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What does “Nano” mean? - NCADA · 2018. 6. 6. · A leading engineering & scientific consulting...
Transcript of What does “Nano” mean? - NCADA · 2018. 6. 6. · A leading engineering & scientific consulting...
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A leading engineering & scientific consulting firm dedicated to helping our clients solve their technical problems.
Sweating the small stuff…Impact of Nanotechnology on Failure Analysis
Eric Guyer, PhD, PE
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What does “Nano” mean?
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“Nano” Is…
micro
One billionth of a meter
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Nano vs. Billion
$1 $1,000 $1,000,000 $1,000,000,000
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What is Nanotechnology?
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Nanotechnology is NOT “Y2K-ish”
Nanotechnology is an emerging technology that has the potential to be used in a broad array of FDA-regulated products, including medical products, foods and cosmetics…
These nanomaterials can have different chemical, physical, or biological properties than their conventionally-scaled counterpart materials used in many products regulated by FDA.
http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/ucm300914.htm
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The Hype…
http://www.howstuffworks.com
https://www.futureayacentre.org/nano-robot-will-fight-tumor-with-cancer/
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The Best We Can Do In 3D
Lucas R. Meza. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Sep 2015, 112 (37) 11502-11507; DOI:10.1073/pnas.1509120112
25 µm
10 µm
50 µm
20 µm20 µm20 µm20 µm
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Unconventional Nanofabrication
Atomic force microscope tip “pen” and solution “ink”
▪ Sub-50-nm patterning resolution
▪ Development of parallel patterning capability
Al2O3 SnO
Su et.al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2002)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ClassicDPN_mech.png
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What “Nano” Can We Do?
1–D: particles
2–D: coatings
3–D: structures
Already in use…
Progress, but still
limited in capabilities
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Why is Nano Important?
We Live in a Material World
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Materials Discovery
▪ Pottery ~20,000 years
▪ Metals ~8,000 years
▪ Bronze age ~5,500 years
▪ Iron age ~3,000 years
▪ Polymers ~150 years
▪ Nanomaterials ~30 years
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IBM: Atomistic Engineering
www.ibm.almaden.com
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1) Properties Change
New Materials…
2) Surface Area
• Optical (e.g. color, transparency)• Mechanical (e.g. hardness, toughness)• Chemical (e.g. reactivity, reaction rates)• Electrical (e.g. resistivity)
• Footprint: more devices in smaller space• Surface area to volume (catalysis, drug
delivery, absorption, diffusion)
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The Color of Money…
Kumar, Nature Protocols (2008)
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“Quantum Dots” – Biomarkers / Cell Targeting
Researchers at the Winship Cancer Institute (part of the Emory-Georgia Tech Center for Cancer Nanotechnology
Excellence) are working to develop clinically viable ways to detect biomarkers that indicate a patient's risk of developing
cancer. They have developed a nanotechnology-based method to detect a number of molecular markers at the same time
("multiplexed") on a single tissue specimen with the use of quantum dot particles as fluorescent stains. In the above
image, the method is used with colon tissue in an effort to identify markers which are predictive of increased risk of
developing colon cancer. Credit: Seema Harichand-Herdt, M.D.; Vaunita Cohen; Ruth O'Regan, M.D.; and Robin
Bostick, M.D.
www.nih.gov
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“It’s NOT In Typical Consumer Products”
Why Do Attorney’s Care?
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00M61SF.000 A0T0 0609 EG01Source: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars; www.nanotechproject.org
Nano-Enabled Consumer Products
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Nano-Enabled Consumer Products
Forster, et al, Nanotechnology in the market: promises and realities, Int. J. Nanotechnol.,2011
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Automobiles…
www.nanowerk.com
http://beaudaniels.com/generic-car-update
Fluid Level Sensors
Engine control
sensors
Shaft torque
sensor
Climate control
sensor, central
locking, mirror
positioning, etc
Tire rubber
and tire
pressure,
temperature
sensors
Battery
components
Antiglare coatings
Suspension
positioning systems
Gyroscopes and
accelerometers for
positioning and air bags
Seat occupancy
Brightness
adjusting
mirrors
On-board
electronics
Steering position
sensor
Shaft torque
sensor
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Coatings – Automobiles
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Smudge Resistant Coatings
https://d3nevzfk7ii3be.cloudfront.net/igi/MFXGOCaMC1OJxWAk.huge
http://www.aculon.com/hydrophobic-coatings.php
Hydrophobic coatings used
in these applications are
generally 2 to 4 nm thick!
