What is a Judicial Clerkship?

A judicial clerkship is typically a one- or two-year position in the chambers of a judge. A judicial clerk serves, inessence, as a judge's personal attorney, and judges typically place an enormous amount of reliance on the counsel oftheir clerks. Clerks, therefore, have great responsibility, and enjoy an unparalleled opportunity for learning.

Why Would I Want to Clerk?

There are many reasons you might choose to clerk. Overall, a judicial clerkship allows you to view the justicesystem from the perspective of a judge at the beginning of your career. Unless you become a judge yourself, younever again will have the opportunity to gain an insider's view of how judges make decisions and respond todifferent methods of advocacy. Most likely you also will never again be in as good a position to make a mark on thelaw, by helping a judge - as a trusted aide - to reach his or her decisions.

Clerking also enables you to:

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Improve and refine your analytical, research, writing, communication, organizational and interpersonal skills(free of the pressures of advocacy and billable hours);

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Gain exposure to a breadth of substantive and procedural law;•

Engage in a strong, supportive mentoring relationship with a judge;•

Gain a unique perspective on how judges think and how chambers and courtrooms operate;

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Learn the difference between good and bad advocacy from reading briefs and watching oral arguments andassessing their effects on judicial decisionmaking;

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Become a member of an active network of former clerks;

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Spend a year or two after law school exploring career options and networking (because of the experience andtraining, a clerkship is a credential valued highly by law firms, public interest organizations, governmentagencies, corporations and other employers); and

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Experience a new location and/or become familiar with the Bar where you plan to practice.

At bottom, a judicial clerkship is, almost invariably, an enormously enjoyable way to spend a year or two aftergraduation. Inevitably you will encounter many former clerks who say that their clerkship was the most interestingjob they have had in their career. Indeed, many former clerks view their judge, co-clerks and chambers staff as afamily, with whom they remain personally close for years after the clerkship has ended.

What Kinds of Clerkshis Are There and What Are the Duties?

The duties of a judicial clerk vary somewhat depending on the judge and the type of court in which he/she sits.Typical tasks, however, include reviewing pleadings and briefs, conducting legal research, writing memoranda anddraft opinions, editing, proofreading, providing oral briefings, and observing court proceedings. The position mayalso include some administrative duties, such as maintaining the chambers' library, assembling documents, andassisting with trials and oral arguments. What follows is a further description of the typical duties of judicial clerksin various courts. The basic duties of appellate and trial court clerks are the same whether the court is within thefederal or state system.

Federal Clerkships

United States Supreme CourtU.S. Supreme Court justices typically are authorized to hire four clerks each for a one-year term. Retired SupremeCourt justices can hire one clerk; the work for these justices varies, ranging from sitting on Court of Appeals caseswhen the justice sits as a circuit judge, to being on loan to the chambers of the justice who replaced the retiredjustice. Almost without exception, the justices only hire clerks who have clerked for at least one year for another

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judge, most frequently at the federal appellate level.

United States Courts of AppealsThere are thirteen federal judicial circuits, each with a court of appeals (see Appendix A for a listing of the circuitsand the states that comprise those circuits). While there are certainly similarities among the circuits in the types ofcases heard, different circuits also often hear different kinds of cases. For example, the D.C. Circuit hears a greatdeal of administrative law cases, but not many criminal law cases; the Second Circuit tends to hear numerousfinancial and corporate law cases; and the Sixth Circuit tends to preside over numerous labor law cases. The FederalCircuit, unlike the other circuits, is a court of limited jurisdiction; it predominantly hears patent and trademark casesand civil cases brought against the federal government.

Active circuit judges generally hire three clerks for a one-year term. Chief judges may hire four clerks, and seniorjudges may hire one or two, depending on the size of the caseload they maintain. Some federal judges (at both thecircuit and district level), however, have begun hiring career, or permanent, clerks to fill one slot in their chambers,which reduces their need for limited-term clerks.

Appellate clerks generally have no contact with attorneys or parties in cases before the court. Typical duties includereading the briefs and selected portions of the record; independently researching the legal issues raised on appeal;preparing bench memoranda summarizing and framing the case, explaining the facts and legal issues, andrecommending a disposition or conclusion; suggesting questions to be asked at oral argument; discussing the casewith the judge and/or co-clerks; and attending and evaluating oral arguments. After oral arguments, if the judge isassigned to write the opinion, the clerk will usually be asked to write a first draft, which the judge will revise andedit. In some chambers, however, the judge writes the first draft, and the clerk is asked to comment, edit, andprovide additional research. If the judge is not writing the opinion, the clerk may be expected to read and analyzethe circulating draft opinion, offer advice on whether the judge should join the opinion, offer suggestions for change,or write a draft of a concurring or dissenting opinion. The amount of advice a clerk is asked to render on theseopinions varies with the judge.

United States District CourtsThere are 89 district courts in the 50 states. District courts are also located in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, theDistrict of Columbia, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, making a total of 94 district courts. Federal districtjudges generally hire two clerks. Chief judges may hire three clerks, and senior judges may hire one or two clerksdepending on their caseload. While many district judges hire clerks for a one-year term, they increasingly arerequiring a two-year commitment from their clerks.

The hallmark of the district court clerkship is variety. District court clerks are in daily contact with attorneys andparties proceeding without counsel. They do many of the things appellate court clerks do (i.e., many trial level casesare decided by dispositive motions that are briefed and argued in much the same manner as are appellate cases). Inaddition, district court clerks are heavily involved in the discovery process. They often play the leading role inresolving discovery-related motions, and in recommending (and sometimes participating in) pretrial and settlementconferences. In those cases that do reach trial, the clerk will generally attend the trial and all related hearings. Ifthere is a jury, the clerk may be involved in the preparation of jury voir dire and jury instructions. In civil benchtrials, the clerk will often draft findings of fact and conclusions of law. The clerk also may be asked to participate insidebar conferences on disputed evidentiary issues. In criminal cases, clerks are likely to be involved in theevaluation of sentencing recommendations under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines.

United States Court of International TradeThe U.S. Court of International Trade deals primarily with cases concerning customs duties, unfair import practicesby trading partners, and the classification and valuation of imported merchandise. The court is located in New YorkCity.

United States Bankruptcy CourtsBankruptcy courts are trial courts, and have jurisdiction over some of the most complex and economically significant

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litigation in the United States. Bankruptcy clerks are exposed not only to bankruptcy law and procedure, but also toall of the other areas of law embodied in claims against the bankrupt's estate (called "adversary proceedings").Because bankruptcy courts are trial courts, the tasks a bankruptcy clerk is called upon to perform are quite similar tothose of district court clerks. Bankruptcy judges are not, however, Article III judges; they are judicial officers of theU.S. District Court, appointed for fourteen-year terms by the majority of judges of the U.S. Court of Appeals toexercise jurisdiction over bankruptcy matters.

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United States Magistrate CourtA U.S. magistrate judge is a judicial officer of the district court and is appointed by majority vote of the activedistrict judges of the court to exercise jurisdiction over matters assigned by statute, as well as those delegated by thedistrict judges. A full-time magistrate judge serves a term of eight years. Duties assigned to magistrate judges mayvary considerably from court to court, and from judge to judge. Generally, however, magistrate judges are involvedin criminal cases, including conducting arraignments, and reviewing requested warrants and habeas petitions. Theyare also often given significant responsibilities in civil cases, attempting to settle cases and handling the pretrial stageof complex cases. Magistrate judges frequently write "opinions," called "Reports and Recommendations," advisingdistrict judges on how a case should be resolved. Occasionally, magistrate judges preside over trials (at the consentof the parties). Therefore, a clerkship with a magistrate judge can be very similar to a district court clerkship.

"Specialty" Federal CourtsJudges sitting on so-called "specialty" courts may require their clerks to have a specific academic or experientialbackground. Examples of these courts include: the United States Tax Court, located in Washington, DC, which hearsdisputes involving the Internal Revenue Service and deficiencies in or overpayment of taxes, as well as some otherfederal tax issues; the United States Court of Federal Claims, located in Washington, DC, which has nationwidejurisdiction over civil claims - other than tort claims - against the federal government (such as government contractdisputes, eminent domain, military pay, and patent or copyright violations by the government), as well as over claimsbrought by Native American tribes, and a handful of other matters; the United States Court of Appeals for the ArmedForces, located in Washington, DC; and the United States Court of Appeals for Veteran Claims, located inWashington, DC.

State Clerkships

As an initial matter, it is important to remember that most legal disputes are resolved in state courts, which are theprimary fora for contract disputes, tort claims, criminal prosecutions, divorce and custody matters, and probate ofestates. While the substantive law you may encounter in federal courts is by no means narrow, it is even broader instate courts.

Supreme CourtsIf you talk to someone who has clerked for both a federal judge and a state supreme court justice, you almostinvariably will be told that the latter was the more interesting clerkship. Why? State supreme courts are most oftencourts of discretionary review; this allows the justices to "cherry pick" the most interesting cases to settle importantquestions of law. In addition, since supreme courts are the states' highest courts, they have tremendous ability toinfluence and shape state law. Apart from these considerations, a state supreme court clerk's tasks largely mirrorthose of a federal appellate court clerk.

Intermediate Appellate CourtsNot all states have intermediate appellate courts, and the quality of the court and duties of the clerks can vary greatly.The nature of the work, however, is quite similar to that of federal courts of appeals.

Trial CourtsStudents who know they want to settle in a particular geographic location should consider applying for state trialcourt clerkships. These positions provide an unparalleled opportunity for students to get to know, and becomeknown by, members of the local bar; usually, clerks in these positions have far more contact with attorneys and courtstaff than is typical in the federal court system. Further, these clerkships provide an excellent opportunity forlearning state rules of civil procedure, as well as substantive state law. While state court trial judges typically do notpublish opinions, their clerks will research legal issues (often on short notice, such as during trial), advise the judgeon rulings, draft orders and rulings, and observe and assist at trials.

