What is a Spreadsheet?

• A spreadsheet consists of the following items– A worksheet divided into rows and columns

• 256 vertical columns & 65,535 horizontal rows• Columns identified by letters (A, B, C, and so on)• Rows are numbered (1, 2, 3, …)

– Cells An intersection of a row and column• Identified by their column letters followed by their row

numbers

– Numbers– Labels– Formulas

Anatomy of the WindowTitle bar

Workbookname RibbonMenu bar

Formula bar

Status Bar

Sheet tabs

Current sheet

Row heading

Active cell Columnheadings

Gridlines

Scroll bars

Entering Information into a cell• Select cell where you want to type data• Type a number, label, or formula• Do any of the following

– Press Enter– Click Green Check Mark next to formula bar– Press an arrow key to select a different cell– Click a different cell

Excel Concepts• Cell reference how we refer to a specific

cell.– A10 or Data!A10 or [Book2.xls]Sheet1!A10 or

C:\MyData\ [Book2.xls]Sheet1!A10• Range A rectangular group of one or

more cells– Referenced by top left cell separated from

bottom right reference by a colon.

More Concepts• Selection

– Range of cells, highlighted– Fill handle

• Formatting– The manner in which a cell entry is displayed

can be changed by formatting the cell.– Font, background, number of decimals,

scientific notation, horizontal and vertical positioning, borders

Examples• Filling in a Series of Numbers or a list of

dates• Entering and Copying a Formula

– All formulas begin with (=)– 3 + 4 * 2 11 or 14?– Refer to values in cells

• Copy vs. Move formula

Arithmetic Operator Order

• Negation (-)• Exponentiation (^)• Multiplication and division (*,/)• Addition and subtraction (+,-)

Formatting your worksheet• Manually formatting your cells

– Number– Alignment– Font– Boarder– Patterns– Protection

More Formatting• Conditional Formatting• Removing Formatting

– Eraser too (Under editing)Clear Formats• Adjusting column widths and row heights

– With the mouse

Common Formula CalculationsOperator What it does Example Result

+ Addition =5+3.4 8.4

- Subtraction =54.2-2.1 52.1

* Multiplication =1.2*4 4.8

/ Division =25/5 5

% Percentage =42% 0.42

^ Exponentiation =4^3 64

= Equal =6=7 False

> Greater than =7>2 True

< Less than =9<8 False

>= Greater than or equal to

=45>=3 True

<= Less than or equal to =40<=2 False

<> Not equal to =5<>7 True

& Text concatenation =“Bo the ” & “Cat” Bo the Cat

Using cell references in formulas• Referencing a single cell• =B5+B6• AutoSum Σ

– Sum, Average, Count, Max, Min• Referencing two or more cells

– Contiguous range =SUM(D3:D5)– Noncontiguous range SUM(D3,G5,X7)

Copying formulas• Excel changes the formula cell reference

automatically when for each row or column– Ctrl+C then Ctrl+V

• Editing a formula• Ctrl+` to show all formulas• Absolute, Relative, & Mixed References

– $A$1, $A1, A$1, A1

Naming cells and ranges

• Name box• Jumping to a named cell (downward-

pointing arrow)• Acts as an absolute reference

Picking a Function to Use• Entering a Function Directly

– Example =Sin(A1), =Pi(), =Degrees(A1), =Radians(A1)

• Insert function button– Function Palette

• Entering Formulas by Pointing

Finding where a formula gets its data• Formula Auditing toolbar

– Tracing Precendents– Tracing Dependents– Adding Comments

Printing a Worksheet• Using Print Preview• Printing part of a worksheet

– Highlight cells that you want to print– Page LayoutPrint AreaSet Print Area

• Page Setup– Under print preview

• Portrait, Landscape, Fit to …– Margins– Header/Footer

Paste Special

• RAND()

• Paste Special

Modifying Worksheets• Insert/Delete rows and columns• Link worksheets w/ formulas• Split a worksheet (under view tab)

Formulas• Editing a formula• Ctrl+` to show all formulas• Absolute, Relative, & Mixed References

– $A$1, $A1, A$1, A1– Using named cells in formulas (names are

absolute references)

Naming Cells using labels• InsertNameCreate• Names are not case sensitive

Picking a Function to Use• Insert function button

– Function Palette• Function Arguments

– =Pi()– =COS(Pi()) =SQRT(A2/2)– =ROUND(A2,2)– =SUM(A1:A10) or =SUM(A1:A10,B3,B4)

• Entering Formulas by Pointing

Commas separate each argument

Trig Functions• Trig functions (always in radians)

– RADIANS, DEGREES, SIN, COS, ATAN, …• Exponential Functions

– EXP, LN, LOG• Rounding Functions

– ABS, CEILING, EVEN, FLOOR, INT, MROUND, ODD, ROUND, ROUNDDOWN, ROUNDUP, TRUNC

Errors in Formulas• ###### Column is too narrow• #DIV/0! Formula divides a number by zero.

Black cells have a value of zero• #NAME? Formula containes a function name

or cell that Excel does not recognize• #REF! Formula refers to a cell that is not valid• #VALUE! Formula refers to a cell that Excel

cannot use in calculation• Circular Reference Formula refers to the cell

containing the formula