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What is a Reef ? What is a Reef ? Coral Reef Geology Wilson Ramirez.
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Transcript of What is a Reef ? What is a Reef ? Coral Reef Geology Wilson Ramirez.
What is a Reef ?What is a Reef ?
Coral Reef Geology
Wilson Ramirez
MarinersCan I hit my keel on it (i.e., shallow)
BiologistsBiologically abundant and diverse assemblage
GeologistsBiologically builtWave resistantStands above its surroundings
Perspective….what is a reef?
MarinersCan I hit my keel on it (i.e., shallow)
BiologistsBiologically abundant and diverse assemblage
GeologistsBiologically builtWave resistantStands above its surroundings
Perspective….what is a reef?Canning Basin, Australia
(Devonian)
Palau, Oceania
Canning Basin, Australia(Devonian)
Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico
AGeologist’s
Reef
Reef DefinitionReef Definition
“the vast majority of of ancient reef deposits are comprised not of in-place, interlocking framework, but rather are loose assemblages with reef-building organisms ‘floating’ in a matrix of reef-derived debris”
Hubbard (1997, p. 43)
Reef DefinitionReef DefinitionStanley (2001)
“Growth of biological framework on modern shallow reefs is rapid….”
“…it is counterbalanced by highly destructive (recycling) processes…”
Constructed of material of biological origin
Rigid structure, owing to either interlocked and in place framework elements or of re worked framework elements bound together by secondary encrustation or cementation
Stands topographically above the surrounding seascape and, therefore, exerts at least local control on oceanographic processes
The majority of the framework elements were formed in an environment similar to the one in which they were ultimately deposited
“Reef” definition
Tucker & WrightTucker & Wright
Folk (1962) – biolithites
Dunham (1962) – boundstone (bound during deposition)
Embry & Klovan (1971)
A Geologic Reef
Rigid, & wave resistant
Elevated - affect local oceanography
Near sea level?
Biostrome = A veneer of organisms with no relief
Let’s put this into a geological perspective…
Sedimentation & CementationRecolonizationRepeatRepeatRepeatRepeatRepeatEnd DepositionEnd Deposition
Compression
CompressionCompressionCompressionCompressionCompressionCompression
Reef??Stratigraphic Reef (Dunham)
The reef is "apparent"i.e., no topography actually occurred in the past
An oyster bank is not wave resistant, but in time a thick sequence could result from upward layered accumulation.
Stratigraphic reef
Construction/Bioerosion & SedimentationConstruction/Bioerosion & SedimentationConstruction/Bioerosion & SedimentationConstruction/Bioerosion & SedimentationConstruction/Bioerosion & SedimentationConstruction/Bioerosion & SedimentationConstruction/Bioerosion & Sedimentation
Topography at the time of deposition
Compression
CompressionReef??Ecological Reef (Dunham)
The reef is "real"i.e., topography actually did occurred in the past
Fossil reef with in place structural elements – Acropora palmata
Ecologic reef accumulation
BIOHERM
Built by growth,Bioerosion,
toppling,encrustation &
cementation
Topography present
BIOHERMAB
Question: What differences will we see at A versus B?
BIOSTROME
e.g., a coral”carpet”
No significant topography
AB
Question: What differences will we see at A versus B?
Biostrome vs. Bioherm
Stratigraphic Reef Ecologic Reef
No Original Relief Relief During Deposition
CoralGrowthGrazingGrazing
New Coral
Grazing
M. annularis growth
Grazing
Boring
Sediment Fill
Coral GrowthBoring/Grazing
Sedimentation
Coral Growth
Boring/GrazingToppled
Sedimentation
EncrustationConstruction
Destruction
Sedimentation
Encrustation
Cementation
How do we get rigid, elevated structures?
ConstructionCoralsOther calcifiers
DestructionFishUrchinsBorers
EncrustationCementation
Corals GrowCorals GrowReefs Accrete (or build)Reefs Accrete (or build)
Sediment productionand redistribution