What do these clips have in common? - lewispalmer.org · pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that...
Transcript of What do these clips have in common? - lewispalmer.org · pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that...
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What do these clips have in
common?• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAlmXkxR5k0
(Avatar)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DlrREwJI4so
&feature=related (Pirates of the Caribbean)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLrrBs8JBQo
(Braveheart)
• Speeches1
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Unit 1, Part 2: The Right to Be
Free (Age of Reason)
• Part 1: The events that led up to Patrick
Henry’s Speech at the Virginia Convention
and the Declaration of Independence.
• Part 2: Examining the types of persuasion
techniques that Patrick Henry and Thomas
Jefferson used.
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The Colonists in the early 1700’s
• Years after the British Puritans established colonies in America, and the Salem Witch trials took place in Massachusetts (1692), the American colonists were mostly content to be under British rule.
• However, tensions grew after the French and Indian War.
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What started the French and Indian War?• France and England had competing claims for land in North
America.
• The French occupied land in the Mid-West, and the British colonies wanted the French to leave.
• The countries also competed over trade issues with the Native Americans in the disputed region.
• This led to the French and Indian War.
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French and Indian War, continued…
• Colonists fought for the British, while the Native Americans fought for the French.
• The war lasted from 1754-1763.
• The British won, receiving all lands east of the Mississippi River, except New Orleans.
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Resentments Begin…
• Although the British won the war, they were deeply in debt.
• They demanded more revenue from the colonies.
• Colonists were taxed to pay the war cost, which started the resentment of the Colonists against the British.
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Proclamation of 1763
• Colonists were not allowed to settle the land
they helped win for England.
• In 1763 the British created the Proclamation
of 1763 that prohibited settlement beyond
the Appalachian Mountains.
• While Britain did not intend to harm the
colonists, many colonists took offense at this
order.7
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Colonists Begin to Protest• During 1764 – 1765, the British
enforced the Sugar Act, the Currency
Act, the Quartering Act, and the
Stamp Act to tax and put limitations on
the colonists.
• Colonists grew angry and the colonist
merchants began a boycott of British
goods.
• Secret societies began to form such
as the Sons of Liberty to protest.
• Parliament repealed the Stamp Act,
but imposed the Declaration Act,
which gave parliament supreme
authority to govern the colonies. 8
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More British Actions
• The British also imposed the Townshend Acts.
• These acts placed taxes on goods such as glass, paper, paint,
lead, and tea.
• In order to enforce the act, British officers use writs of
assistance to enter homes or businesses to search for
smuggled goods.
• Colonists saw the Townshend Acts as a serious threat to their
rights and freedoms.
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Tools of Protest
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• To protest the Townshend
Acts, colonists formed
another boycott of British
goods.
• This boycott was formed
by Samuel Adams - leader
of the Sons of Liberty.
• Sons of Liberty pressured
shopkeepers not to sell
imported goods (those
from Britain).
• Daughters of Liberty
called on colonists to
weave their own cloth and
use American products.
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The Boston Massacre (March 5,1770)
• A fight between British troops and citizens of Boston (the Patriots) broke out.
• British troops fired on the Patriots, killing 5 people.
• Sons of Liberty called the shooting the Boston Massacre. 11
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Boston Tea Party
• The Tea Act of 1773 gave the British East India Company control over
the American tea trade. Protests broke out everywhere.
• December 16, 1773, a group of men disguised as Indians boarded
three tea ships and destroyed 342 chests of tea.
• The colonists thought that the Boston Tea Party would show Britain how
much they opposed taxation without representation.
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Britain Fights Back• Because of the Boston Tea
Party many in Britain called
for the Americans to “be
knocked about their ears.”
• King George III said, “We
must master them or totally
leave them to themselves
and treat them like aliens.”
• Britain decided to “master”
the colonies and passed a
series of laws to punish the
colonists.
• British called these new laws
the Coercive Acts, but they
were so harsh that the
colonist called them the
Intolerable Acts.13
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First Continental Congress
• In September 1774, delegates from all colonies except
Georgia met in Philadelphia.
• The delegates held out hope that they could restore the
colonies’ relationship with Great Britain.
• They sent formal petitions to King George III and the British
people, asking for their rights as British subjects.
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Second Virginia Provincial Convention
• The colonists met again in
March of 1775 to vote on
whether Virginia should take
up arms to defend against a
feared British attack.
• Patrick Henry, the most
famous orator of the
American Revolution,
delivered a fiery speech to
convince delegates of the
need for armed resistance.15
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“Common Sense”
(1776)
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“Common Sense” was a
pamphlet written by Thomas
Paine that helped convince
thousands of colonists to
support independence from
Great Britain.