International ClerkshipsThere are a variety of international clerkship possibilities that you may want to consider exploring, includingclerkships with the Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice at the Hague, the Iran Claims Tribunal atthe Hague, the European Court of Human Rights, the European Court of Justice, and the WTO Appellate Body.

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Miscellaneous Clerkships

Staff Attorney PositionsLaw clerks who serve many judges, or an entire court, are commonly referred to as "staff attorneys," "staff counsel,"or "pro se law clerks." These positions can be found both in federal and state appellate and trial courts. The dutiesand responsibilities of a staff attorney vary by court, but may include reviewing motions, appeals andcorrespondence (particularly where at least one party is appearing without counsel), preparing memoranda, andassisting in case management and settlement. The length of service for these positions varies by court.

Administrative Law Judges (ALJs)ALJs are independent, impartial finders of fact in formal administrative hearings. Over 30 U.S. governmentdepartments and agencies employ ALJs. Some ALJs hire recent law school graduates as law clerks. These positionsmay be for a fixed term or an indefmite period.

Tribal CourtsSome states have tribal courts that hire law clerks, although funding for such positions tends to be quite limited.Postings can often be found in the newspaper Indian Country Today. In addition, the National American IndianCourt Judges Association may list postings on its website, www.naicja.org.

How Do I Select the Courts and J>ud es to Which to Apply?

Before you even begin the clerkship application process, you should spend time thinking about the type of clerkshipthat best fits with your ultimate career goals, and where you hope to eventually practice (e.g., if you are interested inimmigration law, you should focus on courts located at ports-of-entry or boarder states; if you are interested inadministrative law, you should focus on courts in the District of Columbia). Also consider the differing experiencesprovided by the various types/levels of court and which experiences best fit your personality and interests (e.g., anappellate court in a more cloistered environment involving intensive research and writing versus a trial court in amore dynamic environment involving contact with attorneys and litigants, factual issues, juries and benchproceedings).

You should also think about the type of person for whom you would like to work, particularly because the workingrelationship between judge and clerk tends to be close. For example, do you want to work for a judge who providesa lot of oversight and feedback or one who is more hands-off and allows you to be relatively independent? Does itmatter to you if a judge is liberal, conservative, or moderate?

There are no comprehensive written resources to help you discover this type of personal information about judges.However, you can find out a great deal about a judge's style and philosophy by asking professors, attorneys whomyou know or with whom you work, and/or current and former clerks. It is particularly important to do as much ofthis advance investigation as possible before you apply; unlike most employers, judges frequently require you actupon an offer quickly - sometimes on the spot or within one or two days - and you do not want to be placed in anuncomfortable and awkward position if you ultimately receive an offer from a judge for whom you later determineyou do not wish to work.

Resources

PrintThe list of print resources and on-line, attached to this booklet as Appendix B, will help you identify the names andaddresses of federal and state court judges to whom you might want to apply. A number of them, such as theAlmanac of the Federal Judiciary, are also searchable on-line through Lexis or Westlaw. The Almanac containsbrief biographical information on federal judges, in addition to a section listing each judge's "noteworthy rulings"(typically rulings of national significance) and one containing isolated comments from the media and lawyers whohave appeared before the judge (typically mentioning the judge's judicial philosophy, intellect and demeanor on thebench). The Judicial Yellow Book contains brief biographical information about both federal and state appellate

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http://lawclerks.ao.uscourts.gov/

Term LengthIn general, students seem to prefer one-year clerkships; therefore, clerkships with a two-year term requirement tendto be less competitive.

Senior JudgesFederal judges can elect to take "senior status" when, once they reach 65, their years of service and years of age,added together, amount to 80 (the "Rule of 80"). See 28 U.S.C. 371(c). The caseloads of senior judges can varyconsiderably: some carry a regular caseload, or close to it; others carry a drastically reduced caseload; and still othersuse their senior status to "sit by designation" in trial or appellate courts of other federal jurisdictions. Throw into thismix the fact that some senior judges have only one clerk, which means that even a drastically reduced caseload maynonetheless mean the same or more work for that clerk as a clerkship with an active judge. Often, senior judges willreceive fewer applications than active judges, making these clerkships somewhat less competitive.

Chief JudgesChief judges in the federal court system (for state judges, the rules vary) are not nominated or appointed (except forthe Chief Justice of the United States); instead, they assume the position for a fixed number of years based onseniority. The chief judge, at both the district and circuit level, is the judge in regular active service who is senior incommission of those judges who (1) are 64 years of age or under; (2) have served for one year or more as a judge;and (3) have not previously served as chief judge. Chief judges often have more clerks - but also a lighter caseload- than regular active judges. In addition, they have more administrative duties, which sometimes get passed on totheir clerks (including speech-writing).

IdeologyAt the federal level, some students will reflexively apply only to judges appointed by Republican or Democraticpresidents, depending on the students' own political views. Certainly if you have deeply felt ideological beliefs onwhich you feel unable to compromise, your clerkship year might be fairly miserable if you are unable to takedirection from a judge who holds different beliefs. However, the vast majority of cases being decided do notimplicate political issues. Moreover, a judge's political affiliations, or the political party of the president whonominated him/her, can be an extremely inaccurate gauge of the way he/she decides cases. Indeed, PresidentEisenhower nominated Justice Brennan and said it was one of the biggest mistakes of his life! Finally, many judgesenjoy the experience of having their ideologies challenged, and, therefore welcome the presence in their chambers ofthoughtful clerks who can ably express differing views. Consequently, in all but the most extreme cases, the bestadvice is to apply broadly, without particular regard to a judge's perceived politics, and reflect your own politics inyour resume (if they are important to you). A judge who is unable to enjoy alternative views will do the weeding foryou!

PersonalityDifferent judges have different management styles and philosophies regarding the clerkship experience. Personalityand work habits of the judge can make a significant difference in the quality of the clerkship experience. Mostjudges are delightful to work for; others can be aloof, and, in a few rare instances, some can be extremely difficult.Unfortunately, it is difficult to learn about these personality traits without knowing someone who has clerked for thejudge, who knows the judge on a personal basis, who has practiced before the judge, or who is intimately familiarwith the judge's reputation. Therefore, if you know you want to clerk in a particular location, talk with as manyformer clerks or practitioners as you possibly can before you apply.

What Do Judges Look For in a Clerkship Applicant?

The judicial clerkship selection process is notoriously unpredictable. Despite the rumors you might hear, noparticular set of credentials guarantees either that you will - or that you will not - obtain a particular clerkship.Judges are idiosyncratic, and there is no way to predict what aspect of your application may strike a particular judgefavorably. Because of the close working relationship that develops within chambers, judges tend to give specialweight to subjective factors such as personality or "chemistry." They may be dazzled by your tennis-playing abilityor your former career as an opera singer. In any case, they will consider whether you are likely to "fit" within theatmosphere of chambers (i.e., how well will you get along with the judge, your co-clerks and - sometimes most

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importantly - with the judge's secretary), and whether your work style is likely to be compatible with that of thejudge.

In sum: When applying for a clerkship, accept from the beginning the fact that you may not get one, or that you maynot get the one you think you deserve, and that failure to get a clerkship is not a reflection on your abilities.

Am I Eligible to Apply For a Clerkship if I am Not a U.S. Citizen?Pursuant to the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 2000, Public Law No. 106-58, section 605(September 29, 1969), any judicial employee assigned in the continental United States compensated with federalfunds must be a United States citizen or otherwise eligible for federal employment within the United States. A non-citizen of the United States may be employed by the federal judiciary to work for courts located in Puerto Rico,Guam, the Virgin Islands, Northern Mariana Islands and Hawaii. For additional information regarding theemployment of non-United States citizens, consult the United States Office of Personnel Management web site atwww.opm.gov/employ/html/non cit.htm or call the Office of General Counsel at the Administrative Office of theU.S. Courts at (202) 502-1100.

Citizenship requirements for applicants to state courts will depend on the individual state's laws; it would be wise tocontact the court's clerk or administrator directly.

How Do I Apply for a Judicial Clerkship?

Although each individual judge may differ slightly in the materials required to apply for a judicial clerkship, ingeneral an application consists of a cover letter, resume, law school transcript, writing sample and letters ofrecommendation.

Cover Letter

Your cover letter should be individually addressed to each of the judges to whom you are applying. It should bebrief and to the point, stating that you are a student at the University of Wisconsin Law School and that you wish toapply for a clerkship for a specified term.*

You should state in your cover letter what parts of your application are arriving with your letter (e.g., resume,transcript(s) and writing sample) and what will be arriving under separate cover (e.g., letters of recommendation) andfrom whom. Be sure to list full contact information for your recommenders so that a judge can act upon yourapplication before receiving the letters of recommendation, if necessary. If you are enclosing a writing samplewithout an explanatory cover sheet, you should briefly state the context of the writing sample (e.g., a brief written aspart of a moot court competition, a memo written for a partner in ABC firm, a seminar paper written in partialfulfillment of the requirements of XYZ course).Generally, judges are turned off by "persuasive" cover letters. However, certain information about your interest andqualifications can be helpful, particularly if you are applying to federal district courts and/or state courts. Forexample, you might want to briefly explain these types of situations in a cover letter:

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you are applying only to courts in a specific geographic area•

you have a strong commitment to practicing in that area

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there is something specific about a judge's background that makes you particularly (and genuinely) interested inclerking for that judge (without appearing to be too obsequious!)

