WHAT IS FUNDECOR? - Welcome to the Katoomba … · Table 6: Clasificación del bosque fuera de...
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1 The Katoomba group CONFERENCIA INTERNATIONAL SOBRE PAGAMENTO POR SERVICIOS AMBIENTALES Fundacao Getulio Vargas Sao Paulo, Brasil Outubro 2006 The macrometrics of environmental services payment in Costa Rica A FUNDECOR study commissioned by FONAFIFO (Consultants: Franz Tattenbach, German Obando and Johnny Rodriguez) Franz Tattenbach Excecutive Director FUNDECOR Costa Rica WHAT IS FUNDECOR? A private, non-for-profit NGO that believes conservation and development complement each other and should coexist in harmony. Created by the Costa Rican Government under the auspices of U.S. AID to “promote the conservation and sustainable use of the natural resources of the Central Volcanic Mountain Range using market mechanisms, scientific knowledge and cutting edge technology to improve Costa Rica’s conservation public policy.”
Transcript of WHAT IS FUNDECOR? - Welcome to the Katoomba … · Table 6: Clasificación del bosque fuera de...
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The Katoomba group
CONFERENCIA INTERNATIONAL SOBRE PAGAMENTO POR SERVICIOS AMBIENTALES
Fundacao Getulio VargasSao Paulo, Brasil
Outubro 2006
The macrometrics of environmental services payment in Costa Rica
A FUNDECOR study commissioned by FONAFIFO(Consultants: Franz Tattenbach, German Obando and Johnny Rodriguez)
Franz TattenbachExcecutive Director FUNDECOR
Costa Rica
WHAT IS FUNDECOR?
A private, non-for-profit NGO that believes conservation and development complement each other and should coexist in harmony.
Created by the Costa Rican Government under the auspices of U.S. AID to “promote the conservation and sustainable use of the natural resources of the Central Volcanic Mountain Range using market mechanisms, scientific knowledge and cutting edge technology to improve Costa Rica’s conservation public policy.”
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WHERE IS THE CVR (ACCVC in Spanish)?
WE STARTED WITH A DIAGNOSTIC: OUR AREA WAS FACING ONE OF WORLD HIGHEST DEFORESTATION RATES
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SAN JOSE
CAR TAGO
Heredia
Naranjo
Grecia
CiudadQuesada
Aguas Zarcas¤
San Miguel¤
La Virgen¤
Varablanca¤
Ho rquetas¤
Puerto Viejo¤
Guápiles¤
Guácimo¤
¤Siquirres
¤Tur rialba
¤Sta Cruz
ESCALA
10 Km.
1. Park.
2. Park.
3. Park.
4. Park.
5. Volcan Turrialba Nat´ l
6. Guayabo Nat´ l
Juan Castro B. Nat´ l
Volcan Poas Nat́ l
Braulio Carrillo Nat´ l
Volcan Irazu Nat́ l
Park.
Monument.
14.312
6.506
47.506
2.310
233
1.577
(Ha)KEY490000 550000
520000 590000
590000
270000
230000
270000
240000
210000
CENTRAL VOLCANIC MOUNTAIN RANGE CONSERVATION AREA (ACCVC)NATIONAL PARKS MAP
A CTUAL LOCATION OF THE ACCVCIN COSTA RIC A.
NICARAGUA
PANAMA
PACIFICOCEAN
CARIBBEANSEA
NATL. PARKS & BIOLOGICAL RESERVES WERE PART OF THE ANSWEAR
BUT PARKS’ BUFFER ZONES WERE ECO-IMPORTANT, POPULATED AND DEFORESTING FAST!
