WHAT IS GIS? - 筑波大学giswin.geo.tsukuba.ac.jp/sis/tutorial/2014_Fundamentals of GIS.pdf ·...
Transcript of WHAT IS GIS? - 筑波大学giswin.geo.tsukuba.ac.jp/sis/tutorial/2014_Fundamentals of GIS.pdf ·...
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WHAT IS GIS?
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are a special class of information systems that keep track not only of events, activities, and things, but also of where these events, activities, and things happen or
exist.
Source: Longley et al (2005) Geographic Information Systems and Science.
2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
RGS-IBG Online CPD course in GIS Introduction to GIS, Royal Geography Society with IBG.
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What GIS can do: GIS can analysis
different type of spatial
and none-spatial data
and display these
analysis on maps.
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GIS: A FRAMEWORK FOR
UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING OUR
EARTH
Holistic
Comprehensive
Systematic
Analytic
Visual
Creating
Measuring
Organizing
Analyzing
Modeling
Applying
Planning
Managing
Acting
Geographic Knowledge
Source: ESRI
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WHO USES GIS? GIS usage are unlimited and GIS can use in:
Transportation and road planning
- Safety Transportation Management or
Traffic Accidents
- Logistics
- Airport Facilities
- Travel Demand Planning
- Traffic Congestion Volume
- Road, Highways… Planning
- Public Transportation Management
Tehran’s Roads Network Niloofar Haji Mirza Aghasi
Spatial Distribution of Urban Accidents in Tehran Niloofar Haji Mirza Aghasi
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Urban Planning
- Land use Changes
- Housing Planning
- Urban Development Control
- Plane Making
- Land use Control
- Industrial, commercial and Residential
Records
Tehran’s City Structure Niloofar Haji Mirza Aghasi
Shanghai industries in the Civil War period
Map Source: www.virtualshanghai.net
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ENVIRONMENT
Management of Water Resources
Hydrologic Cycle
Surface Water Management
Ground Water Management
Rainfall Analysis
Forest Management and Analysis
Deforestation Analysis
Disaster Analysis
Soil Management Map Source: www.viewsoftheworld.net
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GIS COMPONENTS
Specific applications Computer hardware /
Software tools
GIS Database
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SPATIAL DATA MODELING
•RASTER
•VECTOR
•Real World
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WHAT CAN YOU MANAGE WITH A GIS?
The possibilities are virtually unlimited…
Principles of environmental impact assessment
Resource identification and management
Land use planning considerations
Tax Mapping
Water and Sanitation Mapping
Transportation routing
And more...
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Topology Networks Vectors
3D Objects Attributes
Addresses Images Points
Raster
DATA INTEGRATION WITH GIS
• Roads, highways, freeways,…
•Transportation Network
• Land Use, land planning
• Population, migrations, growth
• Facilities
• Land Mines,
• Hospitals, clinics …
• Schools, universities or
any other academic institution • Movement, urban trip, person trip
• Images
• Natural source
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TYPES OF GIS
The following GIS types are not necessarily mutually
exclusive and a GIS application can be always
classified under more than one type (by Arul Prakash) :
Four-dimensional GIS
Multimedia/hypermedia GIS
Web GIS
Virtual Reality GIS
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GIS DATA
1. Attribute data: Statistics, text, images, sound, etc.
2. Spatial data: Co-ordinate based
Vector data: A series of x, y coordinates
Points
Lines
Polygons
Raster data:Grid and cells
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GEO-REFERENCING DATA
Data capture
Scanning: all of the maps converted into raster data
Digitizing: individual features selected from the map as dots, lines or polygons
Geo-referencing
Initial scanning, digitizing gives the coordinates in inches from bottom left corner of the digitizer / scanner
Real-world co-ordinates are set up for four-registration periods on the seized data
These are applied to convince the entire map onto a real-world coordinate system
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EXAMPLE OF GEO-REFERENCING
Source: ESRI (1997) RGS-IBG Online CPD course in GIS Introduction to GIS, Royal Geography Society with IBG.
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LAYERS
Data on different themes are stored in separate
“layers”
As each layer is Geo-referenced layers from
different roots can easily be integrated using
location
This tin be applied to make up complex models of
the real world from widely disparate sources
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QUERYING GIS DATA
Attribute query
Use attribute data
Attribute data can be mapped or
shown in the separate database
Spatial query
Spatial query must be do with
spatial information.
http://wiki.gis.com/
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SOURCES OF GIS DATA
A wide variety of data sources exist for both spatial and
attribute data. The most common general sources of
spatial data are (by Arul Prakash) :
• Hard copy maps
• Aerial photographs
• Remotely-sensed imagery
• Point data samples from different source
• Existing digital data files
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ATTRIBUTE QUERY: LUNG DISEASE IN THE 1860S
Spatial data: Registration
Districts, 1/1/1870
Attribute data: Mortality rate
per 1,000 from lung disease
among men aged 45-64
Source: Registrar General’s
Decennial Supplement, 1871
Query: Select areas where
mortality rate > 58.0
Dr. Ian Gregory
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SPATIAL QUERY: LUNG DISEASE IN THE 1860S
District: Alston with Garrigill
County: Cumberland
M_rate: 68.4
Dr. Ian Gregory
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MAIN GIS SOFTWARE
ARCGIS (ARC View)
ESIR is ARC View producer
GRASS GIS (Geographic Resource Analysis Support System)
Google Map
Google Earth
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REFERENCES
An Introduction to GIS, Angela Lee, ESRI Education Program
Application of GIS for processing of soil data , Yeleuova Elmira
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS WITH REMOTE SENSING IMAGES, dr.ir. Jan Clevers,
Centre for Geo-Information, Dept. Environmental Sciences, Wageningen UR
Fundamentals of GIS: What is GIS? Dr. Ian Gregory, Department of Geography,
University of Portsmouth
Geo-referenced data and DLI aggregate data sources, Chuck Humphrey
GIS Fundimentals, Dr. Ronald Briggs, The University of Texas at Dallas, Program in
Geospatial Information Sciences
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)History; Software Review; Data Capture, Reza
Wahadj, University of California ,San Diego (UCSD)
Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Lesson 1. Amriddin Samiev,
Ph.D.TSPU,
RGS-IBG Online CPD course in GIS Introduction to GIS, Royal Geography Society
with IBG.