What DNA (especially the Y Chromosome) Can Tell Us.
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Transcript of What DNA (especially the Y Chromosome) Can Tell Us.
![Page 1: What DNA (especially the Y Chromosome) Can Tell Us.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db65503460f94aa7b83/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
What DNA (especially the Y Chromosome)
Can Tell Us
![Page 2: What DNA (especially the Y Chromosome) Can Tell Us.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db65503460f94aa7b83/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
DNA Technology
•DNA Isolation
•Break apart membranes
•Remove proteins
•Precipitate DNA with alcohol
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DNA Technology•Amplifying a
Segment of DNA
•In vivo methods
•cloning in bacteria, yeast, ...
•In vitro methods
•PCR (the polymerase chain reaction)
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DNA Technology
•Visualizing the DNA
•Gel electrophoresis
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DNA Technology•Reading the
DNA Fragment
•DNA sequencing
•Genome sequencing
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What DNA (especially the Y Chromosome)
Can Tell Us
![Page 7: What DNA (especially the Y Chromosome) Can Tell Us.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db65503460f94aa7b83/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Mining the Past
•Using Ancient DNA
•Using the DNA of Descendants
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DNA & Heredity
•DNA is the Genetic Material
•Most genes are on non-sex chromosomes (autosomes) in the nucleus
•Some genes are on sex chromosomes (X & Y) in the nucleus
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DNA & Heredity•Autosomal Chromosomes
•Recombination (crossing over) makes the picture of your DNA’s past complex
•One of your #1 chromosomes is from your mother, one from your father, but...
•Due to recombination, that maternal chromosome is from both of your maternal grandparents...
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•Autosomal Chromosomes
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DNA & Heredity: the Y
•A Male’s Y Chromosome Has a Simpler History
•The Y does not (usually) undergo recombination, so your Y is exactly like your father’s, your paternal grandfather’s,... (except for rare mutational events)
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•Y Chromosome
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•These Very Rare Mutational Events Are Traceable
•Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) -- single base changes
•Indels (insertions and deletions)
•Others, like variations in the number of repeated units
DNA & Heredity: the Y
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•A Set of These Variations on One Y is a Haplotype
•Haplotypes Reveal the History of the Y Chromosome
• Phylogenies can be built based on the fewest mutational events needed to produce the different haplotypes seen (haplogroups)
•With assumptions, the time since divergence can be estimated
DNA & Heredity: the Y
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•Y Chromosome
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•Y Chromosome
or
?
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This presentation is online:Samford main page: search David Johnson
Select: “daj’s Home”Select: “What DNA Can Tell Us”