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AN INTEGRATED RESPONSE TO PUBLIC LANDS AND PRIVATE LANDS ISSUES WAS THE ANSWEAR
W a te r
B io d iv e rs it y
C a rb o n fi x in g
Sc e n ic - to u r is m b e a u ty
N a t io n a lP a rk s
B u f fe rZ o n e
P a rk b o u n d a r ie s
L a n d te n u re
S u rv e il la n c e
S e l f-s u ffic ie n c yo f th e p a rk s C o n c e s s io n s
L a c k o f p ro t a g o n is mo f fo re s t o w n e rs in S F M
D e l im i t in g p a rk sb o u n d a r ie s
P u rc h a s e o f la n d
F o re s t lo w e c o n o m icv a lu e fo r fo re s t o w n e rs
L a c k o f t e c h n o lo g y
E n v i ro n m e n ta l S e rv ic e sP a y m e n t a n d C h a rg in g S y s te m
C o m m e r c i a li za ti o ns tra te g i e s o f S F M ’sw o o d p ro d u c t i o n
T im b e r a u c t io n in g
A d v a n c e p u rc h a s eo f w o o dA c c e s s to lo c a l a n d in te rn a tio n a l g re e ns e a l 's w o o d m a rk e t s
G ro u p C e r t if i c a t i o n
N e w T e c h n o lo g i e sim p l e m e n ta t io n
R e d u c e d Im p a c t L o g g in g
W e b S it e s fo rp ra c t it io n e rsB io lo g ic a l m o n it o r in g o ff o re s try o p e ra tio n s
F in a n c i n g o f S u s ta in a b le F o re s tM a n a g e m e n t
L a n d re g is tra t io na n d ti tl in g
F in a n c in g th e p la n n in g a n dim p le m e n ta tio n o f SF M
N a tu ra lR e s o u rc e s
W e b S it e s fo rp ra c t it io n e rs
T H R E A T S S O L U T IO N S
T im b e r a u c tio n in g
If conserving forest is a good bussiness for the world, itshould also be so for countries & people who care for them!
Source: Tattenbach, Franz, Practical Examples of Activities Implemented Jointly in Costa Rica, (1997) in J. Hacker & A. Pelchen, Goals and Economic Instruments for the Achievement of Global Warming Mitigation in Europe ( Luwer Academic Publishers, 1999).
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THE PRIVATE & PUBLIC LOGIC HAS TO BE RECOGNIZE TO CREATE AN ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES MARKET
President Clinton in CVR’s Braulio Carrillo National Park
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PUBLIC WATER UTIILITIES
BEVERAGE & BREWERIES CO.
? ?
?
Deforestation deterrence and socially optimal land use
A MARKET OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES EMERGES
SAN JOSE
CAR TAGO
Heredia
Naranjo
Grecia
CiudadQuesada
Aguas Zarcas¤
San Miguel¤
La Virgen¤
Varablanca¤
Ho rquetas¤
Puerto Viejo¤
Guápiles¤
Guácimo¤
¤Siquirres
¤Tur rialba
¤Sta Cruz
ESCALA
10 Km.
1. Park.
2. Park.
3. Park.
4. Park.
5. Volcan Turrialba Nat´ l
6. Guayabo Nat´ l
Juan C astro B. Nat´l
Volcan Poas Nat́ l
Braulio Carrillo Nat´l
Volcan Irazu Nat́ l
Park.
Monument.
14.312
6.506
47.506
2.310
233
1.577
(Ha)KEY490000 550000
520000 590000
590000
270000
230000
270000
240000
210000
CENTRAL VOLCANIC MOUNTAIN RANGE CONSERVATION AREA (ACCVC)NATIONAL PARKS MAP
ACTUAL LOCATION OF THE ACCVCIN COSTA RIC A.
NICARAGUA
PANAMA
PACIFICOCEAN
CARIBBEANSEA
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EMERGING ESP MARKET IN FUNDECOR’s CVR AREA
A DEFINITION OF FOREST ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
An environmental benefit (or cost) produced by the existence (or disappearance) of forest not captured by owner, but by others
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The public and private logic of Costa Rica’s environmental service payment program
If we allow for the following terminology:P payment for environmental services,C private opportunity cost (land rent of alternative uses) andV total value of environmental services
we can define ESP feasibility range with the following 3 equations
P ≥ C Private Logic ( 1 )
V ≥ P Public Logic ( 2 )
V ≥ P ≥ C ESP feasibility range ( 3 )
The public and private logic of Costa Rica’s environmental service payment program
The total value of environmental services (V) can be disaggregated into values captured globally (Vg) and values captured by country (Vc). However, from a country’s perspective, the global values are equal to the economic compensation (G) obtained for them.
