What is Mental Illness?. Not just highs & lows in feelings Disease of the mind Disorder of thought,...
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Transcript of What is Mental Illness?. Not just highs & lows in feelings Disease of the mind Disorder of thought,...
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What is Mental Illness?
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What is Mental Illness?
• Not just highs & lows in feelings
• Disease of the mind
• Disorder of thought, mood, perception, orientation and memory
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Classifications - DSM-IV
1. Disorders of Childhood or Adolescence
2. Dementia & Cognitive Disorders
3. Disorders Due to a Medical Condition
4. Substance-Related Disorders
5. Schizophrenia & Other Psychotic Disorders
6. Mood Disorders
7. Anxiety Disorders
8. Somatoform Disorders
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Classifications (cont’d) 9. Factitious Disorders10. Dissociative Disorders11. Sexual & Gender Identity Disorders12. Eating Disorders13. Sleep Disorders14. Impulse Control Disorders15. Adjustment Disorders16. Personality Disorders17. Other
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Anxiety DisordersAffect 1 in 10 people (Somers et al 2006)
• Chronic, overwhelming anxiety and fear
• Phobias, Panic Disorder, and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Symptoms:
• Body: heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, chest pain
• Thoughts: irrational fear/worry, fear of losing control or dying
Treatment:• Medication, therapy, and stress management
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DepressionAffects 8 in 100 people
• Affects the body, mood and thoughts
• Symptoms last for weeks, months or years
Symptoms include:
• Body: appetite changes, weight gain/loss, sleep disturbance and fatigue
• Mood: feeling sad, empty, hopeless, worthless, guilty or trapped
• Thoughts: difficulty concentrating/thinking, loss of pleasure in activities, thoughts of death/suicide
Treatment: Medication, therapy, or stress management
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Reverend Isabella Ross - Depression
“When I’m really ill, I hear what’s like a tape recorder in my head saying really horrible negative things: Your life isn’t worth anything. It would be better if you weren’t here any more. You’re destroying other people’s lives. You’re worthless. That’s what consumes me. I don’t have any ability to shut it off.”
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Bipolar Affective
Disorder
• Extreme, spontaneous, mood swings alternating between depression and mania.
• Mania: elated, euphoric mood, increased energy, rapid thoughts and speech, lack of inhibitions, grandiose beliefs.
Treatment: Medication, therapy, and stress management
Affects 1 in 100 people
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Andrea Woodside – Bipolar Disorder
“I wake up – maybe weeks, sometimes months later – I wonder if I’ll get a Visa bill informing me that I am the owner of four new dishwashers and $1,800 worth of shoes. All inhibitions, all sense of self-preservation, go out the window when I am manic.”
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SchizophreniaAffects 1 in 100 people
Symptoms include:
• Mind: delusions, hallucinations – auditory/visual, lack of insight into illness
• Thought: disorganized thought and/or speech, flat affect, reduced speech, low energy
Treatment:
• Medication, therapy, and stress management
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Diane F. - Schizophrenia
“During my second semester, I went on an out-of-town trip with my boyfriend. As we were driving back home, I started seeing animals leaping out in front of the car. A few weeks later, I was walking on campus and saw people in front of me suddenly disappear.”
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Quick Facts
• 24% of boys and 17% of girls between the ages of 4 and 11 have one or more emotional or behavioural disorders
• Estimated economic burden of $14.4 billion puts mental health problems among the most costly conditions in Canada (Health Canada)
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More Quick Facts
• Mental illness knows no boundaries. Anyone can develop a mental illness regardless of age, gender, economic background, geographical area or race.
If you have a BRAIN…you can have a mental illness.
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Trephination (or Trepanation)
• Driving out the evil spirits and demons from the ill (Bard & Bard 2002)
• First surgery ever done (In the Late Stone Age)
• Cut, scrape or drill skull with hard, dense obsidian (volcanic) rock
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The Witch Hunts(15th –19th Centuries)
• Girls’ symptoms of convulsions, contortions, and outbursts of gibberish were determined by their doctors to be caused by witchcraft (nationalgeographic.com)
• Demon possession as explanation for mental illness
• Witches not mentally disturbed, confessions likely due to torture
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“Madhouse” 16th-18th Centuries
• “Lunatics”
• Shackles
• Secure cells
• Beatings and starvation as a means of sedation
• Sunday penny tours for the public
London Hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem - “Bedlam” 1547
(LaJeunesse 2002)
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“Asylum: Place of Peace, Shelter”
18th – 20th Centuries
• Medical “treatment” more like punishment until early 1800’s
• Moral treatment – Philippe Pinel
• Madness caused by disease of body or brain or social and personal problems “Unchained” in Paris
(Davison et al 2002)
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New Brunswick 1834
• First Canadian institution
• “…put to bed in boxes filled with hay; wooden slats nailed on top.” (LaJeunesse 2002)
• Two patients as “trustees” left to quiet noisy inmates at night by urinating on them
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Brandon, Manitoba 1906• Known as “The Mental”
• Physical restraints
• Locked in cupboards
• Straightjackets for days
• Shackled in chains
• Metal grills over beds
• Overcrowding = forced to sleep on wooden shelves
(LaJeunesse 2002)
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Medical Model 1945
• Insulin shock therapy, 1938
• ECT, 1945
• Psychosurgery, 1950 -1968
• Sexual sterilization, 1928 -1971
• Medications, 1950’s
(LaJeunesse 2002)
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ECT: Electro-Convulsive Therapy
• Cerletti & Bini, Europe 1938
• No standards or controls over voltage levels
• ‘Ticklers’ – small jolts to make patients behave
• Caused seizures
• Still used today – voluntary as a last resort
• Memory loss biggest side effect
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Frontal Lobotomies• Egas Moniz, Portuguese
Neurologist, 1936
• Surgery with ice pick-like instrument
• Severed nerves of frontal lobe by going through eye socket
• Caused brain damage – unable to speak or think clearly
• Moniz received Nobel prize (LaJeunesse 2002)
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Medications
• Anti-psychotic drugs, 1950’s – caused disabling side effects
• Patients discharged after 3 months
• “Revolving door” syndrome as patients would stop meds and end up back in asylums
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