What is GIS?€¦ · Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences Jackson School of...
Transcript of What is GIS?€¦ · Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences Jackson School of...
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
What Is GIS?
8/29/2019
What are the applications of GIS?
How is the real world represented in a GIS?
What kinds of analyses can be performed with a GIS?
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
This Is A Class About Maps
What do Maps Provide?
Where (absolute, relative)
Navigation, Location, etc.
What (absolute, relative)
I.e. Map legend information – codification of objects, properties and fields of information
Spatial relationships, arrangements – combinations of where and what, networks of interconnections (e.g. rivers, routes)
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
GIS = Geographic Information System(s)
Computerized management & analysis of geographic information
Group of tools (and people) for collection, management, storage, analysis, display and distribution of spatial data & information
Computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing things that exist and events that happen
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
GIS is to Geographic Analysis as:
Typewriter Word ProcessorAutomation, Editing
Pen & Ink Drafting Computer Automated Drafting (CAD)Storage, Editing
Almanacs Climate ModelsPrediction, Analysis
Light Table G.I.S.Map Overlay Analysis, Pattern Recognition
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
Historical Development –GIS timeline
1963-1977 Innovation
Canadian Land Inventory System, Harvard Graphics & S.A. Lab, US Census Bureau, ERTS-1 (Landsat 1), USGS Digital Line Graphs
1981-1999 Commercialization
ESRI/ArcInfo, GPS, MapInfo, TIGER, NSDI, MapQuest
2000-present Exploitation
>$10 billion industry, >10 million users
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
Components of a GIS
Network
People
~250,000 professionals in US, 2010
Hardware
Software
~ $1 billion annual sales in 2000
Data
>$4 billion/yr by gov. agencies
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
Demand for GIS Professionals
In the U.S. in 2014:
~500,000 using GIS as part of job; growing at 15% each year.
Job market demand is ~75,000/year
~50,000 US students/year take a GIS class
4000 “certified” graduates/year
Source: ESRI: http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0700/umbrella11.htm
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
GIS for Austin Geology – ArcGIS software
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
A GIS is Composed of Layers
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Geology D.E.M. Hydro. Roads
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
Layers contain Features or Surfaces
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Features are geographic objects represented by a point, line or polygon
Polygons (filled or unfilled) for things large enough to have boundaries
Lines for things too narrow to be polygons
Points for things too small to be polygons
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
Layers contain Features or Surfaces
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565 573 582 590
575 580 595 600
579 581 597 601
580 600 620 632
Surface composed of matrix of square cells, each containing a value for its location, e.g. elevation.
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
Features Have Locations
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Origin (0, 0)
X axis
Y axisAustin
X = -5,551,222 m
Y = 3,300,200 m Coordinate Systems
can be orthogonal or “warped” (projected)
GIS software transforms coordinates from one projection to another
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
Features can be displayed at different scales
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1 : 150,000
1 : 40,000
Zooming, scaling, variable detail rendering
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
Features are linked to information
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Every Feature (e.g. road) has several Attributes (e.g. name, length) in an Attribute Table.
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
Spatial relationships can be queried
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What crosses what?
Proximity – What is within a certain distance of what?
Containment - What’s inside of what?
Which features share common attributes?
Many others
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
Applications – a short listWhat is where?
Query and info. retrieval – e.g. MapQuest, Google Maps
What geographic patterns exist?
E.g. Geostatistics; e.g. prediction of ore grades from limited data
Where have temporal changes occurred?
E.g. LULC change, water table levels, morphologic studies
Where do certain conditions apply?
E.g. suitability analyses – “where is the best place for…”
“What if” forward modeling; what are spatial implications for certain actions?
E.g. strip mining reclamation
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
The Five M’sMapping
Accuracy, Reproducibility, Portability, Customization
Measuring
Automation, Accuracy
Modeling
Scaling, Verifiability, Analytical Tools
Monitoring
Automation, Flexibility
Management
Storage, Updating, Data Integrity, Security
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
GIS Advantages:
Manage & organize vast amounts of geospatial data
Rapid updating, info. dispersal
VERIFIABLE methods
Modeling, hypothesis-testing, PREDICTION
Automate & customize map production
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
GIS Drawbacks
Errors play significant role in queried results – not always apparent
Abstract concepts difficult to implement – different approaches may yield different answers
Pretty pictures can obscure uncertainties – promotes uncritical thinking, black-box approach
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin8/29/2019
ESRI - Scalable Product Lines
“Personal” GIS “Departmental GIS” “Enterprise” GIS
J.G.S.
Multi-userSingle user
ServerSoftware
DesktopSoftware
Data storage
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
ArcGIS Desktop Levels
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(Lic
ensi
ng
Leve
ls)
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
ArcGIS Licensing Levels
ArcView – Make maps, do queries, some spatial analysis, some editing (shapefiles, personal geodatabases) – included with GTK ArcGIS Desktop
ArcEditor – plus edit multi-user geodatabases; more tools in toolbox
ArcInfo – full functionality; comes with ArcInfo Workstation (i.e. legacy version ArcInfo v. 7). UT D.G.S. licenses.
Current ArcGIS = v. 10.5
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
Licensing and “Floating Seats”
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(CNS Server)
This Lab (30+ floating seats)
Limits use to number of floating licenses
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
ArcGIS Extensions
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
Online GIS –e.g. Google Earth
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth SciencesJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
Online GIS –Google Maps
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