WHAT IS ARTICLES AANTHE Articles used with items in a series Rule 1 Rule 1 Use an article in a...

WHAT ISWHAT IS

ARTICLESARTICLES

AA

ANAN

THETHE

Articles used with items in a Articles used with items in a seriesseries

Rule 1Rule 1 Use an article in a Use an article in a

series series ONLYONLY with the with the first item!first item!

EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:

I feed I feed THETHE dog, cat, dog, cat, and rabbitand rabbit

Rule 2Rule 2 Use an article in a Use an article in a

series with series with ALLALL the the items!items!

EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:

I feed I feed THETHE dog, dog, THETHE cat, cat, and and THETHE rabbit rabbit

1.) I talked 1.) I talked to ato a doctor, doctor, aa salesman, and salesman, and to ato a crane crane

operatoroperator

I talked I talked to ato a doctor, doctor, to ato a salesman, salesman, and and to ato a crane crane

operatoroperator

I talkedI talked to to aa doctor, doctor, aa salesman, salesman, andand a a crane crane

operatoroperator

3.) I bought 3.) I bought the the toweltowel, , sheetsheet, , and and thethe bed bed spread spread

I bought I bought the the toweltowel, , the the sheetsheet,, and and thethe bed bed

spreadspread

I boughtI bought

thethe toweltowel, , sheetsheet,, and and bed bed

spreadspread

8.) Jose hooked 8.) Jose hooked aa walleye, walleye, perch, and perch, and a a trouttrout

Jose hooked Jose hooked AA walleye, walleye, perch, perch, and troutand trout

hooked hooked AA walleye, walleye, AA perch, perch, and and AA trout trout

16.) Rosa skipped the lecture 16.) Rosa skipped the lecture because she didn’t have because she didn’t have thethe time, time, thethe energy and energy and wasn’twasn’t

interestedinterested

Rosa skipped the Rosa skipped the lecture because lecture because she didn’t haveshe didn’t have

thethe time, time, the the energy,energy, nor nor thethe interest interest

Rosa skipped the Rosa skipped the lecture because lecture because she didn’t have she didn’t have

thethe timetime, , energyenergy,, nor nor interestinterest

PROBLEMS PROBLEMS OFTEN OFTEN OCCUR OCCUR WHEN…WHEN…

Problems often occur Problems often occur when…when…

WeWe mix different types of phrases like mix different types of phrases likeMixing Mixing to to phrases with phrases with ing ing phrases, phrases, for instance !for instance !

FOR EXAMPLE:FOR EXAMPLE:

I like I like swimmingswimming in the pond, in the pond, cyclingcycling down the lane, and down the lane, and to rideto ride horses in horses in the pasturethe pasture

TRY one of these methods to TRY one of these methods to fix the parallel problem fix the parallel problem

instead…instead… I like I like swimmingswimming in in

the pond,the pond, cycling cycling down the down the

lane, lane, and and ridingriding horses horses

in the pasture in the pasture

I like I like toto swim swim in in the pond, the pond,

toto cycle cycle down the down the lane,lane,

and and to to rideride horses horses in the pasturein the pasture

9.) Nathan enjoys 9.) Nathan enjoys swimming,swimming, cycling,cycling, and and to rideto ride horses horses

Nathan enjoys Nathan enjoys swimmswimminging,, cyclcyclinging,, and ridand ridinging

horses.horses.

NathanNathan likeslikes toto swim, swim, toto cycle, cycle, and and toto ride ride

horses.horses.

2.) Flora like to go to the play- 2.) Flora like to go to the play- ground ground to jumpto jump rope, rope, to to

swingswing and and slidingsliding

Flora likes to go to Flora likes to go to the the playgroundplayground

to jumpto jump rope, rope, to swingto swing,, and and to slideto slide

Flora likes Flora likes jumpjumpinging rope,rope, swswinging,, and and slidslidinging

6.) Ed loves 6.) Ed loves backpackingbackpacking, , campingcamping, and especially , and especially to to

climbclimb mountains. mountains.

Ed lovesEd loves backpackbackpackinging, , campcampinging, , and especiallyand especially

climbclimbinging mountains.mountains.