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you want to clerk at a particular court level due to your long-term career plans (e.g., you want to clerk at a statecourt rather than federal court because you subsequently want to practice family law or state criminaldefense)

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you have post-graduate experience in legal practice.You also might want to mention research and writing experience, such as law review or journal membership, aresearch assistantship with a professor, or significant writing projects completed through your summer employment.Sample cover letters are attached in Appendix E.

Resume

Most general guidelines for resumes apply in the context of judicial clerkship applications. Your resumeshould indicate your academic background (including honors and activities), employment experience(including, for 2L applicants, your second summer employment), publications, outside interests/activities, andany other information that might help a judge make his/her decision. In addition, at least two separateguidelines apply specifically to judicial clerkship resumes. First, make sure that you emphasize the research,writing and analytical skills obtained through your various academic and work experiences. Second, makesure that who you are as a person comes through in your resume. In other words, include information youmight leave out of a standard resume, such as your hometown address (if you are applying to judges in thatjurisdiction) and personal interests outside of law. Because chambers are unusually intimate environments,judges care more than most employers about how you might fit in socially.

* Judges tend to categorize their clerkship opportunities by terms corresponding to school years. Thus, a one-year clerkshipstarting in September of 2005 and ending in August of 2006 would be considered as being for the "2005-2006 term." If you areinterested in only a one-year clerkship, be sure to state that you are applying for the one-year defined term ("the 2005-2006term," for example). However, if you are interested in both one- and two-year clerkships, make sure you do not state that you areapplying for the 2005-2006 term because judges with two-year clerkships may eliminate you from consideration. Instead, statethat you are applying for a clerkship "beginning in 2005."

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TranscriptA photocopy of your law school transcript will suffice, unless an official copy is specifically requested. You canrequest a copy of your official transcript from the Registrar's Office in Room 123 of the Peterson Office Building(262-6215) and make copies from that. Make your request early and allow some time for your request to be

processed.Some judges require a transcript from your undergraduate institution and, if applicable, any post-graduate institutionsyou have attended. Even if not required as part of the application, you should always have a copy of yourundergraduate transcript with you in case a judge later asks for a copy. Order undergradute/post-graduate transcriptsearly and directly from the institutions to avoid any delay in your application.Writing SampleMost judges require applicants to submit a sample of your legal writing. Be forewarned that some judges require awriting sample that has not been edited by others; at a minimum, your writing sample should not be something hasbeen heavily edited. If you want to use a writing sample drawn from experience in law practice or as a judicial

intern, you must obtain your employer's permission, and you may be required to eliminate any client-identifyinginformation. (Note: Try to avoid meeting this requirement by blacking-out the client's name or other identifiers.Instead, change names to "Client X" or something similar, so as not to disrupt the flow of your sample.) It also ishelpful to indicate on the face of the writing sample that you are submitting it with the permission of your employer.

If you are using a law review or journal publication, it is usually the best practice to submit a pre-staff-edited version.If, however, you submit a reprint of something that has already been published, you should also submit a self-editedpiece. You might also want to use a brief prepared for a moot court competition. Additionally, it is generallyacceptable to use writing samples from work you did in your Legal Research and Writing course; however, theseassignments tend to be seen as formulaic, so if you have a choice between a LR & W sample and any of the othertypes of samples mentioned above, it might be best to use another piece.

Your writing sample ideally should be between 5 and 15 pages long. It is acceptable to use an excerpt from a longerpiece, if necessary; however, if you do so, make sure you provide a cover sheet that describes important facts and thegeneral context. If you find that editing for length will sacrifice comprehensibility, it may be best to provide a longersample.

Finally, make sure your writing sample is free of bluebooking, typographical and grammatical errors. Judges will berelying on you to provide clear, concise, error-free work. There is no better way to derail your application than bysubmitting a sloppy writing sample.

Recommendation LettersSome judges require two letters of recommendation; many others require three. In order to alleviate any concernsregarding which judges require what number, it is generally the best practice to submit three letters (unless, ofcourse, you know a judge requires fewer).

Whom to askJudges want evaluations of both your legal ability and your personal qualifications. They value most highlyevaluations from people who can (a) compare you meaningfully with many talented potential clerks and (b) commenton what you would be like to work with, both professionally and personally. Judges tend to prefer recommendationsfrom law professors over others (i.e., summer employers) and because most law professors have a good basis forcomparison among law students, they often fulfill the first factor very well. If you have worked as a researchassistant, spoken a fair amount in class, visited a professor's office hours, and/or otherwise gotten to know aprofessor outside of class, by all means ask that professor for a recommendation. On the other hand, if you believethat all a professor would have to say about you substantively is what your final grade was, consider other potentialrecommenders, such as a legal employer or an undergraduate professor. Glowing, in-depth recommendations arealways strategically better than tepid, generic ones. Therefore, a professor who has gotten to know you well andappreciates your talents will often write a stronger, more beneficial letter than a professor who gave you a highergrade but does not know you as well.If you are a student who has not gotten to know any of your professors well, take the time to meet with some of themnow to discuss your background and aspirations. Such a meeting may help the professor write a more "three

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dimensional" letter for you.

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How to AskWhen asking a professor to write a letter of recommendation, you should provide him/her with a copy of yourresume, transcript (or grade list), and writing sample, remind the professor which of his/her class(es) you took andyour grade(s) in those class(es), and ask whether he/she would be able to write a positive and specific letter. Someprofessors also find it useful if you supply them with a brief written explanation of why you want to clerk and at whattype of court, a summary of your qualifications, and your future plans.If you fear the professor does not know you well enough, offer to provide him/her with additional information aboutyour background and any special circumstances that could be referenced in the letter. If a professor appears willing,but less than enthusiastic about writing a letter of recommendation, you may wish to reconsider. You do not wantthe professor to damn you with faint praise!Non-faculty recommenders may not have had the opportunity to write many clerkship recommendation letters.Therefore, when asking a non-faculty member for a letter, you also might want to explain what clerks do and suggestthat they emphasize qualities relevant to clerking in their letters, such as your ability to:

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think, analyze, and reason;•

deal well with complex facts and legal doctrines;•

express yourself well, both orally and in writing;•

articulate and defend your positions;•

take both initiative and direction, asking questions when appropriate;•

work well under pressure and complete assignments on time;•

juggle a variety of projects simultaneously;

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be a team player and get along well with others; and•

keep confidences.If possible, the recommender should try to give specific examples of these qualities.

RefusalsSome professors may refuse to send letters of recommendation to more than a specific number of judges, or may bewilling to recommend only a small number of students to each judge. This is their prerogative. A letter ofrecommendation is a favor, not an entitlement. Those professors who insist on limiting the number of letters they willsend usually believe they can write more effectively if their letters are directed personally to the judges involved, andthat they cannot give sufficiently strong recommendations for a large number of students applying to the same judge.Their concern is legitimate. If a faculty member should refuse to provide all of the letters you request, considerwhether you might be better off readjusting your application strategy (e.g., ask a different faculty member for arecommendation or apply to fewer judges).

Administrative ProcessOnce a professor has consented to write you a letter of recommendation, you should provide Theresa Dougherty inthe Law School Dean's Office a complete list of the names and addresses of the judges to whom you are going toapply (you can either e-mail the list to Theresa at tmdoughe@wisc.edu or bring it to her personally in Room 5211).Once the letter is written, the professor will give it to Theresa, who will produce the letters for the professor'ssignature. After the letters are signed, Theresa will place them in sealed envelopes and notify you that they are readyto pick up. Make sure that you thank Theresa for all her efforts to get your letters processed in a timelymanner!Please do not ask Theresa to process non-faculty letters of recommendation. If you want to use a legal employer as arecommender, you and the employer should decide the most expedient way to have the letters processed. If theemployer is a public interest organization or other employer with little administrative support, and you have concernsabout the processing of your letters, please contact Kristin Davis in Career Services at kristindavis@wisc.edu .All clerkship recommendation letters should be included, in their sealed envelopes, with the rest of yourapplication. If a recommender refuses to give you the sealed letters, and instead wants to mail the lettersdirectly to judges, make sure he or she includes the following information on the outside of the envelopes:"LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION FOR [APPLICANT'S NAME]."

How Do I Find the Contact Information for Judges?There are a number of resources for determining the mailing addresses of the judges to whom you will be applying.For federal judges, you can use either the Almanac of the Federal Judiciary (located in the library) or the JudicialYellow Book (located in the library and in the Career Services Office). Because these resources are only published

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twice per year, if you need more up-to-date information (e.g., for newly-confirmed judges), you should check theweb site of the court in which the judge sits (most of which are accessible at www.uscourts.gov ). If you still cannotfind a judge's address, please see Kristin Davis in the Career Services Office, who has access to the internal databaseof the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts.For state appellate judges, you can also utilize the Judicial Yellow Book. For other state judges, you can access statecourt web sites at www.courts.net or www.ncsc.dni.us/courts/sites/courts.htm (National Center for State Courts).

When Do I Send My Clerkship Application?Federal Courts

In the last decade or so, most judges conducted their hiring for clerkships approximately two school years inadvance. Thus, most law students applied sometime in their second year of law school for clerkships that wouldbegin immediately after they graduated. Each year, the process crept earlier and earlier into students' second year asjudges competed with each other for the strongest applicants. In 2001, some judges started reviewing applications inAugust for clerkships that would not begin until the fall of 2003! This schedule was bad for everyone. Second-yearstudents interviewed with judges at the same time they interviewed with firms for summer jobs and judges had littleinformation to consider beyond grades from students' first year.

