What is Organizational Behavior?site.iugaza.edu.ps/saross/files/2019/02/Ch2-Attitudes-14Ed.pdf ·...
Transcript of What is Organizational Behavior?site.iugaza.edu.ps/saross/files/2019/02/Ch2-Attitudes-14Ed.pdf ·...
Learning Objectives
2
1 Contrast the three components of an attitude.
2 Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behavior.
3 Compare the major job attitudes.
4 Identify the two approaches for measuring job satisfaction.
5 Summarize the main causes of job satisfaction.
6 Identify three outcomes of job satisfaction.
7 Identify four employee responses to job dissatisfaction.
Attitudes
3
Attitudes
Evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people, or events.
The Components of an Attitude
Cognitive ComponentThe opinion or belief segment of an
attitude
Affective ComponentThe emotional or feeling segment of an
attitude
Behavioral ComponentAn intention to behave in a certain way
toward someone or something
Evaluation
Feeling
Action
ATTITUDE
Attitudes and Behavior
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Does Behavior Always Follow From Attitudes?
No, not always !!! … Why?
Cognitive
Dissonance
Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and
attitudes
♣It is inconsistent attitude behavior
relationship ♣Inconsistency creates uncomfortable
situation
♣To deal with uncomfortable situation
people seek consistency to reduce
cognitive dissonance♣
They can do that by moderating
variables
Attitudes and Behavior
5
The most powerful moderators of the attitude-behavior relationship
1 Importance of the attitude
2 Its correspondence to behavior
3 Accessibility
4 Presence of social pressures
5 Personal and direct experience with the attitude
Attitude
Predict
Behavior
Job Attitudes
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Job SatisfactionA positive feeling about the job resulting from an evaluation of its
characteristics
Job InvolvementThe degree to which a person identifies with a job, actively participates in it,
and considers performance important to their self-worth.
Psychological
Empowerment
Employees’ belief in the degree to which they affect their work environment,
their competence, the meaningfulness of their job, and their perceived
autonomy in their work.
Job Attitudes
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Perceived
Organizational
Support (POS)
The degree to which employees believe an organization values their
contribution and cares about their well-being.
Employee
Engagement
The degree of involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the
job.
Organizational
Commitment
The degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization
and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in the organization.
Affective Commitment Continuance Commitment Normative Commitment
The emotional
attachment to
organization
The economic value of
staying
The moral or ethical
obligations
Job Attitudes
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Are Job Attitudes Distinct?
♣ No: these attitudes are highly related.
♣ Variables may be redundant (measuring the same thing under a different name).
♣ While there is some distinction, there is also a lot of overlap.
♣ Overlap may cause confusion.
Measuring Job Satisfaction
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Job Satisfaction
A positive feeling about the job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics
Approaches to Measure Job Satisfaction
1Single global rating (one question / one
answer “scale 1 to 5”)2
Summation score (many questions / one
average)
The Best OK
Why?
Measuring Job Satisfaction
10
Measured Job Satisfaction Levels
Yes, most people are satisfied with their jobs
♣ Are People Satisfied with their Jobs?
♣ Still, results depend on how job satisfaction is measured
Why it is so??!!
♣ Also, pay and promotion are the most problematic elements.
What Causes Job Satisfaction?
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1 Job Conditions
2 Personality (Positive People vs. Negative People)
3 Pay
4 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
5 What else?
Core self-evaluation (CSE): Believing in one’s inner worth and basic competence.
The Outcomes of Job Satisfaction?
12
1 Job Performance (Performance vs. Productivity)
2 Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)
3 Customer Satisfaction
4 Life Satisfaction
5 Lower Absenteeism Rate - Lower Turnover Rate – Less Workplace Deviant Behaviors … etc.
The Impact of Job Dissatisfaction?
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Active
Passive
ConstructiveDestructive
Behavior directed toward
leaving the organization
Active and constructive
attempts to improve
conditions
Exit Voice
Neglect Loyalty
Allowing conditions to
worsen
Passively waiting for
conditions to improve
The Impact of Job Dissatisfaction?
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Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB)
Indicators for CWB (deviant workplace behavior – withdrawal behavior) are substance abuse, stealing at
work, undue socializing, gossiping, absenteeism, and tardiness
CWB doesn’t just happen. It often follows negative
and sometimes long-standing attitudes.
Therefore, if we can identify the predictors of CWB,
we may lessen the probability of its effects.
Job EmbeddednessThe extent to which an employee’s connections to the job and community
result in an increased commitment to the organization.
There is a consistent moderate to weak negative
relationship between satisfaction and absenteeism
There is a consistent strong negative relationship
between satisfaction and turnover
But this relation is not stable and also not the same for all people?