WHAT DOES THE WORD EVOLUTION MEAN?. The Theory of Natural Selection consists of the following four...
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Transcript of WHAT DOES THE WORD EVOLUTION MEAN?. The Theory of Natural Selection consists of the following four...
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WHAT DOES THE WORD
EVOLUTION
MEAN?
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The Theory of Natural Selection consists of the
following four major points:
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1. There is variation among organisms.
2. Organisms struggle to survive.
3. Organisms overproduce.
4. Natural Selection is always taking place.
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Early thoughts on evolved traits…
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Jean Baptiste Lamarck believed that evolution occurs as structures develop through use or disappear because of disuse.
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CHARLES DARWIN
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Darwin observed that the plants and animals on the
Galapagos resembled those on the South
American coast.
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Charles Darwin referred to evolution as “descent with modification.”
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Malthus stated that human populations have the potential to increase faster than the available food supply.
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Darwin made a key association between his observations and Malthus’ observation:
“Individuals that possess superior
physical or behavioral attributes are more
likely to survive than those that are not so
well endowed.”
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Natural Selection
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Darwin waited 15 years before publishing his
ideas on evolution because of the intense criticism of the idea by
the government and the church.
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Many people were deeply disturbed by parts of
Darwin’s book.
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Scientists now know that genes are responsible for
inherited traits. Therefore, certain traits become more
common in a population because more individuals in
the population carry the genes for those traits.
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Fossils provide some of the most significant
evidence for evolution.
Transitional fossilsDerived traitsAncestral traits
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Comparative Anatomy
•homologous structures: similar structures in different organisms - Vertebrate limb structure
•vestigial structures: structures in an organism that are reduced in size or function – human appendix, eyes on a blind rat
•analogous structures: similar structures in unrelated organisms – bat vs. butterfly wings
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Comparative Biochemistry
*amino acids
*DNA
* The fewer differences in two organisms DNA or amino acid sequences, the more closely related they are.
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Other evidence
• Comparative embryology – many related organisms have similar embryonic development
• Biogeography – how organisms are distributed on earth – provides evidence that similar environments lead to similar organisms
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The changing of a species that results in its being better suited to its environment is called an adaptation.
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Examples of Adaptations
• Fitness - # of offspring with one trait as compared to the # of offspring without the trait
• Camouflage – allows an organism to blend in with its surroundings
• Mimicry – allows an organism to look like another species
• Antibiotic resistance – bacteria become resistant to the drugs that once treated them
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The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
• The frequency of alleles in populations does not change unless the frequencies are acted on by some factor that causes change
• Genetic equilibrium – when the frequency of alleles remains the same
• Only if – large population, no movement, random mating, no mutation, no natural selection
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Factors affecting genetic equilibrium
• Genetic drift• Gene flow• Genetic mutation
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Gradualism vs. Punctuated equilibrium
For a long time, scientists thought that
evolution was a continuous, gradual process. Many now
think that there are long periods of no change, alternating with period
of rapid change.