What are the salient features of ‘inclusive growth’? Has ... · Salient Features of Inclusive...
Transcript of What are the salient features of ‘inclusive growth’? Has ... · Salient Features of Inclusive...
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SYNOPSIS
Intro
Inclusive Growth is a concept that goes beyond broad-based growth. It is
“growth that not only creates new economic opportunities, but also one that
ensures equal access to the opportunities created for all segments of
society, particularly for the poor”
Body Part
Salient Features of Inclusive growth
Space to Add More
Dimensions
Q1.What are the salient features of ‘inclusive growth’? Has India
been experiencing such a growth process? Analyse and suggest
measures for inclusive growth
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Towards Inclusivity:
High Growth Rate: India will thus remain the fastest-growing G20
economy with projected annual GDP growth of 7.5% in 2017-18.
GDP per capita has more than doubled in ten years, extreme
poverty has declined substantially.
Access to education has steadily improved, and life expectancy has
risen.
Empowerment: The- biometric-based unique identification system,
Aadhaar, now ensures that the poor are no longer invisible and,
therefore, more empowered
A number of schemes like Jan Dhan Yojana (Financial inclusion),
Saubhagya and Ujjwala stand testament to the core values of
inclusiveness that India adheres-.
Yet, India needs to improve on the following areas to promote
inclusivity.
Stagnant Job growth despite strong economic growth in the last
decade, job growth averaged only approximately 2% a year in the
formal sector.
80% of the labour force stuck in low-productivity activities in
informal employment, reducing the size of the informal economy is
pivotal to inclusive growth.
Increasing divide between Rural and urban economy.
Agriculture which employs nearly 50% of population is lagging
behind the services sector with the contribution in GDP (14%) and
of services sector is 57%
The gap between men and women is also high in terms of wages,
labour forces, participation rate, possession of assets and
participation in economy.
Others (Health-Increasing out of pocket expenditure turning
millions in to poverty. Sustainability-concerns of degradation,
global warming, disaster etc.).
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What needs to be done?
.
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SYNOPSIS
Intro
According to the World Bank, between 2004 and 2011 poverty declined in
India from 38.9% of the population to 21.2% (2011 purchasing power
parity at $1.9 per person per day.
Body Part
A number of Plan Schemes are being implemented by various Ministries/
Departments for eradicating poverty and to improve standard of living of
people .The important Plan Schemes are:
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA),
National Rural Livelihood Mission,
Mid-Day Meal Programme (MDM),
National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP),
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS),
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA),
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Dimensions
Q2.Despite implementation of various programmes for
eradication of poverty by the government in India, poverty is still
existing. Explain by giving reasons (Answer in 150 words).
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National Health Mission (NHM),
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY),
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM),
Indira Awas Yojana (IAY),
National Rural Drinking Water Programme, Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan (SBA),
And National Urban Livelihood Mission.
Gaps in existing Programs and corrective measures
1. Nutrition: National Food Security Act, 2013
Plugging Leakages
• Aadhaar based verification of transactions
• Choice between subsidized Cereals and cash transfer
Better balance in diet
• Intensive information campaign, shift to cash transfers
Need for reorientation of the subsidy
• As per the SECC (Rural), 40% of the rural households satisfy one
or more exclusion criteria. This greatly weakens the case for
subsidy to more than 60% of the rural households under the NFSA.
2. Midday Meal Scheme
Poor convergence of MDMS with the school health program.
State specific guidelines are required for improved quality and
safety of food
25% of schools lack kitchen sheds and prepare food in open.
This is a major cause for concern as it impacts the safety of food students
eat.
3. Housing for All
The scheme has progressed well overall but can be improved along several
dimensions.
Faces a major challenge in the selection of beneficiaries; SECC may
be deployed to identify them.
o Gaps in reporting by the States on completion of houses
against the physical targets and the updated progress is not
reflected in the reporting system.
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o States have to come forward with larger resources to meet
the objectives of ‘Housing for All by 2022’ in the rural
areas.
