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Transcript of What 6 key dairy additives should you insist on everyday in every ration? Dr. Mike Hutjens Professor...
What 6 key dairy additives should you insist on everyday in every ration?
Dr. Mike Hutjens Professor Emeritus University of Illinois
Dr. Jack Garrett ACAN Dipl.Director of Research and Tech Support QualiTech
Six Feed Additives You Want to Use
Dr. Mike HutjensUniversity of Illinois
Feed ingredient added
to a ration to function in
a non-nutrient role
Reasons For Feed Additives• Band aid to cover up poor management
• Correct a ration imbalance
• Under 10 cents per cow per day
• Enhance a productive response – Rumen environment
– Milk yield or components
– Immunity / health / SCC
– Reproduction / fertility
U.S. Feed Additive Use(Hoard’s Survey of All Herds)
2006 2010-------------- % ------------
Buffers 41 42Yeast/yeast culture 28 30Rumensin 15 21Niacin 9 11Probiotics 11 13Mycotoxin binders 11 23Methionine 6 9Anionic products 3 5 (13)Feed bunk stabilizer 2 3Don’t use 11 9
Monensin
(Rumensin)
Which Feed
Additive(s)?
Silage inoculants
Rumen Buffers
Biotin
Yeast culture/yeast products
Organic trace
minerals
Hutjens’ List of Feed Additives Recommended• Rumen buffers
• Yeast culture/yeast products
• Monensin (Rumensin)
• Silage inoculants
• Biotin
• Organic trace minerals
Survey QuestionWhich additive would you select as most important if you could only purchase one?
• Biotin
• Ionophore (Rumensin)
• Organic trace minerals
• Rumen buffer
• Yeast and yeast culture
Hutjens’ Priority1. Rumen impact
a) Rumensin
b) Yeast and yeast culture
c) Sodium bicarb/S-carb
2. Silage inoculants
3. Organic trace minerals (Zn, Se, Mn, & Cu)
4. Biotin
Hutjens’ “As Needs” List• Propylene glycol (300 to 500 ml) • Calcium propionate (150 grams)
• Niacin (3 g protected; 3 g unprotected)
• Mycotoxin binders (clay mineral or yeast cell MOS compounds)
• Protected choline (15 g per day)
• Anionic products / salts (amount varies)
• Acid-based preservatives (baled hay and high moisture corn (0.5 to 1%)
Additive
Update
Evaluating Additives
• Function
• Level
• Cost
• Benefit to cost
• Strategy
• Status
Monensin (Rumensin)• Function: Improve feed efficiency for lactating cow, reduce
ketosis and displaced abomasums in transition cows, and microbial selection. Increase 2.2 pounds milk per day. Control cocci in calves and heifers.
• Level: 11 g to 22 g per ton of total ration dry matter consumed (160 to 650 mg / cow / day)
• Cost: 1 cent per 100 mg per day
• Benefit to Cost Ratio: 5 to 1
• Feeding Strategy: Feed to dry cows (reduce metabolic disorders) and lactating cow (feed efficiency) while monitoring milk components to evaluate optimal levels of monensin.
• Status: Recommended
Yeast culture and Yeast• Function: Stimulate fiber-digesting bacteria, stabilize
rumen environment, and utilize lactic acid.
• Level: 10 to 120 g depending on yeast culture concentration
• Cost: 4 to 6 cents per cow per day
• Benefit to Cost Ratio: 4:1
• Feeding Strategy: Two weeks prepartum to ten weeks postpartum, calf starter feeds, and during off-feed conditions and stress periods
• Status: Recommended
Silage Bacterial Inoculant• Function: To stimulate silage fermentation, reduce DM
loss, decrease ensiling temp, increase feed digestibility, and improve forage surface stability
• Level: 100,000 colony forming units (CFU) per gram of wet silage (Lactobacillus plantarium, Lactobacillus acidilacti, Lactobacillus buchneri, Pediococcus cereviseai, Pediococcus
pentacoccus, and/or Streptococcus faecium)• Cost: $0.60 to $3.00 per treated ton of wet silage• Benefit to Cost Ratio: 6:1• Feeding Strategy: Apply to all silages and high moisture
corn; and under poor fermentation situations• Status: Recommended
Measurement Legume/grass Corn Silage H.M. Corn
Dry matter (%) 35 to 50 30 to 35 70 to 75
pH 4.3 to 4.7 3.8 to 4.2 4.0 to 4.5
Lactic acid (%) 4.0 to 6.0 5.0 to 10.0 1.0 to 2.0
Acetic acid (%) 0.5 to 2.5 1.0 to 3.0 <0.5
Propionic acid (%) <0.25 <0.10 <0.10
Butyric acid (%) <0.25 <0.10 <0.10
Ethanol (%DM) <1.0 <3.0 <2.0
Ammonia (%CP) <12.0 <8.0 <10.0
Lactic/Acetate >2.5 >3.0 >3.0
Lactic (% total) >70 >70 >70
Recommended Fermentation Profile for Ensiled Feeds
Organic Trace Minerals• Function: Improve immune response, harden hoof health,
fertility, and somatic cell counts.
