ICT and collaboration What is collaborative learning and how does ICT fit with it?
What is Collaboration?
-
Upload
lareina-garrett -
Category
Documents
-
view
18 -
download
0
description
Transcript of What is Collaboration?
![Page 1: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
What is Collaboration?
Jay F. Nunamaker Jr.Director
Center for the Management of Information
Soldwedel & Regents ProfessorUniversity of Arizona MIS
![Page 2: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Collaboration is defined as making joint cognitive effort toward achieving an
agreed upon goal
![Page 3: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Why Collaborate?
Exercise:List some of the reasons why people
in your organization Collaborate
![Page 4: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Why Collaborate?
Surface Perspectives Review
Share Work
Share the Vision
SocializeBuild Consensus
Solve ProblemsAvoid Decisions
Make Decisions
Synergy Share Information
Build Trust
![Page 5: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Modes of Collaboration
Same
Different
Same Different
Time
Place
![Page 6: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Systems to Support different Collaboration Modes
Same
Different
Same Different
Time
Place
Audio/VideoGroup Support
SessionsGroup Support
Team RoomsProject Rooms
Team DatabaseVirtual Sessions
![Page 7: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Collaboration Behavioral Difficulties
Exercise:List some of the behavioral
Difficulties with Collaboration
![Page 8: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Waiting to speakDomination
Fear of SpeakingMisunderstanding
InattentionLack of Focus
Inadequate CriteriaPremature Decisions
Missing InformationDistractionsDigressions
Wrong PeopleGroupthink
Poor Grasp of ProblemIgnored AlternativesLack of ConsensusPoor PlanningHidden AgendasConflictInadequate ResourcesPoorly Defined Goals
IneffectiveCollaboration
Collaboration Behavioral Difficulties
![Page 9: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Collaboration Is Expensive
• 15 Million formal Sessions / day
• ? Million Informal Sessions / day
• 4 Billion Sessions / year
• 30-80% Manager’s timeFortune 500 Companies3M Corporation Study
![Page 10: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Collaboration is Essential
No one has all the– Resources– Experience– Knowledge
To do the job alone
![Page 11: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Collaboration is:Collaboration is:• DifficultDifficult• ExpensiveExpensive• EssentialEssential
![Page 12: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
How do people in organizations Collaborate?
![Page 13: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Level 1 Collected Work :Uncoordinated Individual Efforts
Level 2 Coordinated Work:Coordinated Individual Efforts
Level Concerted Work:Concerted Team Effort
Sprinters
Relay
3 Levels of Collaboration Capability
CrewHigh
Low
Degree ofCollaborativeEffort
![Page 14: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Level 1 Collected Work
• Individual, uncoordinated effort toward team goal• Team productivity is simple sum of individual
performances• Individualized Processes - Start to Finish• Office Applications
– MSWord Group Editing– Multiple Spreadsheet Sections– Powerpoint Presentation Passing
Sprinters
![Page 15: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Level 2 Coordinated Work
• Coordinated Efforts and Processes• Coordination, sharing, and hand-offs• Coordination Applications
– Workflow Applications • Adding structure to NOTES• Coordinator
Relay
![Page 16: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Level 3 Concerted Work
• All team members work a process simultaneously to achieve the team goal
• Repeatable Customized Process• Attention Dynamics• Collaborative Applications
– GroupSystems Online– Facilitate.COM– Meetingworks
Crew
![Page 17: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Inte
ract
ivit
y o
f C
om
mu
nic
atio
n
Process Structure and Task Structure
Hierarchy of Collaboration
Sprinters
IndividualWork
RelayRelayCoordinated Work
CrewCrewConcertedWork
Collected Work
![Page 18: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
19
The Yellow Sticky Approach
Manual Support for Level 3 Collaboration
![Page 19: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
20
![Page 20: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
21
• Two to Hundreds of people• Complex issues Addressed • Everyone
