watson’s Little Albert Experiment:

2. LEARNING/BEHAVIOR

B.F. Skinner

“Give me a child and I'll shape him into

anything."

2. LEARNING/BEHAVIOR

B.F. Skinner• called the “greatest contemporary psychologist

of all time”• believed that behavior changes as the result of

rewards and consequences (punishments)• environment, not free will, shapes human

behavior• goal of psychologist is to identify and change

the environmental conditions to control subjects behavior

• Created the “Skinner Box”

2. LEARNING/BEHAVIOR

3. COGNITIVE

• Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes and complex behaviors such as; perception, attention, learning, memory, verbal behavior, concept formation, and problem solving

•Depending on how we process, store & retrieve info this will influence our thinking, language, problem solving & creativity•Behavior is more than a simple response to a stimulus.

4. SOCIOCULTURAL

• Also known as “social psychology”: the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others

• Social and cultural contexts• Social rules and roles• Groups• Relationships• Cultural norms, values and expectations

Example:• “Physical attractiveness plays a big role in how we think of and respond to people.

I've worked as a summer camp counselor for the past two years and you have to try and treat each kid the same but it is inevitable that you will have favorites. I remember one year there were two really bad kids in particular who were always getting into trouble. One was a little girl who was so cute. She always had a cute little outfit on, here little ears were pierced, and was hilarious. But she was always getting herself into trouble or not listening. The other kid was a little overweight and not so attractive boy who also knew just how to muster up trouble. But when it came to punishing the two it was hard to be equal and fair and generally what tended to happen is the cute girl would get away with a lot more. She could somehow get us to forget or be less mad about the trouble she had caused and distract us with her humor or by other tactics. And the little boy would often get in more trouble and get a lot less positive attention....Thinking back, my favorite kids have never really been unattractive, and I even feel horrible admitting that, but it's true.” [added 4/16/08]

4. SOCIOCULTURAL

5. PSYCHODYNAMIC• Unconscious thoughts, desires

and conflicts

• Developed by SIGMUND FREUD a trained Neurologist

• States both normal and abnormal behaviors are

determined primarily by unconscious forces

• The unconscious mind exerts great control over behavior

• Patients who came to him often suffered from a variety of anxieties and other mental disturbances

• Often his theories on behavior and personality were based on patients who would be considered “psychotic”

5. PSYCHODYNAMIC

• Freud sought to delve deep beneath observable behaviors

• Wanted to find the root of the problem that he believed was often located in the unconscious mind

• Believed behaviors were only manifestations or signs of a deeper problem

• Goal of treatment – to bring unconscious causes of behavior to the conscious level

5. PSYCHODYNAMIC

Created idea of slip of the tongue – a persons true feelings are revealed through slips in speech

Dream Analysis – mind often disguises dreams with symbols or deeper meanings

Childhood Experiences – have major influence on personality development

Gained great fame and controversy by suggesting people (even children) are driven by motives that are sexual in nature

Only once the source of distress was brought to awareness could it be changed

In treating patients he often used hypnosis

Developed Psycho-Therapy

5. PSYCHODYNAMIC

ID: completely unconscious, raw instinct, motivation for survival, to eat, drink, reproduce (the pleasure principle)

SUPEREGO: the rules & restrictions of society, determines what behaviors are allowed, punishes bad behavior with feelings of guilt

EGO: thinking, planning, protective self, act as a mediator between the ID and the SUPEREGO (driven by the tendency to satisfy the ID’s demand realistically

5. PSYCHODYNAMIC

Freud devised that the mind has 3 structures.

Top 10 Freudian Slips

APPROACH WHAT INFLUENCES OUR BEHAVIOR?

EXAMPLE(Complete the chart below

with a partner)

BIOLOGICAL •BIOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCE OUR BEHAVIOUR

BEHAVIOURAL •EVENTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCE OUR BEHAVIOUR

COGNITIVE •HOW WE PROCESS, STORE & RETRIEVE INFO INFLUENCES OUR BEHAVIOUR

SOCIAL •ETHNICITY, GENDER, CULTURE & STATUS INFLUENCE OUR BEHAVIOUR

PSYCHODYNAMIC •UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVATIONS INFLUENCE BEHAVIOUR

Now…after all that…what exactly is a psychologist?

Count every " F" in the following text:

You don’t need to say the number out loud.

FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS...