What Can Microseismic Tell Us About Hydraulic Fracturing? · What Can Microseismic Tell Us About...
Transcript of What Can Microseismic Tell Us About Hydraulic Fracturing? · What Can Microseismic Tell Us About...
Microseismic Geomechanics: Increased understanding; reduced risk
What Can Microseismic Tell Us About
Hydraulic Fracturing?
Shawn Maxwell
May 2015
1
Outline
•Microseismic Introduction
•Microseismic in Unconventional Reservoirs
•Learnings after 15 years of Microseismicity
•Microseismic Source Mechanics
•Microseismic Geomechanics
2
Hydraulic Fracturing: Where Does It All Go?Fracture Complexity & Natural Fractures
Natural FracturesHydraulic
Fractures
Natural FracturesHydraulic
Fractures
Barnett Shale Development
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Year1980 1990 2000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
IP (
MS
CF
PD
)
Massive Water Fracs
Horizontal Wells
Microseismic
0 100 m
N
E
SPE77440:
2000 First Barnett Microseismic Image
Reducing Carbon Emissions
5
Microseismic Hydraulic Fracture Applications
✔ Fracture direction
✔Height
✔ Length
✔Complexity
6
Optimize Stimulation Design
• height growth
• injection rate and volume
• fluid type, additives, and diverters
• proppant placement
Validate Completion Design
• completion types and designs
• stage isolation
• stage sequencing
• refracturing
Refine Well Plan
• well orientation
• landing point
• well integrity
Improve Reservoir Management
• well spacing
• well placement
• induced seismicity and fault activation
• reservoir characterization
• production optimization
Project Design for Value
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Eng Obj
Landing Point
Accurate
Processing
Quality
Acquisition
Pre-Survey
Design
Quality
Control
Interpretation
Up
Target
Cross section Cross section
Eagle Ford Example (Patel, 2013)
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Up
Target
Cross section Cross section
Project Design for Value
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Eng Obj
Rate/Height
Accurate
Processing
Quality
Acquisition
Pre-Survey
Design
Quality
Control
InterpretationX-section X-section
Up
LowRate
HighRate
Stages 1-2
120 bpm
Evolution of Monitoring Geometries
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Noise Signal
Near
Surface
Borehole
Surface
Horizontal How do accuracies and sensitivities compare?How do you decide which option?
SPE159670
Acquisition Footprint
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Downhole Array Shallow Grid
Shale Lessons: Containment
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1. Depth Containment
Landing Point
Treatment Well
Monitor
Well
Environmental Concerns
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Aquifer Protection
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IEA
1. Spills
2. Well
3. Frac
Fracture Height Growth
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De
pth
(m
)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Marc
ellu
sPic
ea
nce
Jo
nah
Ho
rn R
iver
Wo
od
ford
Barn
ett
Sp
rab
err
y
Wo
lf C
am
p
Bakken
Hayn
esville
Co
tto
n V
alley
Mo
ntn
ey
Card
ium
Eag
lefo
rd
He
igh
t (m
)
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
Ma
rce
llu
s
Pic
ean
ce
Jo
na
h
Ho
rn R
ive
r
Wo
od
ford
Barn
ett
Sp
rab
err
y
Wo
lf C
am
p
Bakken
Hayn
es
ville
Co
tto
n V
alle
y
Mo
ntn
ey
Card
ium
Ea
gle
ford
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US National Academy, 2012
No damage and rare
(several sites and about 70 felt events from 3,000,000 fracs)
Induced Seismicity
Shale Lessons: Heterogeneity
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1. Depth Containment
2. Fracture VariabilityWell A
Well B
Well C
Monitoring
Well
Well AWell B
Well C
Monitoring
Well
SPE144207
Shale Lessons: Complexity
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0 100 m
N
E
1. Depth Containment
2. Fracture Variability
3. Fracture Complexity
SPE77440
Sayers 2010
Shale Lessons: SRV
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1. Depth Containment
2. Fracture Variability
3. Fracture Complexity
4. Stimulated Reservoir Volume
Stage 1 - Yellow
Stage 2 –Dark Blue
Stage 3 - Red
Stage 4 – Light Blue
Slurry
Fluid
Bank
Q
Microseismic
Dry Events
Hydraulic
Propped
Wet Events
Stress
Uncertainty
Microseismic Interpretation
Qualitative/Geometry
Quantitative/Deformation
Baig et al, 2012
Stages 1-2
120 bpm
Microseismic Mechanisms
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
-0.5
Log
S/P
After Rutledge et al., 2013
Mass/Energy Balance
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
MS Volume (bbl) 0.82 0.15 0.075 0.30
Frac Volume (bbl) 25300 25300 25300 25300
% 0.0033% 0.00059% 0.00030% 0.0012%
MS Area (ft2) 19375 4018 3533 9040
Frac Area (ft2) 7000000 - 6200000 -
% 0.28% - 0.057% -
MS Energy (J) 62500 11300 5700 22950
Frac Energy (J) 149040000000 149040000000 149040000000 149040000000
% 0.0042% 0.00076% 0.00038% 0.0015%
𝑀0𝜇 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙 = 𝐴𝑑
Maxwell, 2014
Tiltmeters
Hydraulic fracture
induces a characteristic
deformation pattern
Tilt/microseismic detect
elastic strain waves at
different frequencies
Both Image the geometry
and orientation of created
hydraulic fracture Fracture
Fracture-inducedsurface trough
Downhole tiltmetersIn offset well
Generating Shear during Hydraulic Fracturing
“Dry” Fault Activation “Wet”
Fissure
“Wet”
Fracture Tip “Wet”
Offset
Tension
Shear
Compression
Fracture
Stress “Shadow”
Maxwell, 2014
Complex Hydraulic Fracture Growth
Pore Pressure Fracture Opening
Fracture Shearing Synthetic Microseismic
Anatomy of Hydraulic Fracture
DFN
Primary Fractures
Activated Fractures
Wet Microseismicity
Dry Microseismicity
Fracture Growth
Wet Microseismicity Dry Microseismicity
Reservoir Drainage
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Pressu
re (psi)
Production Forecast 20 Years
Conclusions
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•Microseismic key technology to image hydraulic fractures
•Microseismic demonstrated complex fracture networks
•Microseismic volume oversimplification
•Microseismic calibration of complex geomechanical fracture
model
Enables reservoir simulation of well performance
Estimates drainage for well spacing
Geomechanical interpretation tools key to
realize the full value from microseismic