• Contributes Equally• Perceives everything Multiple Perspectives• Focuses Attention on Critical Issues• Takes ownership of the solution
• All Knowledge at everyone’s fingertips• Design Customized Repeatable Processes• Accomplish Goals and Produce Products
Dream Level 3 Concerted Collaboration
![Page 21: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
22
GroupSystems Support for Concerted CollaborationIntegration of
– Collaborative Technology
– Attention Dynamics
– Knowledge Management
– Customized Repeatable Processes
To Dramatically Improve Productivity
![Page 22: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
23
The GroupSystems Concept
• Computer for each participant
• Software for each task
• Public screen to focus attention
• Network to share information
• Access to external data
• Any Time, Any Place, Any Technology
![Page 23: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
24
CollaborationCollaborationGroupSystemsGroupSystems
SessionPlanning
SessionPlanning
Knowledge ManagementKnowledge Management
ShareInformation
Generate Ideas
OrganizeIdeas
PollConsensus
ExploreIssues
ShareInformation
Generate Ideas
OrganizeIdeas
PollConsensus
ExploreIssues
OrganizationalMemory
EnterpriseModel
CorporateDatabase
Intranet World WideWeb
FTP/GopherWAIS
![Page 24: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
25
SessionPlanning
SessionPlanning
Knowledge ManagementKnowledge Management
ShareInformation
Generate Ideas
OrganizeIdeas
PollConsensus
ExploreIssues
ShareInformation
Generate Ideas
OrganizeIdeas
PollConsensus
ExploreIssues
OrganizationalMemory
EnterpriseModel
CorporateDatabase
Intranet World WideWeb
FTP/GopherWAIS
BostonBostonDCDC
DCDC
DCDC
SFSF
SFSF
NYNY
NYNY
HKHK PITPIT
ATLATL
LALA
LONLON
ParisParis
CHICHI
LALA
SYDSYD
CollaborationGroupSystemsVirtual Collaboration
![Page 25: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
26
GroupSystems Collaborative Support• Support for Small or Large Groups
on the Internet and Intranets • Create Shared Agendas• Generate Ideas • Share, Evaluate and Organize Information• Create Knowledge• Poll, Rank, and Prioritize ideas for consensus• Jointly Create Documents • Complete Records / Reports• Draw and Annotate on Shared Whiteboards• Import/Export to Lotus Notes and other Software• Administer Surveys• Obtain Commitment and Take Action
![Page 26: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
27
GroupSystems is a suite of tools
to supportjoint cognitive effort
for Deliberation, Reasoning
and Decision Making
![Page 27: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
28
Each Tool Focuses Thinking
in Some Unique Way
![Page 28: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
29
Team Processes
IdeaGeneration
Idea Organization
Idea Evaluation and Prioritization
Idea Exploration
Idea Developmentand Exposition
BrainstormingTopic CommenterIdea OrganizerCategorizerGroup OutlinerGroup MatrixAlternative EvaluatorVoteStake Holder analysisAssumption surfacingGroup WriterTeam GraphicsScreen Prototyper
GSS Tools
![Page 29: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
30
• Parallel communication• Anonymity • Structured processes• Improved information access• Organizational memory• Enables larger groups• Improved goal congruence
Why GroupSystems Can Improve Collaboration
![Page 30: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
31
Why GroupSystems Improves Collaboration
• Parallel Input– No air time competition
– No waiting for a turn
– No forgetting your ideas
– No domination
![Page 31: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
32
• Anonymity– No Intimidation
– No Domination
– No Evaluation Apprehension
– Focus on Ideas not personalities
– Free to float unpopular ideas
Why GroupSystems Improves Collaboration
![Page 32: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
33
• Structured Process– Path to get from A to B
– Minimal off-task discussion
– Milestones for progress assessment
– Efficient path toward convergence
– Focused effort and deliberation
Why GroupSystems Improves Collaboration
![Page 33: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
34
• Knowledge Management– Improved Information Access– Organizational Memory– Artificial Intelligence Categorization– Advanced Searching– Explicit Knowledge– Tacit Knowledge– Automated Sense-Making
Why GroupSystems Improves Collaboration
![Page 34: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
35
• Improved Goal Congruence– Shared Understandings
– Consensus Assessment
– Focus on Differences
– Concerted Effort
Why GroupSystems Improves Collaboration
