What do you remember about the passive voice? What do you ... … · He doesn’t have any money....

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What do you remember about the passive voice? What do you remember about “have/get something done”? What do you remember about the following words? assume (v) assumption (n) attitude (n) [get on/along (well) with someone] aptitude (n) brave (v) bravery (n) canteen (n) casual (adj) casualty (n)

Transcript of What do you remember about the passive voice? What do you ... … · He doesn’t have any money....

Page 1: What do you remember about the passive voice? What do you ... … · He doesn’t have any money. He has no money. [1- (-1) = 2] There are some brilliant students here. We need some

What do you remember about the passive voice? What do you remember about “have/get something done”? What do you remember about the following words? assume (v) assumption (n) attitude (n) [get on/along (well) with someone] aptitude (n) brave (v) bravery (n) canteen (n) casual (adj) casualty (n)

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EXAM PRACTICE – SECTION B 1.  Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet. WRITTEN Romeo and Juliet _______________________________ Shakespeare. 2. “You should try to lose five or six kilos,” the doctor told me. ADVISED The doctor ___________________________ to lose five or six kilos. 3.  Melinda didn’t find it difficult to pass the English exam. DIFFICULTY Melinda had _______________________________ the English exam.

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1.  Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet. WRITTEN Romeo and Juliet _____ was written by _____ Shakespeare. ACTIVE/PASSIVE 2. “You should try to lose five or six kilos,” the doctor told me. ADVISED The doctor ____ advised me to try____ to lose five or six kilos. DIRECT/INDIRECT SPEECH 3.  Melinda didn’t find it difficult to pass the English exam. DIFFICULTY Melinda had ____ no difficulty (in) passing ____ the English exam. ADJECTIVE/NOUN, NO DOUBLE NEGATIVE PREPOSITION + ____ing

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Nouns, number and quantity (Unit 8) Articles and pronouns (Unit 9) Vocabulary 1: Describing people and personality (page 568) False Friends

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Nouns, number and quantity COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Pages 286-288 Exercise 1-4 Countable: books, cars, churches, poatoes, people, children Uncountable: rice, traffic, money, sugar (unless you are a biologist) Nouns that are uncountable in English but the Italian equivalents are countable: hair, information, advice, work, luggage, news. A piece of news/advice etc. Third person plural verb forms are used with the word police: The police are investigating. Sometimes the same happens with team, family and class.

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ANY/SOME (page 294) Are there any eggs in the fridge? Is there any butter in the fridge? There aren’t any big rivers in Sardinia. There are no big rivers in Sardinia. He doesn’t have any money. He has no money. [1- (-1) = 2] There are some brilliant students here. We need some paper for the printer. We tend to use any in interrogative and negative sentences but some in affirmative sentences. THIS IS A TENDENCY, NOT A RIGID GRAMMATICAL RULE. There are exceptions. For instance, we use some in interrogative sentences when we anticipate a positive reply: Would you like some more tea?

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COLLECTIVE AND MASS NOUNS Pages 289-291 Exercises 1-4

POSSESSIVE FORMS Pages 292-293 The student’s tablet. The tablet belongs to the student. The students’ tablet. The tablet belongs to the students. The children’s parents. David and Helen’s house. If a name ends with s (e.g. James or Carlos), two options are possible: James’s girlfriend or James’ girlfriend. It is a subjective decision that depends on the phonetic difficulty. The Saxon genetive is used when the owner/possessor is animate. The city centre, the car door. NOT city’s centre, car’s door.

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POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

BEFOREANOUN NOTBEFOREANOUN

Susanismyfriend. Susanisafriendofmine.

That’syourproblem. Theproblemisyours.

Itishiscar(èl’autodilui). Thatcarishis.

Itishercar(èl’autodilei). Thatcarishers.

Thedogateitsfood(diunanimale).Donotconfuseitswithit’s(itis,ithas).

Conversionnotpossible.

Thisisourhouse. Thishouseisours.

Arethoseyourdocuments? Arethosedocumentsyours?

Theirfootballshirtsareredandblue. Theredandbluefootballshirtsaretheirs.