V = Vg + Vc disaggregated total value ( 4 )
Vg = G global values captured by country ( 5 )
P ≤ Vc + G country logic ( 6 )
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The public and private logic of Costa Rica’s environmental service payment program
Country values can be disaggregated into nation wide values (Vn) and values that are geo-specific, and captured at the site, or regional level (Vr). From a ESP perspective, payment in region r (Pr) should not exceed nation wide values plus reveled values (willingness to pay) at site r (R) plus revealed global values (G)
Vc = Vn + Vr disaggregated country values ( 7 )
Vr = R Geo-specific values reveled ( 8 )
Pr = Vn + R + G ESP program logic ( 9 )
REDUCED DEFORESTATION IS OUR BOTTOM LINE
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WE USE SATELITE IMAGES TO MEASURE RESULTS
AND STATISTICS TO KNOW IF WE CAUSE THEM
0 0.1 0.2 0.3FUNDECOR's relative presence
(% of total forest underESP &/or SFMgmt agreements)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
Anu
al gross deforestatio
n rate
906.7/402.11/94.044113.8;80591.1
1ln
2
00
00
−=−==
−=−=
+=⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−
ba
rr
r
ttRba
bPad
d
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MODELO ECONOMETRICODeforestación: función de las ganancias por deforestarGanancias: función del valor del uso alterno y el PSA
10 ≤≤ rd
(1) )( rr GfD =
(4) )()1)(( rcpsa
ra
rrspsa
ra
rr PrrPrrg −+−−=
(2) )( rr gfd =
(3) 1
1)( rgfr e
d−+
=
(5) ra
rr kPrg −= 0=spsarrkr cpsa
r = ra
rr C ϕ=
(6) rrr kPCg −= ϕ
MODELO ECONOMETRICODeforestación como función lineal del valor alterno de la
tierra y la presencia media de PSA (“cross sectional data”)
ϕαβ
=k
(10) 1
ln rrrr
r ePCad
d+++=⎥
⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡−
βα
(7) )()( rrr kPCbagf −+= ϕ
(9) 1
1)( rr bkPCbar e
d −+−+= ϕ
bk=βϕα b=(8) rrr PCad βα −+=
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MODELO ECONOMETRICOEl modelo explica un 83% de la deforestación observada. El
valor alterno y la presencia de PSA tiene la influencia esperada y ambos resultaron significativos a más del 98%
(10) 5762.0 6542.0 rrr PCd −= 19,76.2,
=> ntβα
(11) 1
1)81.252.423.3( rr PCr e
d −+−−+= 83.02 =R
DEFORESTACION OBSERVADA VS DEFORESTACION ESTIMADA
D = 0.65C -0.58P (parámetros de c y p signifacativos al 98%) D=1/1+e (3.2 - 4.5C + 2.8P) R2 = 83%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
VCT1 CAR1 JCB1 SIQ1 GUA1 VIR1 HOR1 VCT2 CAR2 JCB2 GUA3 VIR2 HOR2 VCT3 CAR3 JCB3 SIQ3 VIR3 HOR3
REGIONES (19 observaciónes, ó fragmentos del "buffer" del ACCVC: 1996-2000)
Def(i)
Mod (ln)
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IMPACTO DEL PSA EN LA DEFORESTACION SEGUN VALOR DE LA TIERRA
MODELO ECONOMETRICO ESTIMADO: d r = 1 / (1 + e -f(gr))
2%3%5%
6%
11%14%
24%
29%
43%
50%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
PRESENCIA RELATIVA DE PSA EN LA REGION
Def C 5%Def C 25%Def C 45%Def C 65%Def C 85%
PRIVATE FOREST AND WATER FOR HYDRO POWER(BY SIZE OF DOMINATING CONCESION) (38% of all sectors)
• 2.07% ofsector total
• 15.41% ofsector total
• 82.53% ofsector total
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PRIVATE FOREST AND WATER FOR IRRIGATION(BY SIZE OF DOMINATING CONCESION) (12% of all sectors)
• 0.15% ofsector total
• 1.88% ofsector total
• 97.97% ofsector total
PRIVATE FOREST AND WATER FOR HUMAN USE(BY SIZE OF DOMINATING CONCESION) (0.8% of all sectors)