How to combat Poverty
1. Eliminating poverty: employment intensive sustained rapid growth
2. Centrality of Agricultural Growth:
80% Indian poor are in rural areas .Their livelihood directly or indirectly
depends on the performance of agriculture but agriculture inherently
grows slowly
Consequence
o Limited livelihood opportunities at local level
o Subsistence incomes for small and marginal farmers
We need two-pronged strategy
Modernize agriculture & accelerate agricultural growth
3. Employment-intensive Growth in Manufacturing and Services gives
room for Transition of Workforce out of Agriculture
This is how South Korea and Taiwan eliminated poverty during 1965-90
and China more recently
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4. Promote Employment Intensive industries: Sectors such as clothing,
textiles, footwear, food processing and electronic goods, which employ
lots of low and semi-skilled workers needs to be promoted.
5. Making social programs -more effective by removing gaps in policy
making as mentioned above in body part
6. Rural Poverty Alleviation through Self-Employment Programmes
7. Financial inclusion by Linking Banks with Self-Help Groups
Note: Cause of poverty in urban areas-Critical for understanding
dimensions.
https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=71600
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SYNOPSIS
Intro
In 2018, there were 471.5 million persons employed and 30.9
million unemployed in India.
Unemployed men aged 15 to 29 years who comprised 1 million or
68.3% of all the unemployed in the country.
Unemployment rate was 2% for several decades now it has
reached an all-time high rate of 6.1%
Body Part (Reasons for the sudden rise in unemployment in India)
The reason can be classified into two: Labour supply & Labour demand.
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Dimensions Q3.The government’s Periodic Labour Force Survey carried out
in 2017-18 revealed that unemployment in the country reached
an all-time high rate of 6.1%.In light of this statement Examine
the reasons for the sudden rise in unemployment in India also
suggest measures to produce more jobs.
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Schemes to help generate employment:
These include the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS),
MUDRA Yojana,
Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme and
Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana.
What needs to be done?
Improve India’s global trade prospects: Just like in any other
country, India’s trade with the world is a key contributor to
propelling businesses and creating jobs.
o With greater accessibility to global markets businesses across
India’s diverse geography can take their products to newer
shores there by producing more job opportunities
Helping individuals manage risks thereby supporting self-
employment and small scale entrepreneurship.
Assist the unemployed by strengthening the employment
programme.( MGNREGS)
Labour reforms-to improve ease of doing business.
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SYNOPSIS
Intro
The Representation of the People Act, 1951 specifies the qualifications and
the disqualifications of Members of Parliament and state legislatures.
Body Part
Section 8 of Representation of Peoples Act 1951 specifies
Disqualifications on conviction for certain offences
1. A person convicted of an offence punishable under certain acts of
Indian Penal Code shall be disqualified.
i. If the convicted person is sentenced to only fine, he shall be
disqualified for a period of six years from the date of such
conviction.
ii. If the convicted person is sentenced to Imprisonment he
stands disqualified for a further period of six years since his
release.
2. A person convicted of any offence and sentenced to imprisonment
for not less than two years shall be disqualified from the date of
such conviction and shall continue to be disqualified for a further
period of six years since his release.
3. A person convicted for the contravention of any law shall be
disqualified
The Issue;
While serving as Animal Husbandry Minister P.S.Tamang
in 1996 found guilty of corruption in cow distribution
scheme.
He was jailed during 2017-2018 under the section of The
Prevention of Corruption Act 1988.
He was re-appointed as Chief Minister on May 27 and needs
to be elected to the assembly within 6 months
Under Section 8: a person who is convicted under any
provision of the PCA and is sentenced to jail for even a
single day stands disqualified to contest any election for a
period of six years from the date of his release from the jail.
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Dimensions
Q4.What is Section 8 of Representation of Peoples Act 1951?
What are the implications on ECI decission to reduce Mr.
Tamang’s period of disqualification? Comment.
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The EC reduced the disqualification period of Sikkim CM
Mr. Tamang under Section 11 of the Representation Act,
1951 which empowers the Election Commission to remove
any disqualification (except under section 8A) or reduce the
period of any such disqualification
Concern over ECI Order:
Disqualification from the contest is a civil disability created by
electoral law to keep those convicted by criminal courts from
entering elected offices, the- ECI order would give back door entry
to a corrupt politician. The EC decision also goes against the grain of a series of legislative
and judicial measures to strengthen the legal framework against
corruption in recent years. The apex court has described corruption
as a serious malady and one impinging on the economy.