New Hiring PlanIn the spring of 2002, several federal judges took the initiative to shift the hiring cycle significantly - to start it onlyone year in advance of the beginning of the clerkship. Under the plan, most law students would apply in the fall oftheir third year for clerkships that would begin immediately after graduation. This plan has broad support within thejudiciary, and also is strongly supported by law schools nationwide, so that for clerkships beginning in 2005 (and,hopefully, thereafter as well), hiring will start only one year in advance (i.e., hiring in the fall of 2004 for clerkshipsbeginning in 2005). For more details about this schedule, click here.Under this clerkship hiring plan, the regular hiring cycle for 2005 clerkships will begin with the mailing ofapplications and recommendations in the fall of 2004. More specifically, applicants should mail their materialsstarting on the Tuesday after Labor Day (which in the fall of 2004 is Tuesday, September 7).Judges Who Are Not Following the New Hiring PlanA few federal judges have publicly announced that they will not comply with the new hiring plan. The best way todetermine who these judges are is to check the Federal Law Clerk Information System. If any judge anticipatesaccepting applications prior to September 7, he or she may post that infornation on the FLCIS.The Law School's Policy with Respect to Applying to Judges Who Are Not Following the New Hiring PlanThe Law School's Student Career Opportunities Committee believes that delaying the judicial clerkship interviewseason until the beginning of students' third year benefits both students and judges. It has, therefore, asked facultyand academic staff, as a general matter, to discourage students from applying for clerkships or seeking letters ofrecommendation until the beginning of their third year.For the small minority of judges who will continue the practice of interviewing second-year students, however, theCommittee believes that - in order not to disadvantage second-year students with respect to clerkships with thesejudges - faculty and academic staff should feel free to make discretionary, case-by-case exceptions to the generalguidelines stated above.Many law schools have adopted policies similar to, or even more restrictive than, the Law School's policy withrespect to the moratorium. Many of these law schools have posted their policies on the D.C. Circuit web site. Youcan view these policies at www.cadc.uscourts.gov/Lawclerk/Law Schools/law schools.asp.

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State Courts

The hiring plan implemented at the federal level has no direct authority at the state court level (although many stateappellate judges know of the plan and support it). Additionally, state court judges have always varied widely in thetiming of their hiring. Vermont Law School's Guide to State Judicial Clerkship Procedures, older copies of whichare available in the Career Services Offices, provides the general procedural rules for applying to state courtclerkships at all levels.

Caveat on using the Guide: Vermont Law School typically updates the information only periodically throughout theyear. Therefore, you will be best served to contact the person listed in the Guide for the court in which you haveinterest (typically the Clerk of Court) and ask directly about timing information.

Do I Send All My Clerkship Applications At Once?Some students send their applications deliberately in waves, sending one round of applications to "first-choice"judges and sending a later round to "second-choice" judges. This strategy can be risky. You may not get anyresponses from your first-choice judges and, by the time you send your second-round applications, your second-choice judges may already have hired their clerks. If you are tempted use this approach, please consult Kristin Davisin the Career Services Office to determine whether it is appropriate for you.

What If I Decide That I want to Apply for a Clerkship Later, or Even After IGraduate?Not all clerkships are filled through the regular hiring cycle. Some judges prefer to hire later in the process so thatapplicants have a more developed record. Others develop openings unexpectedly when, for example, a personpreviously hired becomes ill or otherwise unable to assume his/her duties as a clerk. Additionally, new judges areappointed to the bench periodically and need clerks without much lead time for hiring. At least at the federal level,many potential judges start to consider applicants for clerkships, at least informally, in the period between when theyare nominated by the President and when they are confirmed by the Senate (particularly in the more narrow periodbetween their committee hearing and their full vote by the Senate). During this period, they obviously have noofficial authority to hire clerks, so be aware that they have to be very careful and hypothetical about consideringpotential clerks. Indeed, some nominees never are confirmed, so any clerkship plans they make may become moot.You can track federal judicial vacancies, nominations, and confirmations through the following websites:www.senate.gov/judiciary/nominations.cfin (U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary): This site is best for watchingthe progression of nominees through the various steps. Note that pending nominations are listed after confirmednominations.www.usdoj.gov/olp/judicialnominations.htm (U.S. Depatinient of Justice): The main page is good for an overview ofjudicial action nationally. Follow the link for "nominations" to find bios of nominees.www.uscourts.gov/vacancies/judgevacancy.htm (Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts): This site is good for anoverview of vacancies, categorized by circuit. Note that district court vacancies are listed under each circuit.For state court vacancies, you may want to try each court's web site.Many judges are also quite interested in hiring clerks with a few years' work experience after they graduate.Therefore, if you decide that you want to clerk at a later date, be sure to check all the resources mentioned in thishandbook, along with the Career Services on-line Job Bank. A clerkship may be a wonderful way for you to

transition from one job to another.

How Does the Clerkship Interview Process Work?The interview is of the utmost importance in the clerkship selection process. It is your opportunity to convey to thejudge that you have the intelligence, competence, and maturity a clerkship demands. In addition, the interview givesthe judge the opportunity to gauge your personality - to see if you "fit" within the atmosphere of chambers - andyour commitment to clerking. Keep in mind that the position for which you are interviewing requires stronganalytical, research, writing, and communication skills. Other qualities under consideration are your personality,sense of humor, interests, ability to work independently and as part of a team, time management and organizationalskills, and ability to make well-reasoned decisions.A clerkship interview generally takes place in the judge's chambers, for twenty minutes to an hour or more. Youwill speak with the judge and, usually separately, with the judge's current clerks. The discussions with the clerksand other office staff may appear to be informal, but they are often a critical component of the evaluation process.Scheduling

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Interviewing for a clerkship requires you to be as flexible and accommodating as possible. First, if you are not athome when a judge calls you to schedule an interview, call the judge back that day or, at the very latest, the nextday. The time you take to return the call indicates your interest (or lack thereof) in the clerkship and could seriouslyaffect your candidacy.If you are asked when you can come in for an interview, the wise response would be, "Tomorrow morning, unless thejudge would be free this afternoon!"* Seriously, you should be ready to interview at the convenience of the judge,with potentially as little as 24 hours' notice. If a suggested date is not possible for you, you should inform the judgeof your conflict and request the earliest possible alternative date. If the judge gives you a range of dates, try toschedule your interview on the earliest of those dates. Many judges hire clerks on a rolling basis. Therefore, youmay be at a competitive disadvantage if you interview later in the judge's schedule. Believe it or not, each yearseveral students report that after they have scheduled an interview with a judge, but before they have had theinterview, the judge has called to say that clerkship slots have been filled by candidates who interviewed earlier.Because in many circumstances applicants are expected to accept a clerkship offer as soon as one is made (see belowfor more details), some applicants try to arrange interviews - to the extent possible - so that they interview first withthose judges for whom they think they would most prefer to clerk. This strategy is becoming more and more riskyand difficult to manage, however, given that there are no uniform guidelines governing the timing of interviews andoffers and, at least for the fall of 2003, interviews may be compacted into a very short timeframe.

TravelFor clerkship interviews, you must make the necessary travel arrangements at your own expense. Therefore,consider geographic distance before applying, not after you are called for an interview. It is not acceptable to turndown an interview because you cannot afford to travel to the judge's chambers.If you are invited for an interview in a distant location, call the other judges to whom you have applied in the samearea and try to arrange an interview while you are there. Many judges are quite amenable to accommodating yourtravel schedule. Taking this leveraging step not only will save you time and money, but also might create interviewopportunities that you would not get otherwise.Finally, students on financial aid should check with the Financial Aid Office about the availability of short-term andemergency loans, which may be available to help you to spread out the expense of clerkship interviewing.PreparationJudges vary widely in how they approach interviews. Some conduct simple, lightweight "getting-to-know-you"sessions. At the other extreme, some reportedly ask applicants pointed, substantive questions such as "What did youlearn in your Torts class?" or "What do you think of this Court's opinion in Doe v. Smith?" Before going to aninterview, find out as much as you can about the particular judge's approach so you can prepare accordingly. Ifpossible, speak with one of the judge's former clerks or with students who interviewed with the judge (whether ornot they received an offer). Ask them what they think the judge is looking for in a clerk and what types of questionsto expect. Also consider speaking with a professor or employer who may know the judge personally orprofessionally.Review any biographical information you can find about the judge. Good sources are the Almanac of the Federal

Judiciary, the news databases in Lexis and Westlaw, and an Internet search engine such as "Google." In addition,read a few of the judge's opinions, including dissents and concurrences. Opinions reveal a great deal about thejudge's philosophy and writing style. A good place to start is the "Noteworthy Rulings" section of the Almanac of

the Federal Judiciary or a caselaw search on Lexis or Westlaw. Do not get carried away in reading a judge'sopinions, however, to the detriment of other methods of preparation, class work, and/or sleep!Review your resume and be prepared to talk about anything on it and to highlight your qualifications - particularlyresearch, writing, and analytical experience. Also review your writing sample in detail and be prepared to discuss itin depth.Finally, you should review the sample interview questions located in Appendix G and think about your responses.While these questions do not represent the universe of potential questions, they are some of those most commonlyasked. In addition, judges undoubtedly will give you an opportunity to ask questions yourself, so you must havesome prepared in advance.

* Trenton H. Norris, "The Judicial Clerkship Selection Process: An Applicant's Perspective on Bad Apples, Sour Grapes, andFruitful Reform," 81 Cal. L. Rev. 765, 779 (1993).

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The Conduct of the Interview

In the interview itself, the judge is primarily interested in determining whether you are the sort of personwith whom he/she could work. Because chambers can be a close-knit place, the judge often is choosing acompanion, not simply an employee. You should assume that anyone you meet in the judge's chambers - notjust the law clerks (who often have considerable influence over the selection), but also the judge's secretary -will form an impression of you, and those impressions often are an important part of the interview. Do nottreat secretaries and other support personnel as subordinates; give them the respect they deserve as thestructural backbone of the chambers.

