What accomplishment is missing?. TJ’s Inaugural: “We are all Republicans; we are all...

What accomplishment is missing?

TJ’s Inaugural: “We are all Republicans; we are all Federalists”Midnight Judges: Feds enact Judiciary Act of 1801: added dozens of new justices. Adams appointed Feds right up to stroke of midnight. D-R’s furious, Repeals Act but judges in for life. Many resign but one didn’t: John Marshall: Chief Justice of Supreme Court. Marbury vs. Madison: one midnight judge who did not receive his job was William Marbury. He sues in the Supreme Court for his job (writ of mandamus). Marshall says he deserves his job but he can’t do it because the Judiciary Act (which said he could) was “unconstitutional.” 1st time a law passed by Congress and signed by Pres. was declared unconstitutional: “Judicial Review”

Marshall Court: Federalism kept alive through court’s decisions: strong national government

McCulloch v. Maryland: 2nd BUS is legal. Maryland may not tax it: “the power to tax is the power to destroy” No state could destroy an agency of the federal government.

Tripolitan War (1801 – 1804) “. . . From the Halls of Montezuma to the shores of Tripoli . . . Refused to pay “tribute” to the Barbary Pirates. A blockade led to peace treaty (US still paid tribute until 1816 but at a much lower rate)

Financial Program: Repeal excise tax on whiskey; reduced debt through policy of frugality; did not dismantle Hamilton’s Federalist financial program [Albert Gallatin, Sec’t. of Treasury]

Conflict with the Barbary States

• North African states demanded tribute from ships sailing in Mediterranean

• Jefferson refused and dispatched U.S. fleet to intimidate Barbary states

• Attacks failed and U.S. ended up paying ransom for crew of U.S.S. Philadelphia

• U.S. finally forced negotiation with a blockade

• Jefferson won reelection overwhelmingly

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Barbary States


Barbary Pirates and American Captives


Louisiana Purchase: Spain gives it back to France in 1800. US sent Robert Livingston and James Monroe to offer $10 million for New Orleans and West Florida. Napoleon, suffering loses in Haiti, offered all of La. For $15 million (3 cents an acre): buy it all or none. Constitutional? As a strict constructionist, Jefferson, would argue No; but he was also a realist.

Lewis and Clark: Meriwether and William (along with Sacajawea) make detail report on West 8,000 miles; 2 ½ years; Congress rewards all with grants of land (except Sacagawea)

The Louisiana Purchase

• Spain gave Louisiana to France, New Orleans closed to American ships

• Jefferson saw New Orleans as vital to U.S.– Sent James Monroe to negotiate its purchase

• Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million

• Importance: it would help make America a first-rank power


The Louisiana Purchase

• Constitution vague on power to acquire land inhabited by foreigners

• Louisiana’s French and Spanish inhabitants unfamiliar with Republican principles

• Louisiana Government Act denied Louisiana self-rule

• Another Jeffersonian departure from Republicanism


The Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Lewis and Clark Expedition commissioned prior to purchase of Louisiana

• Goals: to find if Missouri River goes to Pacific and to explore flora and fauna

• Sacagawea critical in helping expedition deal with nature and Native Americans whom they encountered

• Report on Louisiana’s economic promise confirmed Jefferson’s desire to purchase


The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and Clark


The Lewis and Clark Expedition


Judiciary Impeachments: John Pickering removed from office [he was insane]; Samuel Chase impeached but not removed: this controversial case ended D-R attacks on judiciary and impeachment as a tool to remove obnoxious judges.

Burr Conspiracy: After “interview” with Hamilton, VP Burr flees to south west with James Wilkinson in a plot to either capture Spanish possessions or engineer the secession of western states from the union (!!!). Wilkenson double-crosses Burr, informs Jeff. Burr is arrested for Treason. Trial (under J. Marshall) finds him not guilty (need 2 witnesses; not just “conspiracy”). Burr flees to Europe.

Attack on the Judges:Impeachments

• 1803—Federalist John Pickering impeached, removed for alcoholism, insanity, but no “high crimes”

• Republicans began fearing the destruction of an independent judiciary

• Jefferson exacerbated fears by seeking to impeach Federalist Samuel Chase

• Republican Senate refused to convict© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All

rights reserved.

Murder and Conspiracy:The Curious Career of Aaron Burr

• Vice-President Aaron Burr broke with Jefferson

• Burr sought Federalist support in 1804 New York governor’s race

• Alexander Hamilton blocked Burr’s efforts

• Burr killed Hamilton in a duel



• Burr fled west after Hamilton duel

• Schemed to invade Spanish territory, separate Louisiana from U.S.