Ed lovesEd loves toto backpack backpack, , to to campcamp, , and especiallyand especially to to

climbclimb mountains. mountains.

10.) At Christmas we like 10.) At Christmas we like toto decoratedecorate the tree, the tree, makingmaking

special cookies, and special cookies, and singing singing carols.carols.

At Christmas we At Christmas we like like

to to decoratedecorate the the tree,tree,

toto makemake special special cookies, cookies,

and and toto sing sing carols.carols.

At Christmas we like At Christmas we like decoratdecoratinging the the

tree,tree, makmakinging special special

cookies, cookies, and and singsinginging carols.carols.

13.) This summer Tony plans 13.) This summer Tony plans to lieto lie in the sun, in the sun, swimswim in the in the pool, and generally pool, and generally avoidingavoiding

work.work.

This summer This summer Tony plans onTony plans on

lylyinging in the sun, in the sun, swimmswimminging in the in the

pool, pool, and generally and generally

avoidavoidinging work. work.

This summer Tony plans This summer Tony plans toto lie lie in the sun, in the sun, to to swimswim in the pool, in the pool, and generally and generally toto avoid avoid

work.work.

This summer Tony This summer Tony lieliess in the sun, in the sun, swimswimss in the pool, in the pool, and generallyand generally avoid avoidss work. work.

19.) The fountain was beautiful 19.) The fountain was beautiful as the droplets spread out in as the droplets spread out in

the air and were made to the air and were made to sparkle by the sunlight.sparkle by the sunlight.

-Answer--Answer-

The fountain was beautiful as the droplets The fountain was beautiful as the droplets spreadspread out in the air out in the air andand sparkledsparkled by the by the sunlight.sunlight.

20.) Carlos went to the party 20.) Carlos went to the party for for thethe food, food, thethe

entertainment, and entertainment, and to meetto meet people who might become people who might become

customers.customers.

Carlos went to the Carlos went to the party for party for

thethe food, food, thethe entertainment, entertainment, and and thethe people who people who

might become might become customers.customers.

Carlos went to the Carlos went to the party party

to eatto eat food, food, toto bebe entertained, entertained, and and toto meetmeet people people

who might become who might become customers.customers.

CORRELATIVE CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONSCONJUNCTIONS

Either…OrEither…Or Neither…NorNeither…Nor Whether…OrWhether…Or Both…AndBoth…And Not (only)…But (also)Not (only)…But (also)

The rule for parallelism with The rule for parallelism with CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONSCORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

The grammatical units The grammatical units that follow each that follow each CORRELATIVE CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS CONJUNCTIONS must be must be alikealike

CORRELATIVE CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONSCONJUNCTIONS

EitherEither…(noun)…(noun) Or Or (noun)(noun) NeitherNeither…(verb)…(verb) Nor Nor (verb)(verb) WhetherWhether…(prep.)…(prep.) Or Or (preposition)(preposition) BothBoth… (adj.) … (adj.) And And (adj.)(adj.) Not (only)…But (also)Not (only)…But (also)

ProblemProblem sentencessentences with with correlative conjunctionscorrelative conjunctions

EitherEither II go to bed go to bed oror getget up early up early

In this instance anIn this instance an Independent Clause Independent Clause is being mixed with a is being mixed with a Verb PhraseVerb Phrase

Here are Here are correctedcorrected sentences sentences with such pairs…with such pairs…

I I eithereither gogo to bed earlyto bed early

oror getget up up latelate

EitherEither I I gogo to bed earlyto bed early

oror I I getget up up latelate

4.) Having just arrived at the 4.) Having just arrived at the party, Thea party, Thea bothboth wanted to wanted to

sunbathesunbathe andand to swimto swim

In this instance aIn this instance a

Participle PhraseParticiple Phraseis being mixed with an is being mixed with an

Infinitive PhraseInfinitive Phrase

Here are Here are correctedcorrected sentences sentences with such pairs…with such pairs…

Having just arrived Having just arrived at the party, Theaat the party, Thea bothboth wantedwanted to to sunbathesunbathe andand wantedwanted to swim.to swim.