Some judges may test your substantive knowledge of the law; some may ask their law clerks to do so. But even ifthe interview is not centered on testing your legal knowledge, the judge (and clerks) will almost always seek toengage you on some legal or other intellectual topic of mutual interest. Do not present yourself passively. Beprepared to talk intelligently and enthusiastically about your courses and why you selected them, about the topics ofyour seminar papers or journal note, about the substance of your past work or academic experience, about legaltopics "in the news," and about your plans for the future.

Ultimately, the overall impression you should seek to convey is that you are grateful to have the opportunity tointerview, that you are enthusiastic about the possibility of clerking for the judge and that you would work hard.

What do I do If, After My Interview, I Decide I Could Not Work for the Judge?

If, after an interview, you know that you cannot work for a particular judge, thenwithdraw yourself from consideration immediately, by phone and in writing. Withdrawingbefore receiving an offer will usually not affect future opportunities. However, if youwithdraw your application, it must be due to something you learned in your interview that youcould not have determined beforehand (e.g., the judge has his cat in his chambers and you aredeathly allergic to cats) or due to an unforeseen change in your personal circumstances (e.g., youneed to tend to a sick parent in a different location). It is not a legitimate reason to withdrawyour application because, for example, after visiting Dallas (where the judge is located),you decide you could not live there.

Because withdrawal of you application can have serious consequences - not only for you, but also for the LawSchool and the reputation of your recommenders - you should speak with Kristin Davis in the Career Services Officebefore you take any action on withdrawing your application.

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What do I do If I Get an Offer?

Unlike firms, which elect to be governed by offer-and-acceptance guidelines of the National Association for LawPlacement with regard to the on-campus interviewing process, judges are their own masters. Indeed, perhaps themost difficult thing for students to accept about the clerkship process is the fact that you do not have the freedom togather multiple clerkship offers and then decide which one to accept. Instead, many judges are of the view that it isimpermissible to turn down one judge in the hope that another will give you an offer, or to "leverage" one offer inorder to obtain one that you prefer. This tradition is enforced through a number of informal but quite powerfulsanctions (i.e., this technique may lead a judge to rescind an offer and/or may lead to your being blacklisted withother judges).

Not all judges take advantage of their power in this manner. Many judges are kind enough to give you a few daysbefore accepting an offer, which will allow you to contact any other judges with whom you have interviewed and forwhom you would prefer to clerk. Consider yourself very fortunate if the first judge who offers you a clerkship is oneof these, because many judges expect an immediate response to an offer. Unfortunately, a twenty-four hourconsideration period is often the best you can hope for.

So what do you do? There are different possible responses. One response (for many students the most saneresponse) is to remember that there are few former clerks who did not love their clerkships, and that the differencesamong judges usually is not great enough for you to torture yourself about not having gotten the particular clerkshipyou now think you would have preferred. For most students, we heartily endorse this view.

If you are a student for whom the prestige differences among clerkships are particularly salient, the only viablesolution is to think strategically before you begin to interview. You may want to send your applications in waves;give your "first choice" judges some time to review your application before you apply to your "second-choice"judges. Another strategy is to try to interview with your first-choice judges before you interview with others. It isvery important to keep in mind, however, that strategic choices like these can lead to not getting a clerkship at all.Your second-choice judges are someone else's first-choice judges; by the time your second wave of applicationsreaches the respective chambers, you may have lost the race. This is particularly true if interviewing and hiring iscondensed into a short time period, as it is likely to be in the Fall of 2004. In short, be strategic at your own risk.And the riskier the strategy you intend to follow, the more advice you should seek before committing yourself to it.

In the end, the best practice is not to apply to any judge from whom you would not immediately accept an offer!

What Should I do IfIAccept a Clerkship?

Please let Kristin Davis in the Career Services Office know as soon as you obtain a clerkship. Prompt reporting ofclerkship results is very beneficial to us, for general information-gathering, and is also very beneficial to yourclassmates, who may be wondering whether a particular judge has made his/her selections yet.

You should write a letter to your judge to accept a clerkship formally - even after accepting orally - and thankhim/her for the offer. The letter can be short and to the point, telling the judge how much you look forward toworking with him/her in the upcoming year. You should send thanks also to the judge's clerks (if you met withthem), either separately or within your note to the judge.

Once you accept an offer from a judge, make sure to write to all the judges with whom you have an applicationoutstanding and immediately withdraw yourself from consideration. If you have interviewed with a judge, but havenot heard the judge's decision before you accept another offer, call that judge immediately to let him/her know youhave accepted another clerkship.

How do I Handle a Permanent Offer From My Summer Employer if I Also Want to Apply for Clerkships?

The new timing guidelines for applying for judicial clerkships in the fall of your 3L year should prove beneficialboth for judges and students. However, it may also raise potential complications if you receive an offer of permanent

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employment from your 2L summer employer. If you find yourself in this situation, we believe that the best approachis to tell your employer that, while you are interested in the offer, you are also interested in applying for clerkships.Under the NALP Guidelines, you have until November 1 to accept your summer offer. If, by that time, you have notreceived a clerkship but still remain interested in one, you may have to negotiate an extension with your employer, aconditional acceptance based on the outcome of your clerkship applications, or some other mutually-acceptablealternative. Keep in mind that most legal employers value clerkships significantly; therefore, they most likely will bevery supportive of your efforts to fmd a clerkship. What they will not support, however, is any indication that youare being deceptive. Therefore, the best advice is to be honest and up-front about your plans and keep youremployer apprised of your circumstances throughout the fall.

If you have any questions or concerns regarding how to handle this situation, please see one of the advisors in theCareer Services Office.

How Much Money Will I Make as a Judicial Clerk?

State SalariesVermont Law School's Guide to State Judicial Clerkship Procedures has some limited information about clerkship

salaries for most state courts. As each state has different salary structures, it is best to determine your salary from therespective Clerk of Court's office.

Federal SalariesSalaries for judicial clerks serving in federal courts are standardized into "grades" and "steps" and then adjusted forlocation. Tables listing dollar figures for potentially applicable grades and steps are below. The applicable gradeand step depend mainly on experience and bar membership and secondarily on the discretion of the judge.

Beginning Immediately After GraduationClerks beginning immediately after graduation from law school almost always start at Grade 11, Step 1. A judge hasthe discretion to start a clerk at a higher step if there are exceptional circumstances particular to the clerk, but theseare rare. Clerks continuing into a second year without bar membership usually get a raise to a higher step withinGrade 11. Clerks continuing into a second year with bar membership usually get a raise to Grade 12, Step 1.

Beginning after at least one year of legal work experienceClerks beginning after at least one year of legal work experience, with bar membership, almost always startsomewhere within Grade 12. Step 1 is the default starting point within Grade 12, but some judges file anadministrative request that a clerk start at the step closest in salary to what the clerk was making in practice.Clerks continuing into a second year, with bar membership, usually get a raise to a higher step within Grade

12 or to Grade 13, Step 1.

Technical RulesTechnical rules for salaries come from the Human Resources Manual of the Human Resources Division,Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Be aware of the technical rules listed below because theylimit a judge's discretion and govern the actions of the human resource officials who will process youremployment paperwork. Note particularly the educational substitutions necessary to be appointed at Grade11 if you are beginning a clerkship immediately after graduation from law school. When you begin yourclerkship, you will be asked to complete a form regarding your qualifications. Be sure to list any educationalsubstitutions that apply.

Qualifications"To qualify for the position of law clerk on the personal staff of a federal judge (Elbow Law Clerk), a person must bea law school graduate (or be certified as having completed all law school studies and requirements and merelyawaiting conferment of degree), and must have the following experience:

JSP Grade Level9

Years of Legal Work Experience0

Bar MembershipNo

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*Must be a member of bar of a state, territorial or federal court of general jurisdiction.

**One year of federal elbow law clerk experience is required in order to be appointed at or promoted to JSP- 13.

*** Two years of federal elbow law clerk experience is required in order to be appointed at or promoted to JSP-14.

Note: No judge may increase to more than one the number of elbow law clerks at JSP-14 or above.

In the year 2003, the starting salary for JSP Grade 11 was approximately $48,000; for Grade 12, $57,000; for Grade13, $68,000; and for Grade 14, $80,000. These salaries differ slightly depending on the location of the court due to"local pay differentials" (in essence, cost-of-living adjustments).

"Work Experience""Legal work experience is progressively responsible experience in the practice of law, in legal research, legaladministration, or equivalent experience received after graduation from law school. Major or substantiallegal activities while in military service may be credited, on a month-for-month basis whether before or aftergraduation, but not to exceed one year if before graduation. If an individual meets one of the special criteriadescribed below under Educational Substitutions, one year of education may be substituted for one year of legalwork experience."

Educational Substitutions"Graduation (or certification as having completed all law school studies and requirements and merely awaitingconferment of degree) and standing within the upper third of the class from a law school on the approved list of theAmerican Bar Association or that of the Association of American Law Schools; or experience on the editorial boardof a law review of such a school; or graduation from a law school on the approved list of the American BarAssociation or that of the Association of American Law Schools with an LL.M. degree; or demonstrated proficiencyin legal studies which, in the opinion of the appointing judge, is the equivalent of the above, is considered qualifyingfor grade JSP- 11. The following are examples of criteria which are considered to be acceptable as equivalent:

•

Publication of a noteworthy article in a law school student publication or other scholarly publication; or

•

Special high-level honors for academic excellence in law school, such as election to the Order of the Coif; or

•

Winning of a moot court competition or membership on a moot court team that represents the law school incompetition with other law schools; or

•

Participation in the legal aid or other law school clinical program sanctioned by the law school (in order toreceive credit, participation and experience could not have been for academic credit); or

•

Summer experience as a law clerk to a state or local judge or law clerk experience on a continuous basis (eitherfull- or part-time) in a private firm while attending school, i.e., 'working the way through college."'