Considering the fact, that 43% of the people sitting in the Lok
Sabha with pending criminal cases EC decission is not conducive in
reducing criminalization of politics.
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SYNOPSIS
Intro
Institutions are the organizations in a government which create,
enforce, and apply laws.
They often mediate conflict, make (governmental) policy on the
economy and social systems, and otherwise provide representation
for the population
SDG 16, for example, calls for “effective, accountable and
transparent” institutions
Body Part
Weakening Institutions
Issues in CBI
The CBI’s alleged politicization, serious charges against its various chiefs,
it’s very poor conviction rate, its delays in carrying out timely
investigation, its lack of core competence and domain knowledge, recent
public spat between the top two officials of the Central Bureau of
Investigation will diminish the image and credibility of CBI leading to lack
of trust among people.
Erosion of RBI autonomy The RBI has systematically brought under the ambit of the Central
Government.
The Government move on demonetization also sidelines the Central
bank.
The RBI was bypassed on matters relating to currency.
Given the possibility of ‘market failures’, such institutions assume a larger
role in the economy in shaping expectations and decisions. Erosion of RBI
autonomy can impact Indian Economy in long run.
Issues in Judiciary The pendency of cases, Lack of transparency, less use
of technology, alleged Corruption, have made people to lose faith on
Justice.
Institutions are formed to reduce uncertainty in human exchange. If these
institutions are weakened deliberately or allowed to get weakened without
proper- reforms, it will leave India’s democracy at peril.
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Dimensions Q5. The weakening of institutions jeopardises the health of
democracy. Discuss
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SYNOPSIS
Intro
Innovation is the application of new ideas to solve problems, which
are sometimes specific to a region or a context.
Innovation is seen as an important factor that contributes to the
long-term development of an economy.
India has made a significant progress to 52nd rank in the GII-2019 .
Body Part
Need?
The need for innovative technology is assuming great importance due to
Rapidly changing product technologies in the automotive industry,
Depleting fossil fuel resources,
High import cost of fuel,
Issues of environmental degradation and climate change.
What are fuel cells?
A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device that
converts hydrogen and oxygen into electricity, heat, and water.
It is very much like a battery that can produce electricity while
being recharged continuously
If hydrogen is the fuel, electricity, water, and heat are the only
products.
Fuel cells are unique in terms of the variety of their potential
applications; they can provide power for systems as large as a utility
power station and as small as a laptop computer.
Significance of Fuel Cells
Basic fuel cells running on pure hydrogen are pollution free, giving
off only electricity, water, and heat.
Because there is no combustion in a fuel cell, fuel is converted to
electricity more efficiently than any other electrical generating
technology available today.
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Dimensions Q6. The need for innovative technology is assuming great
importance. In this context briefly explain what are fuel cells and
its significance in the field of clean energy
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Unlike batteries that must be disposed of once their chemicals are
used up, fuel cell reactions do not degrade over time and can
theoretically provide continuous electricity.
Traditional power plants must be large in order to gain efficiency,
but fuel cells can achieve higher efficiencies at any scale, making
them perfect for small portable, residential, and transportation uses.
Because fuel cells are clean and efficient at any size, they can be
located almost anywhere, including dense urban areas where both
air quality and transmission congestion may be of concern.
Fuel cells can provide more reliable power wherever electricity is
needed, making the whole electric power grid more robust and
reliable.
Distributed application of small fuel cells will also enhance security
of key infrastructures, such as our communication and water
systems.
Way Forward
Economically, fuel cells represent a prudent path to provide the
country's electric power because they can be installed quickly, are
fuel flexible, and can be put in place incrementally, mitigating the
need for more costly and sweeping changes.
©Jatin Verma All Rights Reserved. https://www.jatinverma.org
©Jatin Verma All Rights Reserved. https://www.jatinverma.org