• 0.15% ofsector total volume
• 1.88% ofsector total volume
• 97.97% ofsectot total volume
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PRIVATE FOREST AND HABITAT PRESENCE IN TOTALLY PROTECTED PUBLIC LANDS (TPPL)
• +30%, or 30K ha in TPPL
• Between 15%-30%, or 10K-30K ha in TPPL
• -15%, or 10K ha in TPPL
MetafragmentosBiodiversidad
BiodiversidadConectividad Representatividad
Cuencas con bosquesen Corredor Biologico
Cuencas sin bosquesen Corredor Biologico
No prioritario > 30%habitat protegido
Prioritario < 30% habitat protegido
No prioritario > 30%habitat protegido
Prioritario < 30% habitat protegido
BosqueNo Biodiversos686,000 ha
BosqueBiodiversos1,012,099 ha
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MetafragmentosCalida de agua
Caudal
Cuencas sin caudalconsecionado
Cuencas con caudalconcesionado
Fuente de agua
Subterranea
Superficial
Bosques Agua
BosquesSin Agua1,126,257 ha
BosquesCon Agua572,452 ha
Table 6: Clasificación del bosque fuera de areas de proteccionabsoluta según servicio ambiental Agua y Biodiversidad.
1,698,709572,4521,126,257Total
1,012,099373,123d638,976c
Bosques dentro de corredores biológicos mediana o
pobremente representados en el sistema
686,609199,329b487,281a
Bosques fuera de corredores biológicos mejor representados en el sistema nacional de áreas
protegidas
Con caudal hidráulico y para
otros usos
Sin caudal hidráulico ni para
otros usos
Total
Agua superficial
Biodiversidad
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Tabla 7: Distribución del bosque fuera areas de protección absolutaen 1999 según sus valores públicos y privados
1,698,7091,081,535345,584271,590TOTAL
373,123261,07055,65256,402Agua y Biodiversidad
199,329154,74832,39312,188Solo Agua
638,976465,855129,63143,490Solo Biodiversidad
487,281199,862127,909159,510Solo Carbono
TOTALAltoMedioBajo
Valor privado de la tierra, o grado de amenaza de deforestación
Valor público: SA
Metafragmentos
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Tipo de bosquey servicio ambiental Bajo Medio Alto
Bosques "solo carbono" Carbono (TMC/ha) 100 100 100 Bosques de "Biodiversidad" Carbono (TMC/ha) 100 100 100 Biodiver. (ha) 1 1 1 Bosques de "agua" Carbono (TMC/ha) 100 100 100 Agua sup. no hidro (m3/a) 55 814 889 Agua sup. hidro (m3/a) 34,963 36,661 23,366 Bosques de "agua y biod." Carbono (TMC/ha) 100 100 100 Biodiver. (ha) 1 1 1 Agua sup. no hidro (m3/a) 151 948 3,324 Agua sup. hidro (m3/a) 1,236 11,513 20,028
Valor privado, o amenaza de deforestacCuadro No. 7: Servicios Ambientales por tipo de bosque (uni
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SERVICIOS AMBIENTALES ASOCIADOS A DIFERENTES“VECTORES” DE BOSQUE SEGUN ESENARIO DE
PSA de CONSERVACION DE BOSQUES (unidades absolutas)
PRODUCCION DE SERVICIOS AMBIENTALES: 1999-2005PSA de CONSERVACION DE BOSQUES (en unidades absolutas)
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PRODUCCION DE SERVICIOS AMBIENTALES: 1999-2005PSA de CONSERVACION DE BOSQUES (% del máximo ideal)
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PRODUCTO MARGINAL del PSA de CONSERVACION de BOSQUE del FONAFIFOSERVICIO AMBIENTAL: REDUCCION DE EMISIONES DE CO2 PRODUCTO DE LA DEFORESTACION
ESENARIO: PLANEADO 2006-2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Bajo Medio Alto
VALOR PRIVADO DE LA TIERRA (USO ALTERNO)
Solo Carbono
Solo Biodiversidad ( C )
Solo Agua
Agua y Biod.
