What increases obedience?

• Setting

• Culture

• Power to punish

• Consensus

• Authoritarian personality

• Uniform

What increases obedience?• Situational Factors: Setting: Physical

environment • Culture: Collective high, Individualistic low• Power to punish: In lab coat high, normal clothes

low• Consensus: Sheep, more people disobey more

people will follow• Dispositional Factors: Authoritarian personality:

High obedience• Bickman: Uniform: Guard high, milkman medium,

jacket and tie low• Prisons: Uniform and power to punish• Schools: Behaviour for Learning, hierarchy

Attachment Insecure- ambivalent

Hazen and Shaver Critical Period

Love Quiz Two way process between parent and child

Monotropy Care of children in nurseries

Stranger anxiety Reinforcement

Separation Protest Strange situation

Sample unrepresentative Rewards

Critical Period Care of children in hospitals Secure attachment

Nature Nurture

Questionnaire Deprivation

Clear relationship between the type of attachment Privation

as infants and as adults

Hospitals

Insecure-avoidant Problems of people being honest

Definitions

Attachment Secure Attachment

Insecure-Ambivalent Strange situation

Insecure avoidant

Separation Protest Stranger anxiety

Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment

Monotropy Critical Period

Deprivation

Privation and secure/insecure attachments Nature

Behaviourist TheoryReinforcement nurtureReward two way process

Hazen and Shaver

Love Quiz Questionnaire

Problems of people being honest

Unrepresentative sample

AttachmentApplications:

Hospitals and care of children in nurseries

Memory

• Work out what order the key terms are in and which theory/definition. Then as a group decide on the explanation of that theory or model.

• Which memory aid could help you to remember this model? Explain how you could use it!

Definitions and Real Life Applications

Input Encoding Storage Retrieval Output

Accessibility and Availability problems

Information Processing approach

Real Life Application: Memory Aids

Use of cues for Reconstructions

Imagery

Mind maps

Core Theory: Multi-store model

Sensory Memory Store

Short-Term Memory (STM)

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

Displacement/ Forgetting

DecayBrian DamageForgetting

Rehearsal/ Transfer of information

Attention

RetrievalOutput

Input from your sensesCriticisms: Too rigid and no account of individual differences

Too simple STM and LTM

Too much emphasis on the role of rehearsal.

You need the mode (all definitions), forgetting and criticisms

Alternative Theory:

Levels of Processing

We don’t need to rehearse to remember. If something is meaningful and significant it will go in!

•No different memory stores

•Deep processing: Coding information for meaning. Read a piece of writing and try to understand what it means and we are more likely to recall.

•Shallow processing: Coding information based on its physical characteristics only (no meaning). Less likely to recall

Core Study: Terry (TV adverts)

Aim: Is a person’s memory affected by time and space?

Method: 10 month old TV adverts in a lab experiment. 2 groups: Condition 1: recall straight away after seeing clips. Condition 2: recall after a 30 second writing task

Findings/Results: Serial position effect it depended on where the TV advert was to whether you remembered it. Straight away condition: Primacy (first) and Recency (last) effect (more likely to be remembered. Delayed Condition: only the Primacy effect.

Criticisms: Lab experiment so not real life and lacks ecological validity and demand characteristics people do what they think the experimenter wants them to do as it is a memory experiment

Conditioning Definition Pavlov and Dogs

Watson and Rayner: Little Albert (phobia e.g.)

Unconditional

Stimulus

Something that triggers an automatic response

Food Hit steel bar with hammer: noise

Unconditional Response

A response that is natural and does not need to be learnt

Salivate Cry

Neutral stimulus Something that does not trigger a response

Ringing the Bell Playing with white rat

Conditioning/ Association

Learning through association so that certain stimuli are associated with certain responses

Bell rings at same time as food so dog learns to associate food with bell

White rat is given to Little Albert at same time as steel bar is hit behind his head. Little Albert learns to associate noise with white rat

Conditional stimulus

Something that triggers a learnt response

Bell White rat

Conditional response

A response that has been learnt through association

Salivate Cry and try and run off!

Behaviourist Theory: 1. Classical Conditioning Nurture: Learn through Association: A phobia is learnt because the fear has become associated with a particular object or experience. Methods of Pavlov and Little Albert

Behaviourist Theory 2: Operant conditioning: Behaviourist Nurture: Learn through ReinforcementSkinners box: You learn through reinforcement either positive or negative. The rat in the box is rewarded every time he presses the lever down as he receives food (pellets). The operant is the behaviour of the rat (pushing the pedal) and the Reinforcer (food)

How does this work for phobias? We learn to have a phobia because of the consequences of our actions. We are more likely to repeat behaviour if we have a reward and less likely to repeat if we have a punishment. A small child is scared of the dark, parent comforts child and child likes this so starts to show even more fear of the dark to get more hugs! This could lead to a phobia of the dark because we have been rewarded: Positive reinforcement

Evaluation/Limitations

1. The theory only focuses on people’s behaviour and does not investigate people’s thinking 2. Behaviourists believe that you need to have directly experienced the situation, object or animal you are scared of. There is the nature argument instead which says we have instincts to be scared of certain situations, animals etc… the Evolutionary Theory

Phobias: Core Theory

Sex and Gender: Sex Gender

Masculinity Femininity Androgyny

Biological Theory v Psychodynamic Theory

Core Theory: BruceReal Life Applications