Crediting of Bar Examination Preparation Course"In crediting work experience subsequent to graduation from law school, it is the practice of the Judiciarywhen so informed to count as work experience courses required of recent graduates for purposes of passingthe bar examination, if a separate examination in addition to completion of law school is required by the state.The time credited is either the actual duration of the bar examination preparatory course or a maximum of

six weeks, whichever is less. This credit presumes full-time study in such a preparatory course. Part-timestudy while engaged in full-time employment is not counted. In crediting the six weeks or less, the maximum

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11 No

12* 2 Yes

13** 3 Yes

14** 4 Yes

allowable credit may not always be realized if the time falls between pay periods, since pay increases areeffective at the beginning of the next pay period after the Administrative Office is informed that the candidatehas met the eligibility criteria."

Federal Salary QuestionsIf you have further or more specific questions about salaries, contact the Human Resources Division of theAdministrative Office of the United States Courts at (202) 502-3180. Ask to speak with the staffing specialist for thejurisdiction in which you will be clerking.

How Can I Maintain my Sanity Throughout the Clerkship Application Process?

This can be difficult, but you should try to remember that the process is not objective and often can be random andchaotic. Judges do not have a common checklist and ranking system for candidates. While one judge may value lawschool reputation and grades above all else, another judge (even on the same court) may choose a friend of thefamily, a fellow Cubs fan, or the person with the best demonstrated sense of humor. The second judge even maywind up with a better clerk!

Before you start the process of applying, be willing to accept the possible result that you will not get a clerkship andthe reality that such a result is not a reflection on your abilities. However, if you are not successful the first timearound, but you continue to be interested in clerking, do not give up! Off-cycle opportunities often arise, and youcan certainly apply for clerkships even after you graduate.

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First CircuitMaineMassachusettsNew HampshirePuerto RicoRhode Island

Second CircuitConnecticutNew YorkVermont

Third CircuitDelawareNew JerseyPennsylvaniaVirgin Islands

Fourth CircuitMarylandNorth CarolinaSouth CarolinaVirginiaWest Virginia

Fifth CircuitLouisianaMississippiTexas

Sixth CircuitKentuckyMichiganOhioTennessee

Seventh CircuitIllinoisIndianaWisconsin

Appendix AStates Within Each Federal Circuit

Eighth CircuitArkansasIowa

MinnesotaMissouriNebraskaSouth Dakota

Ninth CircuitArizonaCalifornia

Guam

IdahoHawaii

MontanaNevadaOregonWashington

Tenth CircuitColorado

KansasNew MexicoOklahoma

UtahWyoming

Eleventh CircuitAlabamaFloridaGeorgia

D.C. CircuitWashington, DC

Federal CircuitWashington, DC (nation-wide jurisdiction)

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Appendix BResources Useful for Locating Judicial Clerkships and Researching Judges

All books listed below, with the exception of numbers 7 and 10, are in the Law School Library Reference Collection.Items 5, 7, 9 and 10 are located in the Career Services Office.

1.

Almanac of the Federal JudiciaryKF 8700 A19 A4. Reference Collection, Grand Reading Room (also available on Westlaw).Volume I (federal district courts).Volume II (federal circuit courts).

Provides addresses and phone numbers of all active and senior federal judges; also includes biographicalinformation, summaries of significant decisions, and lawyers /media evaluations. Updated twice yearly.

Federal Judges and Justices: A Current Listing of Nominations, Confirmations, Elevations, Resignations,RetirementsKF 8700 A 19 F427. Reference Collection, Grand Reading Room.Edited by Iris J. Wildman.

Information about the status of newly-nominated/newly-confirmed federal judges. Data is organized according tothe congressional session during which the nomination/confirmation took place.

3.

The American BenchKF 8700 A19 A44. Reference Collection, Grand Reading Room.

Contains list of all judges, including state judges; address, phone number and some biographical information.

4.

Want's Federal-State Court DirectoryKF 8700 A 19 W36. Reference Collection, Grand Reading Room.

Contains very useful f owcharts of state court systems; some information about judges.

5.

Directory of Minority Judges in the U.S., 3 ' Edition 2001Career Services Office, # 134. Also, Reference Collection, Grand Reading Room.

Contains names, addresses, courts and phone numbers of judges, organized by ethnic group.

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6.

BNA's Directory of State and Federal Courts, Judges and Clerks, 2002KF 8700 A 19 B 15. Reference Collection, Grand Reading Room

Contains lists of personnel with phone numbers.

7.

The 2003 Guide to State Judicial Clerkship ProceduresCareer Services Office, #10 1.Published by Office of Career Services, Vermont Law School.

Contains general application information about state court clerkships.

8.

2001 Judicial Staff DirectoryKF 8700 A19 J83. Reference Collection, Grand Reading Room. Also on Lexis.

A listing of the judges, clerks and staff in the Federal court system, as well as U. S. Attorneys and U.S. Marshals.Contains biographies offederal circuit and district court judges.

9.

Judicial Yellow BookCareer Services Office, Resource Room. Also on Westlaw.Published by Leadership Directories, Inc.

Contains contact and brief biographical information for federal and state judges (appellate only).

1.

Deborah M. Strauss, Behind the Bench: The Guide to Judicial Clerkships (2002)Career Services Office, #80.

Contains good advice on applying for clerkships from the former clerkship advisor at Yale Law School.

11.

LexisJCLERK, a database of federal judges, magistrates and the judges of the highest court in each state, with details onclerk openings, interview dates, previous clerks, and application procedures.

ARCHV, Archives of the Judicial Clerkship Directory; useful for fording alumni who have clerked in the past.JUDDIR, the on-line version of the Judicial Staff Directory, containing an extensive directory and brief biographiesof federal judges.

You should also consider searching for opinions and general news articles on Lexis.

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12.

WestlawWLD-CLERK, provides information on clerkships currently available. Fill in one or more boxes at the initial screento search database.WLD-JUDGE, provides addresses and phone numbers of federal and state judges.AFJ, on-line version of the Almanac ofthe Federal Judiciary (not as comprehensive as the print version).

You should also consider searching for opinions and general news articles on Westlaw.

13.

InternetFederal courts:https://lawclerks.ao.uscourts. pv/ : Federal Law Clerk Information System.http://www.uscourts.gov : Federal Judiciary homepage.http://www.uscourts.gov/allinks.html # 1st : Links to federal court websites.http://www.uscourts.gov/ttb/ : Newsletter of the federal courts.http://www.ce9.uscourts.gov/web/sites.nsf/main/page : Federal court list and links.http://www.fjc.gov/ : Federal Judicial Center homepage.http://www.supremecourtus.gov/ : Supreme Court website.

State courts:http://www.weblawl.com/statecourts.htm : Links to state court websites.http://www.piperinfo.com/state/index.cfm : Links to state court judicial websites.http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/directory/overview.html : Links to the nation's top appellate courts, federal andstate.http://www.courts.net : Links to state court websites.

Employment opportunities:http://www.uscourts.gov/employment/opportunity.html : Listing of federal court employment opportunities,including some clerkships.http://www.law.ku.edu/careers/asp/judicial.asp : Listing of available clerkships.

Other:http://www.senate.gov/legislative/legis act nominations.html : Tracks nominations and confirmations of judicialnominees.http://www.jurist.law.pitt.edu/clerk.htm : General information about clerking, especially Supreme Court clerkships,as well as links to many articles.

Appendix CLaw School Faculty and their Judicial Clerkships

Faculty Member

Catherine Albiston

Hon. Susan Illston, U.S. District Court,Northern District of California (San Francisco)

Ann Althouse

Tonya L. BritoDistrict of Columbia

Kenneth B. DavisAppeals, Ninth Circuit

Anuj Desaifor District of Columbia.

the D.C. Circuit

Martha (Meg) E. GainesAppeals, Ninth Circuit

Jane LarsonAppeals, Eighth Circuit

Minnesota Supreme Court

Elizabeth MertzAppeals, Seventh Circuit

Thomas W. Mitchellthe District of Columbia

John Ohnesorgeof Massachusetts (Boston)

David S. SchwartzNinth Circuit

David TrubeckSecond Circuit

Bernard R. TrujilloThird Circuit

Frank TuerkeimerSouthern District of New York

Clerkship

Hon. Leonard B. Sand, U.S. Distsrict Court,Southern District of New York

Hon. John Garrett Penn, U.S. District Court for

Hon. Richard H. Chambers, U.S. Court of

Hon. Louis F. Oberdorfer, U.S. District Court

Hon. David S. Tatel, U.S. Court of Appeals for

The late Hon. Thomas Tang, U.S. Court of

Hon. Theodore A. McMillian, U.S. Court of

Hon. Rosalie E. Wahl, Associate Justice,

Hon. Richard D. Cudahy, U.S. Court of

Hon. Emmet G. Sullivan, U.S. District Court for

Hon. Rya W. Zobel, U.S. District Court, District

Hon. Betty B. Fletcher, U.S. Court of Appeals,

Hon. Charles E. Clark, U.S. Court of Appeals,

Hon. Walter Stapleton, U.S. Court of Appeals,

Hon. Edward Weinfeld, U.S. District Court,

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Alan J. Weisbard

Hon. Irving L. Goldberg, U.S. Court of Appeals,Fifth Circuit

Appendix DRecent University of Wisconsin Law School GraduatesWho Have Accepted Judicial Clerkships

Alumni(ae)/Year of Graduation

Russell Ainsworth, 2002Appeals, District IV (Madison)

Nagahisa Akagi, 2002Appeals, District IV (Madison)

Scott Amendola, 1998Eighth Circuit (Cedar Rapids)

Michael Ashton, 2003Eastern District of Wisconsin (Milwaukee)

Eric Barber, 2004Supreme Court (Madison)