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Declaration of Independence
• By the spring of 1776, many
colonial Americans believed
that the only solution to the
conflict was to break away
from British rule.
• At the Second Continental
Congress held in
Philadelphia, a five-member
committee was appointed to
draft an official statement of
the reasons for
independence.17
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Declaration of Independence, continued…
• Benjamin Franklin, John
Adams, Roger Sherman,
Robert Livingston and Thomas
Jefferson were the appointed
committee.
• Jefferson was chosen to write
the declaration for two
reasons: 1) He was a very
good writer. 2) He was from
Virginia.
• After voting for independence
on July 2, the full Congress
debated the Declaration for
two days, making a few more
changes before adopting it on
July 4. 18
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Four Main Parts of the
Declaration of Independence
• Preamble - Announces the reason for the
document.
• Declaration of people’s natural rights and
relationship to government.
• List of unfair acts of George III, the British
king.
• Conclusion that formally states America’s
independence from Britain.19
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Changes from the Puritan Age to the
Age of Reason: The Puritan Legacy
• For the Puritans God was in everything.
He was their Creator, Redeemer, Judge
and Helper.
• The American moral fiber is based on the
Puritan beginning in the fear of God and
obedience to Scripture.
• This is the legacy that the Puritans left
behind in their values and literature.
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Changes from the Puritan Age to the Age of
Reason: The Age of Reason Legacy
• Goal: to gain independence from England
• People during this time period believed that God
was a person who had put Natural Law in the
world to govern it.
• In other words, this is much like a clockmaker
who winds up a clock and then walks away,
leaving it to do what it is designed to do.
• Legacy: Independence from England and the
Constitution of the United States.
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Part 2: Persuasive Techniques
• What types of persuasion did Patrick
Henry use to urge Americans to fight
against the British?
• What types of persuasion did Thomas
Jefferson use in the Declaration of
Independence?
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Persuasive Rhetoric
• Rhetoric is the art of communicating ideas.
• Persuasive rhetoric consists of reasoned arguments in favor of
or against particular beliefs or courses of action.
• To be effectively persuasive, a work generally has to engage
both the mind and the emotions of its audience.
• The writer needs to show that his or her position has a firm
moral basis.
• The Declaration of Independence provides examples of the
three basic types of appeals used in persuasive arguments: 1)
logical appeals, 2) emotional appeals, and 3) ethical appeals.
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Logical Appeals
• Provide rational arguments to support a claim.
• Example: the assumption that “all men are created
equal” is supported with objective evidence such as the
list of “injuries and usurpations” committed by King
George III.
• A writer can develop an argument 1) deductively, by
beginning with a generalization, or premise, and
proceeding to marshal examples and facts that support it
or 2) inductively by beginning with examples or facts and
proceeding to draw a conclusion from them.24
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Emotional Appeals
• Often based on specific examples of suffering or
potential threats.
• Example: Jefferson’s statement that King George is
attempting “to complete the works of death, desolation,
and tyranny.”
• Also include “loaded language” – language that is rich in
connotations and vivid images.
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Ethical Appeals
• Based on shared moral values or experience.
• Calls forth the audience’s sense of right, justice,
and virtue.
• The author’s credibility is also an element of this
type of appeal.
– Why should the audience listen to this person?
– Why is this person’s opinion valued over another’s?
– How is person’s opinion or experience fit in with the topic
or situation?
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Ethical Appeals• Example: Jefferson reminded people that
independence was a last resort, after the failure of
other measures: “In every stage of these
oppressions we have petitioned for redress, in the
most humble terms; our repeated petitions have
been answered only by repeated injury.”
– Jefferson is using a sense of justice for his ethical
appeal.
– Also, Jefferson is a credible source because of his
persona as an important political leader of the time
period.
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Styles of Persuasion – Elevated
Language
• This is the use of formal words and phrases that can
lend a serious tone to a discussion.
• Example: “The powerful empire of nature is no longer
surrounded by prejudice, fanaticism, superstition, and
lies. The flame of truth has dispersed all the clouds of
folly and usurpation.” – Olympe de Gouges
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Styles of Persuasion –
Rhetorical Questions
• This is the use of questions that don’t require answers.
Writers pose rhetorical questions to show that their
arguments make the answers obvious.
• Example: “Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be
purchased at the price of chains and slavery?” – Patrick
Henry
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Styles of Persuasion –
Repetition
• This is repeating a point that tells the audience that it is
especially important.
• It can also be the repetition of a form of expression that
tells the audience that the ideas expressed in the same
way are related.
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Styles of Persuasion –
Parallelism
• This is a form of repetition; it is used very effectively in
The Declaration of Independence.
• Example: “We hold these truths to be self-evident: -
That all men are created equal; that they are endowed
by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that
among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness.”
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