Spacetime Singularities Gary Horowitz UCSB Gary Horowitz UCSB Recent progress in understanding.
What is GIS? - UCSB Center for Spatial...
Transcript of What is GIS? - UCSB Center for Spatial...
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What is GIS?
Josh Bader
spatial@ucsb
April 17, 2008
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Outline
• What is GIS?
– Definition
– Context of GIS
• Virtual Globes and Web-based GIS
– Differences to conventional GIS
– Examples
• GIS on the cheap
– Finding data
– Making maps
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Space Matters
• Everything that happens, happens in space & time
• Knowing where is critical to:
– Getting from A to B
– Keeping track of assets
– Planning new activities
– Administer zoning regulations
– Forecasting the weather
– Managing natural resources
– Others???
• All are important GIS applications
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What is GIS?
• Different definitions of a GIS have evolved in different areas and disciplines
– Wide spectrum of use
– Both academic and professional
• All GIS definitions recognize that spatial data are unique because they are linked to maps
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What is GIS?
“GISs are simultaneously the telescope, the
microscope, the computer, and the Xerox machine
of regional analysis and synthesis of spatial data.”
(Ron Abler, 1988)
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What is GIS?
• GIS is about managing knowledge of location
– Keeping track
– Making maps
– Assembing inventories
– Planning activities
• How can you tell if something is a GIS?
– Does it involve the recording of locations and attributes?
• Every item in a GIS ties a location to some property, characteristic, attribute, feature, etc.
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G = f(x, y, z, t, F)
Geographic primitive
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Attributes have units
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Attributes Are Grouped into
Databases
Record 1
Attribute Attribute Attribute
Record 2
Record 3
Value Value Value
Value Value Value
Value Value Value
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GIS Functionality
• GIS uses the power of the computer and GI to:
– Acquire, assemble, interpret, & compile
– Store, archive, & share
– Measure, analyze, summarize, and manipulate
– Predict, model, & forecast
– Edit & validate
• GIS have 6 components
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GIS components
• Hardware
– Desktop
– Mobile (e.g. laptops, PDAs, in-vehicle devices, cell phones)
• Client connected to server that handles a portion of the tasks
• Client is thick, if most of the work is done locally
• Client is thin, if most of the work is sent to the server
• Software
– GIS package (e.g. ArcGIS, Geomedia)
– Web Browser (for remote services)
– Scripts and macros
– $100s to $100,000
• Database
– Static or dynamic
– 1 MB to 1 PB Procedures
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GIS components
• Management
– Procedures
– Quality control
• People
– Varied skill levels (e.g. user, programmer)
– Different roles (e.g. database manager, analyst)
• Network
– Allows sharing and transferring of data
– Essential to GIS operation
• Cost-effective
• Interactive and explorative—don’t need a specific reason to look at data
• Search engines to locate spatial data
• Location-based services – mobile GIS services
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GIS Locations
• Subject
– The location of interest• Virtual reality if the user isn't at the subject location
• Augmented reality if the user is at the subject location
• User
– Office desk, laptop, in the field
• Data
– Perhaps many locations distributed over the Internet• Geoportals, data warehouses, digital libraries
• Processing
– The user's own computer? A remote server?
• Conventional GIS---U, D, & P in same location
• Mobile GIS---U & S can be in same location
• Web-based GIS---U can be separated from D & P
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Context of GIS
• Tool of day-to-day human activities
– The general public
– Consultants, agencies, organizations, corporations
• Tool of science
– Any discipline that deals with Earth’s surface and near
surface
– Geography, Ecology, Geology, Environmental Studies,
Anthropology, Biology
– Criminology, Religious studies, Education, History
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GIS vs. GIScience
• Geographic Information Science
– Coined by Michael Goodchild (UCSB)
– The set of question and problems both surrounding and arising from GIS
– The use of GIS in a scientific context
– What researchers in GIS do
– The inventions that will appear in the next generation of GIS
– The accumulated body of knowledge on which GIS is based
• Cartography, computer science, photogrammetry, surveying, remote sensing, spatial cognition
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https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/
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Critiques of GIS
• Surveillance
– Location privacy?