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Cosmetics
▪ Large ZnO particles
▪ Block UV light
▪ Scatter visible light
▪ Nano ZnO particles
▪ Block UV light
▪ Cannot scatter visible light
▪ (too small) → transparent
http://www.nano.org.uk/
“Traditional” ZnO
Sunscreen is white
Nanoscale ZnO
Sunscreen is clear
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Silver Nanoparticles – Bacterial Cell Death
Forster, et al, Nanotechnology in the market: promises and realities, Int. J. Nanotechnol.,2011
http://www.nanosilver.eu
http://news.rice.edu/2012/07/11/ions-not-particles-make-silver-toxic-to-bacteria-2/
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Implications on
Failure Analyses
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Expert Testimony
Frye (1923)
▪ Theory and methodology of expert testimony must be generally accepted within scientific community
Daubert (1993)
▪ Scientific expert testimony should be reliable
Kumho (1999)
▪ Daubert scrutiny may apply to all experts, whether scientific or non-scientific
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FRE Rule 702…
1) The expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue;
2) The testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
3) The testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and
4) The expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case
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Daubert Challenges to Experts
http://www.pwc.com
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Daubert Exclusions
http://www.pwc.com
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How Do I Attempt to Avoid a Challenge?
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Applying Daubert
1. Has the theory or technique been scientifically tested?
2. What is its known rate of error?
3. Is it generally accepted by the relevant scientific community?
4. Testimony concerns matters growing naturally and directly out of
research the expert has conducted independent of the litigation?
5. Has it been reviewed by other practitioners?
6. Unjustifiably extrapolate from an accepted premise to an unfounded
conclusion?
7. Adequately accounted for obvious alternative explanations?
8. Expert is being as careful as he would be in his regular professional
work outside paid litigation consulting?
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Basic FA Process
1) Examine the product
2) Collect data
3) Microscopy / non-destructive characterization
4) Develop protocol for destructive characterization (mechanical, chemical, thermal, electrical)
5) Develop hypotheses & test
6) Synthesize info → Conclusion/opinions
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How do I Avoid Challenges?
Testing hypotheses AND analytical techniques
▪ Experts develop joint testing protocol
▪ Standards
▪US standards such as ASTM, ANSI, ASME, etc.
▪ International standards: NACE, ISO, etc.
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ASTM Standards for Nanomaterials
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ASTM Terminology
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How do I Avoid Challenges?
▪ Literature review
▪ Is there (dis)agreement on the “academic” methods?
▪ If so, consider multiple analytical techniques
▪ Statistical analyses
▪ Of the test for rate of error
▪ Of results for significance
▪ Reporting
▪ Methodology section in each report – and provide very specific details re: testing if conducted
▪ Relate it back to basic / fundamental scientific, physical and chemical principles
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Analytical Means Enable
Failure Analysis
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Glass-Metal Feed-Through
Example photographs taken from
internet – following work not
conducted on these devices
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Glass
Platinum pin
Titanium
Titanium
Glass-Metal Feed-Through: In Cross-Section
Glass
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Gla
ss
Glass-Metal Feed-Through: In Cross-Section
Glass
Titanium
Oxide
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375nm
Titanium
Oxide
Porosity in
oxide layer
Interface
porosity
Glass-Metal Feed-Through: In Cross-Section
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Material Composition
O Al
Ca Co
Zr Ba
Zn
Si
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Closing
▪ Nanotechnology is here to stay
▪ Open to challenges without careful planning
▪ Significantly advances general FA capabilities
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Thank you!