According to the World Health Organization, a disability is “any restriction or lack (resulting from any impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.”

The World Health Organization's definition of a handicap is the "loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the life of the community on an equal level with others; encounter a person with disability and social, physical environment.

Is an inability to accomplish something one might want to do. The term emphasize the focus on shortcomings in the environment and in many tasks and activities, ex. in education occupation, information or communication (social dimension)."

Another way to dissect the terms "disability" and "handicap" is to look at the degree of inability a person experiences.

A Person is completely unable to do something, then that would be considered a disability.

If the person is simply limited in doing something, then that is considered a handicap.

For example, being bound to a wheelchair is a disability but needing crutches to help you walk is a handicap because you can still walk.

One difference between the two terms is political correctness. Society views the term "disabled" as a politically correct way of saying "handicapped." If you want to be politically correct in your language and are not interested in the subtle difference between these two terms, use "disabled."

Stages of adolescence1. Early – 10-13 yrs2. Middle – 14-17 yrs3. Late – 18-21 yrs

Pubertal changes Rapid changes in body size, shape, composition Between ages 9-17, usually completed in 3-4 years Influenced by diet, race, heredity Females begin puberty before males

Hormones maintain body homeostasis Hormones are transported by blood or lymph Major endocrine glands

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenals, gonads

Hormone imbalance = physical and mental disturbances

Effects reproductive system development and function

Hormonal influences Ovaries (estrogens) Testes (androgens)

Female development Male development Growth spurt

Poor coordination Need: fuel, activities, rest

Changes Independence from parents Importance of body image Peer codes and lifestyles Establishment of identity

Relevance in oral hygiene care Understand growth patterns Insight into changes to direct motivation

Anxiety Increased self-interest Growing independence

Authority figures questioned Concern over physical characteristics

Acne Obesity Delayed/early development

Related to hormonal influence Males highest need, 2nd only to pregnancy

Under nutrition Boys: overactivity and poor diet Girls: voluntary diet restrictions, poor diet

Eating disorders Iron deficiency anemia

Girls after onset of menses

Oral manifestations of STDs Tobacco use Illicit drug use Oral contraceptives and pregnancy Eating disorders Body piercings

One form of early-onset periodontal disease is known as localized juvenile periodontitis. Juvenile periodontitis typically may be first observed in individuals around puberty, ages 11 to 13. The two forms of juvenile periodontitis are generalized and localized. The localized form has characteristic clinical features

Short-term antibiotic therapy in conjunction with non-surgical treatment can have a significant impact on the loosely adherent flora. Conservative therapy may arrest the periodontal breakdown

Patient approach Don’t lecture, highlight positive, show interest

Patient history Health history questions Personal responsibility Parental approval/clearance

Localized juvenile periodontitis is not a common finding in clinical practice. However, it does have a significant prevalence in the population. In the United States, the highest prevalence of localized juvenile periodontitis is among the African-American population. Females may be more susceptible than males

If the disease process is observed at a very early stage, treatment can include subgingival scaling and root planning in conjunction with antibiotic therapy.

The bacteria associated with this disease process are particularly susceptible to antibiotics such as tetracycline or doxycycline..

Dental caries Diet, growth demands, emotional stress

Periodontal infections Biofilm-induced puberty gingivitis, exaggerated response

Risk factors for periodontitis Poor OH, ortho, plaque accumulation, systemic factors

Destructive periodontal diseases Aggressive or chronic, localized or generalized

Patient education OHI and motivation

Caries control program Instrumentation, Fluoride tx, and re-evals

throughout growth Instruction in self-care procedures

Encourage nutritional awareness

An eating disorder is an illnesses that cause serious disturbances to your everyday diet, such as eating extremely small amounts of food, severely overeating or binging and purging

Eating disorders frequently appear during the teen years or young adulthood but may also develop during childhood or later in life.1,2 Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder (pg 984- Darby)

Description Complete and permanent cessation of menstruation

Characteristics Usually 47-55 yrs

Hot flashes, headaches, night sweats, sleeping problems Vaginal dryness and infections Emotional disturbances, mood swings, anxiety, Weight gain

Postmenopausal effects Bone problems, fragile skin, predisposition to HBP, diabetes,

atherosclerosis

•Associated with decreased estrogen levels include, Night sweats and sleeping problems which may lead to feeling tired, stressed and or tense

• Emotional disturbances Alterations in estrogen level may result in mood swings, depression, irritability, and difficulty with concentration or memory

Thinning of the oral epithelial lining and decreased keratinization

Glossodynia- burning sensations of the tongue

Altered taste perception ( salty, peppery, sour)

Xerostomia, and Alveolar bone loss

Appointment suggestions Efficiency, calmness, room temperature

Patient instruction Saliva substitutes, OHI, fluoride therapies

Diet Noncariogenic, fiber, low-fat, calcium, low alcohol,

decrease caffiene Fluoride therapies-Home applied FL2, for all in

this age group

A common nutritional deficiency that accompanies the onset of menstruation is:

A) vitamin AB) vitamin DC) iron D) magnesiumE) folate

The master endocrine gland that regulates the output of hormones by other glands is:

A) thyroidB) parathyroidC) pancreasD) adrenalE) pituitary

E) pituitaryThe pituitary gland is the master gland that

regulates hormone output by other glands. The thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, and adrenal glands are the major glands that secrete hormones that regulate growth and development, energy production, food metabolism, reproductive processes, and the body response to stress.

C) ironLack of iron due to blood loss during

menstruation can cause iron deficiency anemia. The other deficiencies would be commonly associated with dietary factors.