Lewis Beilin, 2003(Madison)

Tracey Berry, 2003Appeals, District IV (Madison)

R. James Christie, 2003District of Alaska (Anchorage)

Robert Clarke, 2003Court (Madison)

Christy Curtis, 2002Appeals, District IV (Madison)

Maggie Daun, 2003Seventh Circuit (Chicago)

Kathleen Delaney, 1999

Jerry DeMaio, 2001( Madison)

Amy Dixon, 1999Court

Ben Doherty, 1999Appeals, District IV (Madison)

Stephen Dries, 2001Eastern District of Wisconsin (Green Bay)

Meredith Earley, 2002Eastern District of Wisconsin (Milwaukee)

Clerkship

Judge Paul Lundsten, Wisconsin Court of

Judge Margaret Vergeront, Wisconsin Court of

Judge David R. Hansen, U.S. Court of Appeals,

Judge Lynn Adelman, U.S. District Court,

Chief Justice Shirley Abrahamson, Wisconsin

Justice Diane Sykes, Wisconsin Supreme Court

Judge Paul Lundsten, Wisconsin Court of

Judge John Sedwick, U.S. District Court,

Justice David Prosser, Wisconsin Supreme

Judge Patience Roggensack, Wisconsin Court of

Judge Michael Kanne, U.S. Court of Appeals,

Delaware Chancery Court

Justice Jon Wilcox, Wisconsin Supreme Court

Justice William Bablitch, Wisconsin Supreme

Judge Charles Dykman, Wisconsin Court of

Judge William Griesbach, U.S. District Court,

Judge Lynn Edelman, U.S. District Court,

27-

Syovata Edari, 2001

Judge David Deininger, Wisconsin Court ofAppeals, District IV (Madison)

Mark Edwards, 1998

Judge Barbara Crabb, U.S. District Court,Western District of Wisconsin (Madison)

Bridget Finke, 2004

Judge Gregory Peterson, Wisconsin Court ofAppeals, District III (Wausau)

Jacqueline Fontana, 2001

Bankruptcy Judge James R. Grube, U.S. DistrictCourt, Northern District of California (San Jose)

Nicole Frankel, 2003

United States Bankruptcy Court, NorthernDistrict of Illinois (Chicago)

Joshua Fredericks, 2003

Wisconsin Court of Appeals, District IV(Madison)

David Friebus, 2003

Seventh Circuit Staff Attorney's Office(Chicago)

Cullen Goertzke, 2003

Judge Leslie Wells, U.S. District Court,Northern District of Ohio (Cleveland)

Kelly Goss, 2001

Magistrate Judge Arthur Boylan, U.S. DistrictCourt, District of Minnesota (St. Paul)

Claudia Haasemann, 1999

Judge Ernest Robles, U.S. Bankruptcy Court,Central District of California (Los Angeles)

Ivan Hannibal, 2004

Judge Paul Lundsten, Wisconsin Court ofAppeals, District IV (Madison)

Wendy Hill, 1998

Judge Phyllis Hamilton, U.S. District Court,Northern District of California (San Francisco)

Katherine Houston, 2002Southern District of New York

Jonathan Judge, 2001Eastern District of Michigan (Detroit)

Aaron Kastens, 2002Circuit (Atlanta)

Irene Katele, 1999

Court

Noah Katsell, 2001Central District of California (Los Angeles)

Erik Kinnunen, 2003Court (Madison)

Michelle (Leslie) Jacobs, 1993Sixth Circuit (Nashville)

Judge Richard Owen, U.S. District Court,

Judge David M. Lawson, U.S. District Court,

Staff Attorney, U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh

Justice David Prosser, Wisconsin Supreme

Judge William J. Rea, U.S. District Court,

Justice Ann Walsh Bradley, Wisconsin Supreme

Judge Gilbert Merritt, U.S. Court of Appeals,

28-

Katherine Lloyd, 2002District Court, Southern District of Texas(Corpus Christi)

Tony Lucchessi, 2000Court (Madison)

Lisa Mazzie, 1999Supreme Court (Madison)

Meghan E. McCormick, 2000

Jeffrey Monks, 2001Western District of Wisconsin (Madison)

Aaron O'Neil, 2002Appeals, District III (Wausau)

Jessica Palmer, 1999

Edward J. Pardon, 2000

Jennifer Peterson, 2001Court (Madison)

Heather Rippl, 1998Appeals, District IV (Madison)

Greg Robbins, 1997Tenth Circuit (Oklahoma City)

Karl Runft, 2002Idaho (Boise)

Shanna Sadeh, 2003Appeals, District TV (Madison)

Michael Sanders, 1998Court (Madison)

Glenn Salvo, 2002District of Wisconsin (Madison)

Kenia Seoane, 2002

Jessica Shoemaker, 2004Circuit (Denver)

Vanessa Tanaka, 1999

Jennifer Thompson, 1999Appeals, District II (Waukesha)

Sarah Waldeck, 1997

Magistrate Judge B. Janice Ellington, U.S.

Justice Ann Walsh Bradley, Wisconsin Supreme

Justice Patience Roggensack, Wisconsin

Minnesota Supreme Court (St. Paul)

Judge Barbara Crabb, U.S. District Court,

Judge Thomas Cane, Wisconsin Court of

Supreme Court of North Dakota

Supreme Court of Hawaii (Honolulu)

Justice N. Patrick Crooks, Wisconsin Supreme

Judge David Deininger, Wisconsin Court of

Judge Robert Henry, U.S. Court of Appeals,

Justice Gerald F. Schroeder, Supreme Court of

Judge Charles Dykman, Wisconsin Court of

Justice David Prosser, Wisconsin Supreme

Judge John Shabaz, U.S. District Court, Western

Massachusetts Superior Court (Boston)

Judge David Ebel, U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth

Minnesota Supreme Court (St. Paul)

Judge Daniel Anderson, Wisconsin Court of

Judge Richard D. Cudahy, U.S. Court of

29-

Sarah Walkenhorst, 2002

Justice Jon P. Wilcox, Wisconsin SupremeCourt

Emily Waranka, 2002

Judge Michael Hoover, Wisconsin Court ofAppeals, District III (Wausau)

Jake Witwer, 2004

Judge Charles Dykman, Wisconsin Court ofAppeals, District IV (Madison)

Barbara Zabawa, 2001

Judge Barbara Crabb, U.S. District Court,Western District of Wisconsin (Madison)

Appendix ESample Cover Letters

The following sample cover letters should be used as templates only so that all letters from the Law School donot look alike. The first example is most appropriate for applications to the federal appellate level, at which judgestend to care less about geographic ties. The other two examples are more appropriate for applications to the federaldistrict and state court judges because they refer to geographic ties (which tend to be more important at thoselevels). Aside from this substantive difference based on the type of court, each letter has slightly different wordingfor the basic elements of a clerkship cover letter.

Sample Cover Letter 1 (Shorter Format)

222 W. Dayton StreetMadison, WI 53704

September 7, 2004

The Honorable John DoeU.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh CircuitU.S. CourthouseChicago, IL 60603

Dear Judge Doe:

I am a third-year student at the University of Wisconsin Law School and the Articles Editor for the Wisconsin Law

Review. I am writing to apply for a clerkship in your chambers for the 2005-2006 term.

Enclosed please find my resume, law school transcript and writing sample. The writing sample is a case comment onthe recent Tenth Circuit decision in Smith v. Smith; it will appear in the Spring edition of the Wisconsin Law Review.Enclosed also please fmd letters of recommendation from the following persons:

Prof. Joe Jones Prof. Jane Jones Jill Jones, Esq.UW Law School UW Law School Jones & Jones(608) 262-5555

(608) 262-4444

(312) 555-1111j jones@wisc.edu

j j ones 1 @wisc.edu

j jones@j oneslaw.com

If there is any further information that would be helpful to you, please let me know. Thank you for your time andconsideration.

Sincerely,

Sarah Smith

Enclosures

Sample Cover Letter 2 (Longer Format)

256 E. Johnson Street #4Madison, WI 53713

September 7, 2004

32-

The Honorable Joe DoeU.S. District Court, Northern District of CaliforniaU.S. CourthouseSan Francisco, CA 97865

Dear Judge Doe:

I am a third-year student at the University of Wisconsin Law School and am writing to apply for a clerkship in yourchambers for the 2005-2006 term. Although I am conducting my legal studies in Wisconsin, I grew up in the BayArea and plan to return there to practice after graduation.

Enclosed please find my resume, law school transcript, writing sample and letters of recommendation from thefollowing persons:

Prof. Joe Jones Prof. Jane Jones Jill Jones, Esq.UW Law School UW Law School Jones & Jones(608) 262-5555

(608) 262-4444

(312) 555-1111j jones@wisc.edu

j j ones 1 @wisc.edu

j j ones@j oneslaw.com

Two particular experiences have helped sharpen my skills in legal research, writing and analysis. As a researchassistant this past summer for Professor Jane Jones, I completed several significant projects for her forthcoming bookon sovereign immunity. As an editor of the Wisconsin International Law Journal, I have been responsible for

editing articles for publication.

Please let me know if I can provide any further information. I look forward to hearing from you. Thank you for yourtime and consideration.

Sincerely,

John Waters

Enclosures

Sample Cover Letter 3 (Longer Format)

55 Bayview DriveMadison, WI 53702

September 7, 2004

The Honorable Jill DoeNew Jersey Supreme CourtIll Elm StreetNewark, NJ 20034

Dear Justice Doe:

I am a third-year student at the University of Wisconsin Law School and am writing to express my interest in aclerkship in your chambers starting in 2005. 1 have a special interest in clerking for the New Jersey Supreme Courtbecause I hope to serve as an Assistant Attorney General in New Jersey after my clerkship.

