What did the sex-role stereotype study find?

Traits ascribed to males

Traits ascribed to leaders

Traits ascribed to females

Highly related

*** These ratings were similar across male and female raters

• Presence of females in leadership positions (e.g., industry, education, government)

• Mentoring opportunities

What are the implications of these findings?

The Role of Femininity and Leadership

Gender

Female Male

Regular Fast Regular Fast

Unattractive

Attractive

Rated on various factors (e.g., ability, integrity, likeability)

• Key is perception of levels of femininity. If highly feminine, not seen as very capable.

Lower scores

Claire McCaskil

l

Barbara Mikulski

Diane Feinstein

Barbara Boxer

Olympia Snowe

Kay Bailey Hutchinson

Mary Landrieu

Susan Collins

Maria Cantwell

Debbie Stabenow

Lisa Murkowski

Amy Klobuchar

Women in the U.S. Senate 2012 (N = 16 out of 100)

Jeanne Shahee

n

Kay HaganPatty Murray

Kirsten Gillibrand

• 12 Fortune 500 companies are run by women (2011)Source: http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/womenceos/

Female Representation in Business

• In 2007, 23% of university presidents are female, more than double the 9.5% in 1986, but only 2% more than 2001

• Women hold 24% of full professorships in the United States

Female Representation in Academics

Lower/Single House Upper House/Senate

Rank

C0untry Total # Women

% Women Total # Wome

n

% Women

1 RW 80 39 48.8

2 SWE 349 165 47.3

3 Costa Rica

57 22 38.6

4 Finland 200 76 38.0

5 Norway 169 64 37.9

6 Denmark

179 66 36.9

7 Nether-lands

150 55 36.7 75 22 29.3

8 Cuba 609 219 36.0

67 USA 435 71 16.3 100 16 16.0

Female Representation in Politics

Country Leader

Germany Chancellor Angela Merkel

Liberia President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf

India President Pratibha Patil

Argentina President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchne

Bangledesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed

Iceland Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurdardóttir

Lithuania President Dalia Grybauskaite

Costa Rica President Laura Chinchilla

Trinidad and Tobago Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar

Australia Prime Minister Julia Gillard 

Slovakia Prime Minister Iveta Radicová 

Brazil President Dilma Rousseff

Mali Prime Minister Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé

Kosovo President Atifete Jahjaga

Thailand Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra

Denmark Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt

Switzerland President Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf

Jamaica Prime Minister Portia Simpson Miller

Source: http://www.filibustercartoons.com/charts_rest_female-leaders.php

Current Female Heads of State Worldwide

Female Heads of State

Source: http://articles.businessinsider.com/2012-03-01/news/31112559_1_female-president-female-head-female-political-leaders

31. If a Lord of the Confederacy should become seriously ill and be thought near death, the women who are heirs of his title shall go to his house and lift his crown of deer antlers, the emblem of his Lordship, and place them at one side. If the Creator spares him and he rises from his bed of sickness he may rise with the antlers on his brow.

44. The lineal descent of the people of the Five Nations shall run in the female line. Women shall be considered the progenitors of the Nation. They shall own the land and the soil. Men and women shall follow the status of the mother.

45. The women heirs of the Confederated Lordship titles shall be called Royaneh (Noble) for all time to come.

46. The women of the Forty Eight (now fifty) Royaneh families shall be the heirs of the Authorized Names for all time to come.

47. If the female heirs of a Confederate Lord's title become extinct, the title right shall be given by the Lords of the Confederacy to the sister family whom they shall elect and that family shall hold the name and transmit it to their (female) heirs, but they shall not appoint any of their sons as a candidate for a title until all the eligible men of the former family shall have died or otherwise have become ineligible.

90. When the Five Nations' Council declares war any Lord of the Confederacy may enlist with the warriors by temporarily renouncing his sacred Lordship title which he holds through the election of his women relatives. The title then reverts to them and they may bestow it upon another temporarily until the war is over when the Lord, if living, may resume his title and seat in the Council.

94. The men of every clan of the Five Nations shall have a Council Fire ever burning in readiness for a council of the clan. When it seems necessary for a council to be held to discuss the welfare of the clans, then the men may gather about the fire. This council shall have the same rights as the council of the women.

Constitution of the Iroquois Nations: The Great Binding Law

What is Stereotype Threat?

Stereotype threat: The risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group.

• Impaired focus, attention• Attend to task irrelevant cues• Expectations for poor performance• Self-conscious• Less effort

Stereotyping (labeling) and

awareness

Belief of being judged

according to stereotype

Anxiety, Frustration

Low task performance

High school completion rate (Class of 2008):

Asian-Americans: 83%

Whites: 78%

Latinos: 58%

African-Americans: 57%

Native Americans: 54%

Source: Education Week (2011). http://www.edweek.org/media/diplomascount2011_pressrelease.pdf

Hispanic males = 41%; White males = 54.5; Asian-Americans = 60.6%

Retrieved from: http://americaswire.org/drupal7/?q=content/black-males-missing-college-campuses

Procedure and results of studies 1

and 2?

Diagnostic: Test measured

reading and verbal reasoning

abilities

Non-diagnostic: Test

used to familiarize them for problems that may appear on

tests in the future

Actual results generally

consistent with perceived

performance SAT scores were controlled for.

Black participants also had a greater

number of unanswered questions,

especially those in the diagnostic

condition

No effect of state anxiety

Study 3 Purpose?

Addition of:

• Stereotype Activation (word fragmentation task)

• Self-doubt

• Stereotype avoidance

Stereotype Activation ---

Self Doubt Activation

LO (LOSER); DU (DUMB); SHA (SHAME);E R I O R (INFERIOR); F L (FLUNK); _A R D(HARD); W K (WEAK).

Effect of diagnostic condition on Black participants?

Black participants:

• Had more race-related completions of (versus Whites in the diagnostic condition and Blacks in the non-diagnostic condition)

• Generated the most self-doubt-related completions (versus Black participants in the non-diagnostic condition)

• Were most avoidant of conforming to stereotypic images of African Americans (M = 20.80), versus Black participants in the nondiagnostic condition (M= 29.80). Stereotype relevant items included ones such as 1) Basket (Sports), 2) Rap (Music), & aggressive, lazy (Traits) --- generated as such if generated 65% of Whites!

• Were reluctant to indicate their race (25%) versus 100% of the participants in each of the other conditions

Results of Study 3?

Results of Study 3 (cont.)

Study 4 Purpose and

Findings?

Effects of race prime condition (indicate one’s race on the questionnaire)?

• Blacks performed worse than virtually all of the other groups. (in the no-race-prime condition their performance equaled that of Whites)

• Blacks completed fewer items than Whites

• Black participants made fewer guesses and felt more stereotype threat than Whites (e.g., “Some people feel I have less verbal ability because of my race.”