WHAT IS MASS MOVEMENT?. Downslope movement of Earth material under the influence of gravity.
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Transcript of WHAT IS MASS MOVEMENT?. Downslope movement of Earth material under the influence of gravity.
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WHAT IS MASS MOVEMENT?
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WHAT IS MASS MOVEMENT?
Downslope movement of Earth material under the influence of gravity.
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Downslope
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Downslope
Earth material(not alien!)
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Downslope
Earth material(not alien!)
Gravity
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THE BIG PICTURE
Uplift – Creation of potential energy by
forces from within the
Earth
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THE BIG PICTURE
Erosion of materials
from uplands to low land by gravity and other external forces.
Uplift – Creation of Potential Energy by
forces from within the
Earth.
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WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF MASS MOVEMENT?
1. Slides:
2. Flows:
3. Heaves:
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WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF MASS MOVEMENT?
1. Slides:
2. Flows:
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WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF MASS MOVEMENT?
1. Slides:
2. Flows:
3. Heaves:
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WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF MASS MOVEMENT?
1. Slides: All the vertical displacement occurs along a single plane.
2. Flows:
3. Heaves:
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WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF MASS MOVEMENT?
1. Slides: All the vertical displacement occurs along a single plane.
2. Flows: Vertical displacement occurs throughout the moving material.
3. Heaves:
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WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF MASS MOVEMENT?
1. Slides: All the vertical displacement occurs along a single plane.
2. Flows: Vertical displacement occurs throughout the moving material.
3. Heaves: Displacement by means of non-cancelling vertical movement of material.
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SLIDE
ShearPlane
Toe
All of downslope displacement (with small exception of the “toe”) occurs
along a single plane, the “shear plane”.
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ITALIAN DISASTER!Mini-tsunamiVajont Dam burst1963
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Vajont Dam Burst, 1963
Over-toppeddam
Landslide scar
Landslide toe
Reservoir shoreline
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FLOW
All of downslope displacement occurs throughout the moving body.
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HEAVE
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1. Uplift: Perpendicular to slope.
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2. Collapse: Vertically under the influence of gravity.
1. Uplift: Perpendicular to slope.
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2. Collapse: Vertically under the influence of gravity.
1. Uplift: Perpendicular to slope.
Resultant Vector:Downslope movement
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UPLIFT COLLAPSE
1.
2.
3.
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UPLIFT COLLAPSE
1. HEATING
2.
3.
Ground heat fluxExpansion
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UPLIFT COLLAPSE
1. HEATING
2.
3.
Ground heat fluxExpansion
COOLINGNighttimeRadiative coolingContraction
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UPLIFT COLLAPSE
1. HEATING
2. WETTING
3.
Ground heat fluxExpansion
COOLINGNighttimeRadiative coolingContraction
Clays expand when wet
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Clay Minerals occur in sheets, or “Laminae”.
Water molecules get inserted between sheets causing expansion
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UPLIFT COLLAPSE
1. HEATING
2. WETTING
3.
Ground heat fluxExpansion
COOLINGNighttimeRadiative coolingContraction
Clays expand when wetDRYINGWater dries and sheets Contract.
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UPLIFT COLLAPSE
1. HEATING
2. WETTING
3. FREEZING
Ground heat fluxExpansion
COOLINGNighttimeRadiative coolingContraction
Clays expand when wetDRYINGWater dries and sheets Contract.
Soil water freezes and expands
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Like most substances the density of water increases as
temperature decreases.
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After 4°C (39°F) strange things happen – the density
decreases!!!!!
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Once ice forms density drops to about .917!
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ICE IS ABOUT 90% OF THE DENSITY OF – SO IT FLOATS IN WATER
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At warmer temperatures the random motions caused by heat disrupt the tendency for water molecules to align
As temperatures cool the bonds between adjacent molecules dominate and water adopts a regular structure.
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Density = Mass / Volume
Consider fixed mass of water (1 gram) in soil pore andDensity of water = 1 gram /cc (cubic centimeter), then water occupies 1 cc.
Temperature at night drops below 0°C (32°F), so water turns to ice, with a density of 0.92 gram/cc
0.92 = 1 gram/ VolumeVolume = 1/ 0.92 = 1.09 ccs
By freezing water increased the volume it occupies by about 9%
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Density = Mass / Volume
Consider fixed mass of water (1 gram) in soil pore andDensity of water = 1 gram /cc (cubic centimeter), then water occupies 1 cc.
Temperature at night drops below 0°C (32°F), so water turns to ice, with a density of 0.92 gram/cc
0.92 = 1 gram/ VolumeVolume = 1/ 0.92 = 1.09 ccs
By freezing water increased the volume it occupies by about 9%
![Page 43: WHAT IS MASS MOVEMENT?. Downslope movement of Earth material under the influence of gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649cc05503460f94986edf/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Density = Mass / Volume
Consider fixed mass of water (1 gram) in soil pore andDensity of water = 1 gram /cc (cubic centimeter), then water occupies 1 cc.