– Tracking with GPS or RFID
– License plate or facial recognition
• Military and intelligence applications
– Lots of funding
• NGA, NSA, CIA
– Spy satellites, UAVs, and targeting with geographic data
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Critiques of GIS• Does GIS present a simplified, biased view
of the world?
– Are there types of geographic knowledge that cannot be represented in a GIS?
• Who does it empower?
– The powerful had it first
– It is used to be expensive
– It allows only one view of the world
– Often reflects view of majority
• May marginalize minority views
• Public-participation GIS (PPGIS)
• Volunteered geographic information
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Evolution of GIS
• Hurricane Katrina Response
• August 2005
• What was different?
– Lack of coordination between bureaucracy
– Private sector had much faster response times
– Public access to GIS data
• Maps and imagery used in the media coverage
• Enhanced outrage
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Virtual Globes
• Data dissemination
– Simple and free for users
• Can be high impact
– 250 million downloads
– 1000 human lifetimes
• Small file size
• Not as cumbersome as GIS
– Not as simple for creator
• Getting data into GE
• Conversion from Arc
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Virtual Globes• Visualization
– Real strength
– Great repository of free
imagery
• Not all created equally
– Ex. Fly to locations on
television news
– Ex. Visual inspection for
finding archeological sites
• Where is the metadata?
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Earth SA =
510,000,000
sq. km
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* Nintendo Wii Weather Channel (December 2006)
* Microsoft Live Local 3D (11/2006/aka Spaceland)
* Dapple Earth Explorer (July 2006)
* Wayfinder Earth (beta, 2006)
* ESRI ArcGIS Explorer (11/2006)
* Volvo Ocean Race Virtual Spectator (2005)
* Erdas Imagine Virtual GIS (2005)
* Google Earth (6/2005)
* Global-i (~2005)
* Punt (2005)
* Ping 3map (2005)
* EarthSLOT (2004)
* osgPlanet (2004)
* ESRI ArcGlobe (2003)
* NASA World Wind (2003)
* Eingana (2000 to ~2003)
* Keyhole Earthviewer (June 2001/now Google Earth)
•* SINTEF Virtual Globe (2001-2006 / now Norkart)
•* Celestia (2001)
* Skyline Software TerraSuite (~2001)
* GeoFusion GeoPlayer (company formed 2001)
* SRI Terravision (2000)
* Lunar Software Earthbrowser (1998)
* Hipparchus (~1992)
* Mark Pesce's WebEarth (~1996)
* Microsoft MapPoint Virtual Globe
* GeoVirtual GeoShow3D
* Viewtec TerrainView
* Gaia
* Virtual Spectator
* PYXIS
* Talent Cruiser
* Virtual Terrain Project
* Earthsim
* GeoVirtual
* GRIFINOR
* Norkart Virtual Globe
* AGI-STK
a software system for
spatially-referenced
three-dimensional
information
management, analysis,
and visualization
Virtual Globe
Image source: NASA
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Beyond traditional Geographic Information Systems....
* visibility
* global systems
* collaborative data collection
* streaming data and unfolding time
* time-space queries (eg. Google Earth Time Slider and
Celestia Eclipse Finder)
* interactive, dynamic spatial data
* volume
* mining images for 3D spatial data (neo-remote sensing)
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Image source: ArcGIS
Explorer, data courtey of
Kentucky Geological Survey
and Cave Research Foundation.
Photos by Glennon and Groves
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NASA Worldwind: http://worldwind.arc.nasa.gov
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Sources: Google Earth;
Glennon and Pfaff (2002).
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GIS on the cheap
• Ubiquitous data
– Global, national, local depositories
– Many free datasets
– Varying levels of accuracy
• Numerous viewers/platforms
– Virtual globes
– Browser-based
– Free GIS
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www.nationalatlas.gov
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The National Map
USGS
http://seamless.usgs.gov/
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ArcExplorer Java Edition for Education
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GRASS
http://grass.osgeo.org/
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GeoPDF toolbar
www.terragotech.com
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HIV Prevalence 2003
www.worldmapper.org
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Species at Risk
www.worldmapper.org
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Refugee destination 2003—global proportion
www.worldmapper.org
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Thank You
• Dr. Michael Goodchild
• Alan Glennon
• Indy Hurt
Questions ??