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QUANTITIES/AMOUNTS and NUMBERS

UNCOUNTABLE COUNTABLE

Much,alotof,lotsofLittle(negativesense)Alittle(morepositive)SomeAllMost

Many,alotof,lotsofFew(negativesense)Afew(morepositive)SomeAllMost

Each, every, both – page 306

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COMPOUND NOUNS page 304 EXAM PRACTICE page 315 FALSE FRIENDS page 316

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ARTICLES There are four articles in the English language? How many are there in Italian? How many are there in Russian? A a car, a success An an apple, an elephant (Be careful! an umbrella but a university) The (pronounced /ðə/) the student, the woman The (pronounced /ði:/) the earth, the afternoon (/ði:/ onion but /ðə/ union)

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Articles: pages 318, 319, 321 Indefinite pronouns: pages 324-325, 327 Reflexive pronouns: page 329 Reciprocal pronouns: page 338 Interrogative pronouns: page 331 It and There: page 333 There/Their/They’re: page 334 One, Ones: page 336

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Reflexive pronouns: page 329 Reciprocal pronouns: page 338 myself Let me introduce myself. My name’s Bond, James Bond. yourself Did you hurt yourself? himself He enjoyed himself at the party. herself She taught herself to play the piano. itself The operating system updates itself at regular intervals. ourselves We enjoyed ourselves during our summer holiday. yourselves It’s a buffet lunch. You can help yourselves to the food. themselves They soon made themselves at home in our house. Some verbs are not reflexive but their Italian equivalents are: relax, rest, worry, meet, complain, sit down, stand up etc. Reflexive verbs are also used in the sense of da solo/a/i/e: She serviced her car herself. The little boy cooked lunch himself.

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Reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another Reflexive: Jack and Mary looked at themselves in the mirror. Reciprocal: Jack and Mary looked at each for hours. (They are in love) Donald and Mario don’t trust each other. (Donald doesn’t trust Mario and Mario doesn’t trust Donald). On the TV show four politicians were shouting at one another and nobody was listening. When Italian friends met they used to kiss each other on both cheeks but that was before social distancing.

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DESCRIBING PEOPLE AND PERSONALITY – page 568

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EXAM PRACTICE Walking through dark areas by oneself can be dangerous in some parts of the city. OWN Walking through dark areas ________ can be dangerous in some parts of the city.

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Walking through dark areas on one’s own can be dangerous… on your own

OWN Verb: possedere Berlusconi owns a media empire. Berlusconi is the owner of Mediaset. Adjective: proprio The lecturer uses his own pc during lessons. possessive form + own Adjective: da solo I don’t need any help. I can do it on my own. possessive form + own Now go to page 345 for more exam practice.

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WORD FORMATION 1: PREFIXES PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES

Anti- against,opposedto anti-nuclear,anti-Fascist

de- reversesomething decriminalise,de-activate

dis- reverseorremove dislike,disagreement,dislodge

extra- beyond extraterrestrial,extra-curricular

Il-,im-,in-,ir- not illegal,impatient,inactive,irregular

inter- between international,inter-racial

mis- dosomethingbadly misunderstand,misprint

non- not non-resident,non-stick

post- after postgraduate,postmortem

pre- before predetermined,pre-war

pro- infavourof pro-independence,pro-EU

re- dosomethingagain rewrite,re-apply

un- reverseorremove unclear,unusual,undress,unscrew

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WORD FORMATION 2: NOUN SUFFIXES

SUFFIX EXAMPLES

-age blockage,drainage,postage,spillage

-al betrayal,dismissal,recital,removal

-ant claimant,contestant,inhabitant,informant

-dom freedom,kingdom,martyrdom,officialdom

-ee absentee,employee,refugee,trainee

-er/-or actor,employer,sailor,teacher

-ism anarchism,favouritism,racism,terrorism

-ist artist,cyclist,economist,perfectionist

-ity opportunity,publicity,responsibility,severity

-ment embarrassment,environment,equipment,government

-ness Illness,openness,sickness,willingness

-ship citizenship,dictatorship,hardship,relationship

-tion corruption,demonstration,migration,relaxation

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WORD FORMATION 3: ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES

SUFFIX EXAMPLES

-able achievable,profitable,reasonable,remarkable

-al accidental,industrial,musical,physical

-ful careful,grateful,hopeful,successful,useful

-less careless,hopeless,painless,pointless,useless

-ish childish,clownish,foolish,40-ish,greenish

-like apelike,childlike,godlike,starlike

-y cloudy,funny+2,rainy,sleepy

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WORD FORMATION 3: ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES

SUFFIX EXAMPLES

-able achievable,profitable,reasonable,remarkable

-al accidental,industrial,musical,physical

-ful careful,grateful,hopeful,successful,useful

-less careless,hopeless,painless,pointless,useless

-ish childish,clownish,foolish,40-ish,greenish

-like apelike,childlike,godlike,starlike

-y cloudy,funny+2,rainy,sleepy

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WORD FORMATION 4: VERB SUFFIXES

SUFFIX EXAMPLES

-ate congratulate,eliminate,exterminate,populate

-en deafen,lengthen,ripen,widen

-ify amplify,clarify,classify,identify,purify

-ise(GB)/-ize(USA) economize,modernise,realise,terrorize

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WORD FORMATION 5: ADVERB SUFFIXES

SUFFIX EXAMPLES

-ly angrily,brilliantly,carefully,slowly,terribly

-wards afterwards,backward(s),forward(s),upwards

-wise anticlockwise,clockwise,health-wise,relationship-wise

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EXAM PRACTICE 2

What is the difference between a language and a dialect? The simple 1. _____ is that a language is EXPLAIN a dialect with an army and a flag to support it; the distinction is political, not linguistic. There used to be a country called Yugoslavia whose main language was called Serbo-Croat. It was 2. _____ to say that REASON Serbs and Croatians spoke different languages because although they used different alphabets, the two populations understood each other 3. _____. PERFECT Then civil war divided the country and Serbs and Croatians started to 4. _____ the small lexical and EMPHASIS grammatical differences in the way they spoke in order to underline their separate 5. _____ identities. NATION

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1.  explanation 2.  unreasonable 3.  perfectly 4.  emphasise/emphasize 5.  national

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EXAM PRACTICE Section C: Vocabulary needed in the study of biology (5 points) Choose the appropriate word for each of the five numbered spaces in the following text. Just as your skeleton reinforces the structure of your body, the 1. c_____ of a cell reinforces that cell’s structure. However, it provides that reinforcement in the form of protein cables rather than 2. b_____. These proteins reinforce the 3. p_____ membrane and the 4. n_____ envelope. They also help 5. v_____ and organelles circulate around the cell.

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Just as your skeleton reinforces the structure of your body, the cytoskeleton of a cell reinforces that cell’s structure. However, it provides that reinforcement in the form of protein cables rather than bones. These proteins reinforce the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope. They also help vesicles and organelles circulate around the cell.

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Section D: General vocabulary (5 points) Provide the appropriate word for each numbered space. Example: Your mother and father are known collectively as your (0) parents. Something that is (1) u_____ to happen is improbable. Teachers have to keep a register of their pupils’ (2) a_____ at lessons. If you use the verb (3) m_____ instead of will you are not sure that something is going to happen. If you (4) a_____ someone you help him/her in some way. Something that is (5) b_____ to happen is inevitable.

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Something that is unlikely to happen is improbable. Teachers have to keep a register of their pupils’ attendance at lessons. If you use the verb (3) might/may instead of will you are not sure that something is going to happen. If you (4) assist someone you help him/her in some way. Something that is (5) bound to happen is inevitable.

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VOCABULARY Page 576 “Getting a job”

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FALSE FRIENDS conference (n) lecture (n) lecturer (n) confidence (n) confident (adj) self-confident (adj) confront (v) compare (v) convenience (n) convenient (adj) delude (v) delude oneself (v) delusion (n) disgrace (n) disgraced (adj)

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SELF-STUDY p. 346: translations of portare and prendere p. 348: order of adjectives p. 351: -ing and –ed adjectives p. 353: adverbs of manner pp 354, 355: other adverbs p. 357: position of adverbs pp 359, 360: comparative forms pp 363, 364: superlatives pp 366, 367: comparative of equality pp 369, 370: special cases p. 371: extreme adjectives and adverbs of degree pp 373, 374: so and such, too and enough p. 377: quite, fairly and rather p. 384: translations of get