Temperature at night drops below 0°C (32°F), so water turns to ice, with a density of 0.92 gram/cc
0.92 = 1 gram/ VolumeVolume = 1/ 0.92 = 1.09 ccs
By freezing water increased the volume it occupies by about 9%
![Page 44: WHAT IS MASS MOVEMENT?. Downslope movement of Earth material under the influence of gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649cc05503460f94986edf/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Density = Mass / Volume
Consider fixed mass of water (1 gram) in soil pore andDensity of water = 1 gram /cc (cubic centimeter), then water occupies 1 cc.
Temperature at night drops below 0°C (32°F), so water turns to ice, with a density of 0.92 gram/cc
0.92 = 1 gram/ VolumeVolume = 1/ 0.92 = 1.09 cc
By freezing water increased the volume it occupies by about 9%
![Page 45: WHAT IS MASS MOVEMENT?. Downslope movement of Earth material under the influence of gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649cc05503460f94986edf/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Density = Mass / Volume
Consider fixed mass of water (1 gram) in soil pore andDensity of water = 1 gram /cc (cubic centimeter), then water occupies 1 cc.
Temperature at night drops below 0°C (32°F), so water turns to ice, with a density of 0.92 gram/cc
0.92 = 1 gram/ VolumeVolume = 1/ 0.92 = 1.09 ccs
By freezing water increased the volume it occupies by about 9%
![Page 46: WHAT IS MASS MOVEMENT?. Downslope movement of Earth material under the influence of gravity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649cc05503460f94986edf/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
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UPLIFT COLLAPSE
1. HEATING
2. WETTING
3. FREEZING
Ground heat fluxExpansion
COOLINGNighttimeRadiative coolingContraction
Clays expand when wetDRYINGWater dries and sheets Contract.
Soil water freezes and expands
THAWINGIce melts and occupies a smaller volume
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UPLIFT COLLAPSE
1. HEATING
2. WETTING
3. FREEZING
Ground heat fluxExpansion
COOLINGNighttimeRadiative coolingContraction
Clays expand when wetDRYINGWater dries and sheets Contract.
Soil water freezes and expands
THAWINGIce melts and occupies a smaller volume
“Dry Heaves”
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UPLIFT COLLAPSE
1. HEATING
2. WETTING
3. FREEZING
Ground heat fluxExpansion
COOLINGNighttimeRadiative coolingContraction
Clays expand when wetDRYINGWater dries and sheets Contract.
Soil water freezes and expands
THAWINGIce melts and occupies a smaller volume
“Dry Heaves”
“Wet Heaves”
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UPLIFT COLLAPSE
1. HEATING
2. WETTING
3. FREEZING
Ground heat fluxExpansion
COOLINGNighttimeRadiative coolingContraction
Clays expand when wetDRYINGWater dries and sheets Contract.
Soil water freezes and expands
THAWINGIce melts and occupies a smaller volume
“Dry Heaves”
“Wet Heaves”
“Cold Heaves”
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HOW DO MASS MOVEMENTPROCESSES DEMONSTRATE THE
IMPORTANCE OF THE MAGNITUDEAND FREQUENCY OF FORCES IN
SHAPING THE LANDSCAPE?
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GEOMORPHOLOGY – STUDY OF THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE
“How much work does a particular process (slides, flows, creeps) complete in shaping the
surface of the Earth?”
WorkCompleted
= Magnitudeof Process X Frequency
of Process
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TotalYards
= Yards perCarry X Carries per
Game
100 yds = 2 X 50
100 yds = 10 X 10
Fullback
Runningback
WorkCompleted
= Magnitudeof Process X Frequency
of Process
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TotalYards
= Yards perCarry X Carries per
Game
100 yds = 2 X 50
100 yds = 10 X 10
Fullback
Runningback
WorkCompleted
= Magnitudeof Process X Frequency
of Process
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TotalYards
= Yards perCarry X Carries per
Game
100 yds = 2 X 50
100 yds = 10 X 10
Fullback
Runningback
WorkCompleted
= Magnitudeof Process X Frequency
of Process
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TotalYards
= Yards perCarry X Carries per
Game
100 yds = 2 X 50
100 yds = 10 X 10
Fullback
Runningback
Low magnitude
Low frequency
High magnitude
High frequency
WorkCompleted
= Magnitudeof Process X Frequency
of Process
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Creep/Heave
Flow/Slide
Low magnitude
Low frequency
High magnitude
High frequency
WorkCompleted
= Magnitudeof Process X Frequency
of Process