Enclosed please find my resume, law school transcript, writing sample and letters of recommendation from thefollowing persons:

Prof. Joe Jones Prof. Jane Jones Jill Jones, Esq.

UW Law School UW Law School Jones & Jones

(608) 262-5555

(608) 262-4444

(312) 555-1111jjones@wisc.edu

Jones] @wise u edu

j jones@joneslaw.com

This past summer, as an associate in the litigation department of Jones & Jones, I assisted in researching and draftingappellate briefs in the areas of white collar crime and employment law. This fall, I will be a research assistant toProfessor Joe Jones, helping him with an article on trends in Fourth Amendment protections. I am confident that theresearch, writing, and analytical skills gained from these positions will be of benefit to your chambers.

Please let me know if I can provide any further information. I look forward to hearing from you. Thank you for yourtime and consideration.

Sincerely,

Jessica Moore

Enclosures

Appendix FForms of Address for Cover Letters

Regular Federal Appellate and District JudgesThe Honorable Jane DoeU.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit

The Honorable John DoeU.S. District Court, Eastern District of Wisconsin

Dear Judge Doe:

34-

Chief Federal Appellate and District Judges

The Honorable Jane DoeChief JudgeU.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit

The Honorable John DoeChief JudgeU.S. District Court, Eastern District of Wisconsin

Dear Chief Judge Doe:

Federal Magistrate Judges

The Honorable Jasper DoeMagistrate JudgeU.S. District Court, Western District of WisconsinDear Magistrate Judge Doe:

Bankruptcy Judges

The Honorable Janice DoeU.S. Bankruptcy Court, Eastern District of Wisconsin

Dear Judge Doe:

Senior Status Judges

The Honorable Julius DoeU.S. District Court, Northern District of Illinois

Dear Judge Doe:

State Supreme Court Judges

The Honorable Joe DoeWisconsin Supreme Court

Dear Justice Doe:

Chief State Supreme Court Judges

The Honorable Judy DoeChief JusticeWisconsin Supreme Court

Dear Chief Justice Doe:

State Appellate Judges

The Honorable John DoeWisconsin Court of Appeals

Dear Judge Doe:

(Note: Some states' intermediate appellate judges use the title "Justice." Check the Judicial Yellow Book to be sure.)

Questions a Judge Might Ask You

•

Why do you want to clerk?•

Why do you want to clerk for me?•

Why do you want to clerk for a trial/appellate court?•

To which other judges/courts have you applied? Why did you choose them?•

Why did you go to law school?

•

What are your career plans after law school?

•

How does a clerkship fit into your long-term career plans?

•

Where would you like to work ultimately?

•

How would you describe yourself?

•

How would you describe your work style?•

How would you describe your writing style?•

What is your favorite course in law school and why?

•

What is your least favorite course in law school and why?•

What do you consider your greatest strengths? Your greatest weaknesses?•

Tell me about your work with (journal/clinical).•

Who is your favorite Supreme Court justice and why?•

What do you think about the Supreme Court's recent ruling in ?

•

What are your views on states' rights (or other substantive legal areas)?•

Tell me about your experience this past summer at (employer). What kind of substantive research and

writing experience did you obtain?•

Let's talk about your writing sample. Why did you choose this topic? Why do you think the betterdecision would have been to reverse the lower court? Don't you think

the Supreme Court's recentdecision in weakens your argument?•

Tell me about a situation in which you had to juggle competing deadlines and priorities and how you

handled it.•

What do you like to do in your free time?•

Tell me about your interest in (fly fishing, snowboarding, filnunaking ... etc.).•

What are some of the most recent books you've read?•

Why should I hire you?

•

If I offered you a position now, would you accept it?

Questions You Might Ask the Judge

•

What criteria do you use in selecting your clerks?

•

How would you describe your relationship with your clerks?

•

What is the scope of their responsibilities?•

How do you delegate assignments?

•

How is a typical case handled from start to finish?

•

What are your favorite types of cases? What are your least favorite types of cases?•

How would you describe your work style?

Questions You Might Ask the Judge's Clerks

•

What are your duties and responsibilities?

•

How would you describe your relationship with your judge?•

Does the judge provide you guidance and feedback? If so, how?•

How would you evaluate your judge's mentoring abilities?•

How interested is the judge in clerks' personal and professional lives?•

How is the judge viewed in the legal community?•

What is the work load like?

Appendix GSample Clerkship Interview Questions

37-

Appendix HThe following timeline is for planning purposes only and assumes that most judges, both at the federal and the statelevel, will be starting to accept applications on September 7, 2004. For those judges who indicate that they areaccepting applications prior to September 7, many of the timing guidelines will need to be pushed up toaccommodate an earlier hiring schedule.

Date StepApril Attend one of the Career Services programs about judicial clerkshipsApril and May Self-evaluation: Think about why you want to do a clerkship, how a clerkship fits into

your longer-term career plans, and what you offer as a candidate•

Think about whom to ask for letters of recommendation and talk with Kristin Davis abcyour options

•

Research judges and compile a list of those to whom you want to apply•

Talk to third-year students with clerkships, and alumni(ae) and professors who clerked,find out more about their experiences

•

Give Kristin Davis your summer e-mail address to be included on a listserv for importajudicial clerkship announcements over the summer

•

If you are applying for state court clerkships, call chambers to determine application dc:date

•

Monitor the Federal Law Clerk Information System (FLCIS) for judges acceptingapplications prior to September 7

•

Monitor Job Bank for other clerkship postingsMay and early June •

Important: Contact potential faculty recommenders preliminarily to ask for letterof recommendation before you leave for the summer. Re-contact facultyrecommenders immediately after second semester Qrades have been submitted

•

Continue research on judges using electronic resources and personal/employmentcontacts; revise list of judges as necessary

•

Monitor the Federal Law Clerk Information System (FLCIS) for judges acceptingapplications prior to September 7

•

Monitor Job Bank for other clerkship postingsJune and early July Seek out substantive, analytical writing assignments from your summer employer

•

Monitor FLCIS for judges accepting applications prior to September 7•

Monitor Job Bank for other clerkship postings•

Revise resume (including summer employment) and submit to Kristin Davis for,reviewMid-July Return 2004 Judicial Clerkship Registration Form (for both state and federal

clerkships) to Kristin Davis by July 15 at the latest•

Submit to Theresa Dougherty your list of judges for processing faculty letters ofrecommendation (Note: This step can only be completed after turning in yourRegistration Form)

•

After submitting your list of judges to Theresa Dougherty, remind faculty recommende:of the date by which they need to have their letters to you for inclusion in yourapplication package. Remind non-faculty recommenders of this date as well

•

Order official law school and undergraduate transcripts•

Write cover letter(s) and submit to Kristin Davis for review•

Monitor FLCIS for judges accepting applications prior to September 7•

Monitor Job Bank for other clerkship postings

Early August Have Kristin Davis evaluate your writing sample(s)•

Make appointment for clerkship mock interview with Kristin Davis•

Confirm with recommenders the date on which you will send out your applications•

Monitor FLCIS for judges accepting applications prior to September 7•

Monitor Job Bank for other clerkship postings

Mid-August Assemble and copy application components (cover letter, resume, transcript, writingsample)

•

Monitor FLCIS for judges accepting applications prior to September 7•

Monitor Job Bank for other clerkship postingsSeptember 3 •

Make sure you have all of your letters of recommendation in your possession

September 7 Mail your applications to all judges following Hiring Plan

Appendix I

January 2004

41-

Name Title Court Year of Graduation

Daniel P. Anderson Presiding Judge Wisconsin Court of AppealsDistrict IIWaukesha

1973

Ann Walsh Bradley Justice Wisconsin Supreme CourtMadison

1976

Richard S. Brown Judge Wisconsin Court of AppealsDistrict IIWaukesha

1971

Barbara B. Crabb Chief Judge U.S. District Court for theWestern District of WisconsinMadison

1 962

David G. Deininger Presiding Judge Wisconsin Court of AppealsDistrict IVMadison

1978

Nancy C. Dreher Bankruptcy Judge U.S.. Bankruptcy Court for theDistrict of MinnesotaMinneapolis

1967

Charles P. Dykman Judge Wisconsin Court of AppealsDistrict IVMadison

1965

Steven A. Felsenthal Chief BankruptcyJudge

U.S. Bankruptcy Court for theNorthern District of TexasDallas

1974

Aaron E. Goodstein Magistrate Judge U.S. District Court for theEastern District of WisconsinMilwaukee

1967

Paul B. Higginbotham Judge Wisconsin Court of AppealsDistrict IVMadison

1985

Michael Hoover Presiding Judge Wisconsin Court of AppealsDistrict IIIWausau

1978

Edward R. Knight Magistrate Judge(part-time)

U.S. District Court for theDistrict of New JerseyAtlantic City

1 941

Paul Lundsten Judge Wisconsin Court of AppealsDistrict IVMadison

1983

Pamela A. Mathy Magistrate Judge U.S. District Court for theWestern District of TexasSan Antonio

1978

Gregory A. Peterson Judge Wisconsin Court of AppealsDistrict IIIWausau

1973

David T. Prosser Justice Wisconsin Supreme CourtMadison

1968

Rudolph T. Randa Chief Judge U.S. District Court for theEastern District of WisconsinMilwaukee

1966

Patience D.Roggensack

Justice Wisconsin Supreme CourtMadison

1 980

Charles B. Schudson Judge Wisconsin Court of AppealsDistrict IMilwaukee

1974

Joseph W.Skupniewitz

Magistrate Judge U.S. District Court for theWestern District of WisconsinMadison

1966

Margaret J. Vergeront Judge Wisconsin Court of AppealsDistrict IVMadison

1975

Jon P. Wilcox Justice Wisconsin Supreme CourtMadison

1965