• Burr arrested, tried for treason

• Acquitted on constitutional grounds of insufficient evidence



• Precedent made it difficult for presidents to use charge of treason as a political tool, especially hearsay and circumstantial evidence


Chesapeake-Leopard: US refuses to let British board Chesapeake; Leopold fires killing 3, wounding 18 and boards it and removes 4 alleged deserters. Anti British feelings intensify.

Embargo Stop all land and seaborne trade with ALL foreign nations.(Huh???) Smuggling becomes common; creates a monopoly for British shippers (they make a bundle of Money!) Now Jefferson gets attacked from his own party!

Politics of Desperation:“Tertium Quids”

Literally, The Third Thing

• “Tertium Quids” claimed pure Republicanism

• Attacked Jefferson as sacrificing virtue for pragmatism


Tertium Quids D-R faction(means 3rd something in Latin) becomes very upset with Jeff (retreated from K-V Resolutions, embargo was stupid, sacrificed virtue for pragmatism; Yazoo controversy: Georgia sold 35 million acres of land to speculators at bargain prices (bribes had been given); next assembly rescinded deal. Jeff suggests 5 million acres be set aside for those who had bought it. TQs say this condones fraud.

Fletcher vs. Peck Supreme Court rules legislative fraud (the Georgia “Yazoo” case) does not impair contracts. State had no right to take away land sold to innocent buyers. [establishes precedent that S.C. can rule on the constitutionality of state laws too! ]

Yazoo land controversy was a massive fraud perpetrated from in the mid-1790s by several Georgia governors and the state legislature.

They sold large tracts of land in the Yazoo lands, what is now portions of Alabama and Mississippi, to political insiders at very low prices in 1794.

Although the law enabling the sales was overturned by reformers the following year, its ability to do so was challenged in the courts, eventually reaching the US Supreme Court.

Fletcher v Peck (1810), the Court ruled that the contracts were binding and the state could not retroactively invalidate the earlier land sales.

First time the Court had overturned state law.

Because of the ongoing controversy, Georgia ceded all of its claims to lands west of its modern border to the federal government, in exchange for which the federal government paid cash and assumed the legal liabilities.

Slave Trade Importation of slaves would end in 1808; smugglers would have to turn over slaves to state authorities who would use “local custom” – this would go on unless GB ends slave trade on their own. Brits would captured Am. Slave smugglers off coast of Africa and return slaves.

Two Term Tradition: Jefferson retires, James Madison defeats Federalist Pinckney.

Madison: Fumbling Towards Conflict: Steps to a 2nd War with England: The Strange War of 1812Why???

James MadisonPresident during War of 1812

Henry ClayLeader of The War Hawks

War Hawks: They Wanted War In 1812 WHY?

They were D-R’s (Jeffersonians) who

• Hated the British• Hate the Indians• Wanted Land (Canada and Indian Land) to help the little guy (farmer, poor)

Tecumseh

He and his brother, The Prophet, tried to unify the tribes against white settlement

Tecumseh’s Brother:

ShawneeThe ProphetTenskwatawa

William Henry HarrisonFuture President: Old Tippecanoe

Oliver Perry

Hero of the Battle of Lake Erie

He said (to Gen. Harrison)

"We have met the enemy and they are ours . . .”

This led to the Battle of Thames and the death of Tecumseh.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c0/Operry.jpg

Tippecanoe (aka Prophetstown)•Site of Shawnee village where (1811) Gen. Harrison defeated the Natives•Tecumseh then sought help from the British

The Battle of Thames (in Canada)•Harrison defeated Brits and Indian allies: Tecumseh was killed.

Curse of Tecumseh "Harrison will die I tell you," the Prophet said. "And after him, every Great Chief chosen every 20 years thereafter will die. And when each one dies, let everyone remember the death of my people."

The pattern where from 1840 to 1960 each President elected in a year ending in zero died in office.It was “broken” by Ronald Reagan (1980), who survived being wounded in a March 1981 shooting and George W. Bush (2000) who survived a 2001 assassination attempt. The person elected in 2020 is hereby warned.

Fort McHenry, Maryland

The actual flag that survived the British bombardment

Washington, DC is burned by the British in retaliation for our burning of York, Canada (now called Toronto)

Dolly Madison

Helped saved national documents during the British attack on Washington

Andrew Jackson: Hero of the Battle of New Orleans

Even though it occurred AFTER the war had officially ended!

Hartford Convention of Federalists met to voice their continued opposition to•The war •The D-R’s (Jeffersonians) under President Madison and the Virginia Dynasty of Presidents (all of the Presidents except for Adams were from Virginia: Washington, Jefferson, Madison! It would continue with the next President: Monroe.)•Their suggestions and complaints doomed them. Would be viewed as•Traitors and Secessionists •Failed to win another national election! 1st party to die.

What accomplishment is missing?. TJ’s Inaugural: “We are all Republicans; we are all...

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