Having just arrived Having just arrived at the party, Thea at the party, Thea wantedwanted bothboth to to sunbathesunbathe andand to to swim. swim.

5.) The coach can 5.) The coach can eithereither complain to the officialcomplain to the official oror he he

can keep quiet.can keep quiet.

In this instance aIn this instance a Verb PhraseVerb Phrase

is being mixed with an is being mixed with an Independent Clause/Simple Independent Clause/Simple

SentenceSentence

Here is the Here is the correctedcorrected parallel parallel sentence with such pairs…sentence with such pairs…

5.) The coach can 5.) The coach can eithereither complain to the officialcomplain to the official oror can keep quiet.can keep quiet.

In this instance aIn this instance a Verb PhraseVerb Phrase

is being connected with another is being connected with another Verb PhraseVerb Phrase

12.) 12.) Not onlyNot only the studentsthe students but but alsoalso those who teachthose who teach them them

were upset by the new were upset by the new university policy.university policy.


Noun PhraseNoun Phraseis being mixed with ais being mixed with a

Dependent ClauseDependent Clause


12.) 12.) Not onlyNot only the studentsthe students but alsobut also the the teachersteachers were upset by the new university were upset by the new university policy. policy.

In this instance aIn this instance a Noun PhraseNoun Phrase

is being connected with another is being connected with another Noun PhraseNoun Phrase


12.) 12.) Not onlyNot only those who studythose who study but alsobut also those who those who teach teach were upset by the new university policy.were upset by the new university policy.


Dependent ClauseDependent Clauseis being connected with another is being connected with another


18.) I’ll decide to go if it 18.) I’ll decide to go if it neither neither interferes with my other plansinterferes with my other plans

nornor it comes too late in the it comes too late in the day.day.


Verb PhraseVerb Phraseis being mixed with ais being mixed with a

Independent ClauseIndependent Clause


18.) I’ll decide to go if it 18.) I’ll decide to go if it neither neither interferes with interferes with my other plansmy other plans nornor comes too late in the day.comes too late in the day.


Verb PhraseVerb Phraseis being connected with another is being connected with another

Verb PhraseVerb Phrase

What are coordinating What are coordinating conjunctionsconjunctions( FAN BOYS)( FAN BOYS)

ForFor AndAnd NorNor ButBut OrOr YetYet SoSo

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE before a before a conjunctionconjunction and and an INDEPENDENT CLAUSE an INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

after aafter a conjunction--conjunction--a a commacomma must appear must appear before the conjunction before the conjunction

( Rule #2)( Rule #2)

I liked the parrotI liked the parrot,, soso I bought I bought it for my motherit for my mother

Parallel constructions with Parallel constructions with coordinating conjunctionscoordinating conjunctions

INDEPENDENT CLAUSES IN INDEPENDENT CLAUSES IN A SERIESA SERIES

Joe likes the RedsJoe likes the Reds,, soso I I boughtbought him season tickets him season tickets for his birthday.for his birthday.

Other parallel constructions Other parallel constructions with coordinating conjunctionswith coordinating conjunctions

WORDS IN A SERIESWORDS IN A SERIES I saw I saw JohnJohn andand MaryMary

I saw I saw JohnJohn, , BillBill, , andand MaryMary

PHRASES IN A SERIESPHRASES IN A SERIES

I see him I see him goinggoing to work to work andand comingcoming home home

DEPENDENT CLAUSES IN A DEPENDENT CLAUSES IN A SERIESSERIES

The phone rang The phone rang whenwhen I I reached the motel reached the motel butbut beforebefore I unpacked my I unpacked my suitcasesuitcase

INDEPENDENT CLAUSES INDEPENDENT CLAUSES IN IN A SERIESA SERIES

I liked the parrotI liked the parrot,, soso I I bought it for my motherbought it for my mother

Parallel constructions with coordinating Parallel constructions with coordinating conjunctions phrases in a seriesconjunctions phrases in a series

14.) The director wanted to film scenes 14.) The director wanted to film scenes in in the jungles of the Philippinesthe jungles of the Philippines andand where where the streets were crowded in Manilathe streets were crowded in Manila

ANSWERANSWER The director wanted to film scenes The director wanted to film scenes in in the jungles in of the Philippinesthe jungles in of the Philippines andand inin

the crowded streets of Manilathe crowded streets of Manila-or--or-

The director wanted to film scenes The director wanted to film scenes where there are jungles inwhere there are jungles in the Philippinesthe Philippines andand where the streets were crowded in Manila.where the streets were crowded in Manila.