![Page 35: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
36
IntellectualBandwidth
![Page 36: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
37
Intellectual BandwidthRepresents
All the relevant Knowledge for a given set of Stakeholders
on a particular Issue
![Page 37: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
38
AppliedKnowledge
AllKnowledge
OfA
Domain
ExplicitCapturedAvailable
Knowledge
IntellectualCapital
Intellectual Bandwidth
IntellectualBandwidth
KnowledgeDomain
Task Team
![Page 38: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
40
Collaboration &Knowledge ManagementIncrease and LeverageIntellectual Bandwidth
![Page 39: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
41
Intellectual Bandwidth
Collaborative Capability
Collected
Wisdom (Principles)Knowledge (Patterns)Information (Relationships) Data (Symbols)
Understanding
Intellectual CapitalOrganizational
Members
USE & DEPLOYMENT
Access
Concerted
Coordinated
![Page 40: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
42
Level of Understanding
CollaborativeCapability
Increasing and Leveraging Intellectual BandwidthWith Collaboration & Knowledge Management
Individual Collective Coordinated Concerted
Data
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
![Page 41: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
43
Application Sharing
Individual Collected Coordinated Concerted
Level of Understanding
Level of Collaborative Capability
Data
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Group Support Systems
Manual Journal Search
Web Search Engine
Sense Making
Team Database
![Page 42: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
45
Organization X
CollaborativeCapability
IntellectualBandwidth
Increasing and Leveraging Intellectual BandwidthWith Collaboration & Knowledge Management
Collaboration UnderstandingOrganization X Concerted Information
Level of Understanding
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Data
Individual Collective Coordinated Concerted
![Page 43: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
46
Organization X
CollaborativeCapability
IntellectualBandwidth
Increasing and Leveraging Intellectual BandwidthWith Collaboration & Knowledge Management
Collaboration UnderstandingOrganization X Concerted Information Organization Z Individual Knowledge
Level of Understanding
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Data
Organization Z
Individual Collective Coordinated Concerted
![Page 44: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
47
Organization X
CollaborativeCapability
IntellectualBandwidth
Increasing and Leveraging Intellectual BandwidthWith Collaboration & Knowledge Management
Collaboration UnderstandingOrganization X Collaborative Information Organization Z Cumulative Knowledge Organization Y Coordinative Data
Levels of Understanding
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Data
Organization Z
Organization Y
Individual Collective Coordinated Concerted
![Page 45: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
48
Level of Understanding
Levels of Collaborative Capability
Group Size
5
1015
20
25
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Data
Individual Collective Coordinated Concerted
![Page 46: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
49
Level ofUnderstanding
Level ofCollaborative
Capability
Group Size
Collaboration Understanding SizeOrganization X Concerted Information 27
5
1015
20
25
Organization X
IntellectualBandwidth
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Data
Collected Connected Coordinated Concerted
![Page 47: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
50
Level ofUnderstanding
CollaborativeCapability
Group Size
Collaboration Knowledge Management SizeOrganization X Concerted Information 23Organization Z Individual Knowledge 15
5
1015
20
25
Organization X
IntellectualBandwidth
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Data
Organization Z
Individual Collective Coordinated Concerted
![Page 48: What is Collaboration?](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568131db550346895d984169/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
51
Level ofUnderstanding
CollaborativeCapability
Group Size
Collaboration Knowledge Management SizeOrganization X Concerted Information 23Organization Z Cumulative Knowledge 15Organization Y Coordinative Data 13
5
15
20
25
Organization X
IntellectualBandwidth
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Data
Organization Z
Organization X
10 Individual Collective Coordinative Concerted