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PRODUCTO MARGINAL del PSA para CONSERVACION de BOSQUE del FONAFIFOSERVICIO AMBIENTAL: BIODIVERSIDAD: deforest. evitada bosque en corredor o macrotipo no protegido
ESENARIO: PLANEADO 2006-2010
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
Bajo Medio AltoVALOR PRIVADO DE LA TIERRA (USO ALTERNO)
Solo Biodiversidad ( C )
Agua y Biod.
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
Bajo Medio AltoVALOR PRIVADO DE LA TIERRA (USO ALTERNO)
Solo Agua
Agua y Biod.
PRODUCTO MARGINAL del PSA para CONSERVACION de BOSQUE del FONAFIFOSERVICIO AMBIENTAL: AGUA energía hidroeléctrica sin los efectos de erosión por defororestación
ESENARIO: PLANEADO 2006-2010
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0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
Bajo Medio AltoVALOR PRIVADO DE LA TIERRA (USO ALTERNO)
Solo Agua
Agua y Biod.
PRODUCTO MARGINAL del PSA para CONSERVACION de BOSQUE del FONAFIFOSERVICIO AMBIENTAL: AGUA superficial de consumo humano sin efectos de contaminación por deforestación
ESENARIO: PLANEADO 2006-2010
GANANCIAS Y PERDIDAS POR SERVICIO DE CAMBIAR PSA DE UN BOSQUE CON VALORES PUBLICOS DE UN TIPO A OTRO CON OTROS VALORES PUBLICOS Y MISMO VALOR PRIVADO
(Bosques con valor privado alto, esenario planeado 2005-2010)
-1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50
C to B
C to A
C to B&A
B to A
B to B&A
A to B&A
Cam
bio
de P
SA
de b
osq
ue d
e t
ipo
"x"
a t
ipo
"y"
Producción marginal de Servcio Ambiental (unidades: max por servcio=1)
AGUA USOS HUMANOS
AGUA HIDROELECTRICIDAD
BIODIVERSIDAD
CARBONO
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SERVICIOAMBIENTAL como % idealcomo % maxposcomo % ideal como % maxCARBON (def. evitada) 44% 78% 49% 87%BIODIVERSIDAD 45% 76% 51% 86%AGUA U. HUM. 32% 50% 41% 65%AGUA ELECT. 39% 64% 47% 78%PROMEDIO 40% 67% 47% 79%
N & D PLANEADO (ca +N & D ACTUALPRODUCCION DE SERVICIOS AMBIENTALES ACTUAL Y PLANEADA
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C ONCLUSI ON ES
El PSA reduce defore stac ión
La pro du cc ión de servic ios am bie nt ales d el PS A se pu ede me di r
El PSA act ual co ntri bu ye sig ni ficativa m ente al bién públ ico
El PSA t ie ne “a dic ionali dad”
Ecomerca dos I co ntr ibuyó signif icat ivame nte a la pro du cc ión de SA
El p ro ducto del PSA va en a ume nt o por más rec ursos y r e-dis tribu ción
El PSA pla nea do (inclu ye nd o ca non de ag ua y b io fu nd) p arece ef icie nt e
La nece sidad de p recio s di fere nciado s a ún n o es evi dent e
Sub asta s del PS A b ase o “ma tching fund s,” pu ede a um entar r ecursos ylog rar reas ignació n co n rev elació n d e pre cios para tra de-of fs ent reservc ios glo bal es, nacio nales y loca les (s imi lar y com pl eme ntar io alca non del ag ua ¿y a l bi of und ?)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%CARBON (def. evitada)
BIODIVERSIDAD
AGUA U. HUM.AGUA ELECT.
PROMEDIOACTUAL/MaxPos
ACTUAL/MaxPdif
Plan/MaxPos
Plan/MaxPdif