DEPENDANT CLAUSESDEPENDANT CLAUSES

Relative pronounsRelative pronouns

WhoWho

WhomWhom

Which Which

WhoseWhose

ThatThat

Subordinate Subordinate conjunctionsconjunctions

After, since, before, as After, since, before, as soon as, until, when soon as, until, when while, whenever, where, while, whenever, where, wherever, because, than, wherever, because, than, although, if, though, although, if, though, provided that, unless, in provided that, unless, in order that, so that, as, as order that, so that, as, as much as, as long as, as much as, as long as, as if, even though, even ifif, even though, even if

DEPENDANT CLAUSESDEPENDANT CLAUSES(RULE #3)(RULE #3)

If a sentence starts with one of these words than a If a sentence starts with one of these words than a Dependent or Subordinate Clause is starting a Dependent or Subordinate Clause is starting a

sentence and a comma will follow that introductory sentence and a comma will follow that introductory Dependent/Subordinate Clause.Dependent/Subordinate Clause.

Relative pronounsRelative pronouns

WhoWho

WhomWhom

Which Which

WhoseWhose

ThatThat

Subordinate conjunctionsSubordinate conjunctions After, since, before, as soon After, since, before, as soon

as, until, when while, as, until, when while, whenever, where, whenever, where, wherever, because, than, wherever, because, than, although, if, though, although, if, though, provided that, unless, in provided that, unless, in order that, so that, as, as order that, so that, as, as much as, as long as, as if, much as, as long as, as if, even though, even ifeven though, even if

Parallel constructions with Parallel constructions with coordinating conjunctions coordinating conjunctions

joining joining DEPENDENT/INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT/INDEPENDENT

CLAUSES IN A SERIESCLAUSES IN A SERIES

7.) The lifeguard knew that the waves 7.) The lifeguard knew that the waves were high and they were dangerouswere high and they were dangerous

The lifeguard knewThe lifeguard knew thatthat the waves were the waves were

high high and and thatthat they were they were

dangerousdangerous

The lifeguard knew The lifeguard knew the wavesthe waves were high were high, , andand the wavesthe waves were were

dangerousdangerous

Parallel constructions with coordinating Parallel constructions with coordinating conjunctions joining clauses in a seriesconjunctions joining clauses in a series

15.) 15.) Before going out on stageBefore going out on stage and and she heard the opening applause she heard the opening applause Gayle was very nervous.Gayle was very nervous.

In this instance aIn this instance a Dependent ClauseDependent Clause

is being connected with an is being connected with an Independent ClauseIndependent Clause

ANSWERANSWER Before going out on stageBefore going out on stage and and after hearing the opening applauseafter hearing the opening applause, Gayle was , Gayle was

very nervous.very nervous.

In this instance aIn this instance a Dependent ClauseDependent Clause

is being connected with another is being connected with another Dependent ClauseDependent Clause

So now the sentence has been made parallel!So now the sentence has been made parallel!

Parallel constructions with coordinating Parallel constructions with coordinating conjunctions joining clauses in a seriesconjunctions joining clauses in a series

17.) I think about Grandmother’s farm when 17.) I think about Grandmother’s farm when I drive in rush-hour or I read about crime in I drive in rush-hour or I read about crime in the streets.the streets.

ANSWERANSWER I think about Grandmother’s farm I think about Grandmother’s farm when I drive in rush-hourwhen I drive in rush-hour or or when I read about crime when I read about crime

in thein the streets. streets.In this instance aIn this instance a

Dependent ClauseDependent Clauseis being connected with another is being connected with another


So now the sentence has been made parallel!So now the sentence has been made parallel!

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