• Level: 25 to 33% of Zn, Cu, & Mn and50 to 100% of supplemented Se levels
• Cost: 4 to 8 cents per cow per day
• Benefit to Cost Ratio: 4:1
• Feeding Strategy: Dry, transition, and early lactation cows; herds experiencing hoof, somatic cell counts, and wet environment challenges
• Status: Recommended
Trace mineral functions
Zinc Copper Manganese
Reproduction Reproduction Reproduction
Immunity Immunity Immunity
Skin integrity Skin integrity Growth
Hoof health Bone structure Skeletal formation
Nutrient metabolism Mineral absorption Energy metabolism
Bioavailability
0 50 100 150 200 250
SQM zinc
Zinc proteinate
Zinc chelate
Amino acid complex
Zinc methionine
Zinc sulfate
Zinc oxide
227
159
227
219
206
100
61
Feed Management Magazine 1996
Organic Selenium• Cleared by FDA on Sept 3, 2003
• Source will be yeast raised on high selenium enriched base (selenomethionine)
• 20-40% improvement in blood selenium levels
• May overcome low or poor absorption of inorganic selenium (selenite/selenate forms)
• Added cost will be 1 cent/mg
• Replace half of the inorganic source reducing costs in half for lactating cows / all for dry cows (add 3 to 4 mg of organic selenium)
Buffers• Function: Maintain rumen pH at 6.2, maintain
milk fat test, increase milk yield, reduce SARA
• Level: 200 to 300 g per day
• Cost: 6 to 9 cents per cow per day
• Benefit to Cost Ratio: 5:1
• Feeding Strategy: Corn silage based rations, component fed herds, high starch diets, and SARA situations
• Status: Recommended
Biotin • Function: Improve hooves by reducing heel warts, claw
lesions, white line separations, sand cracks, and sole ulcers; increase milk yield
• Level: 10 to 20 mg/cow/day for 6 months to 1 year
• Cost: 8 to 10 cents/cow/day
• Benefit to Cost Ratio: 4:1
• Feeding Strategy: Herds with chronic foot problems, may require supplementation for 6 months before evaluation, and company recommends beginning supplementation at 15 months of age
• Status: Recommended
UW Trial 1 - TreatmentsVitamin (mg/c/d)
C B BBVit1x BBVit2x
Biotin 0 20 20 40
Thiamin 0 0 150 300
Riboflavin 0 0 150 300
Pyridoxine 0 0 120 240
B12 0 0 0.5 1.0
Niacin 0 0 3000 6000
Pantothenic acid 0 0 475 950
Folic acid 0 0 100 200
U of WI Trial 1 – Results
Item C B BBVit1x BBVit2x SE
BW, lb 1456 1461 1452 1459 9
DMI, lb/d 55.0b 56.5a 55.0b 53.7b 0.9
Milk, lb/d 81.8b 85.6a 84.3ab 82.5b 1.8
a,b Means in the same row with different superscripts differ (P<0.05).
Hutjens’ “Watch” List• Essential oil compounds
(0.5 to 1.5 g)
• Direct fed microbial products (probiotics)
• Feed enzymes
What’s New With Additives• Sodium bicarbonate fed at 0.75% DMI (higher
levels as intake increases); consider free-choice (< 50 g/cow/day)
• Rumen protected niacin may be more effective (85-93 destroyed by rumen microbes)
• Higher levels of yeast culture may be needed with better responses top dressing the YC.
• Direct fed microbial DNA finger printing
• New cellulose enzymes coming
Take Home Messages• Six additives can provide economic
returns to target herds
• Rumen additives can stabilize rumen health and environment
• Organic trace minerals impact health / immunity, hoof health, and reproduction (milk production indirectly)
• Lameness continues to be an important culling factor.
Dr. Jack Garrett ACAN Dipl.Director of Research and Tech Support QualiTech
SQM Polytransport Technology
Trace mineralsWhy we need them?What limits their use?
What is SQM (Polytransport)?How does it work?When do I need it?
Poll Question
When you have used organic trace minerals, where have you seen the biggest response?
• Immunity
• Reproduction
• Hoof Health
• Milk Production
• Haven't used organic trace minerals
Trace mineral functions
Zinc Copper Manganese
Reproduction Reproduction Reproduction
Immunity Immunity Immunity
Skin integrity Skin integrity Growth
Hoof health Bone structure Skeletal formation
Nutrient metabolism Mineral absorption Energy metabolism
Mineral status of cross-bred cattle in different ovulation stages.
Ca Cu Mn I-P Zn0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
NormalDelayedAnovulation
Rel
ativ
e bl
ood
seru
m,
%
A AA
B
BB
C
C
C
A,B,C P<0.01 Das et al., 2009
A
A
B
Bioavailability of mineral sources
Zinc Copper Manganese
Feedstuffs 5-15% 1-5% <4%
Sulfate 20% 5% 1.2%
Chloride 10% 5% 1.2%
Carbonate 10% --- 0.15%
Oxide 12% 1% 0.25%
Antagonists
Minerals
Sulfates
Fiber/Lignin
Oxygen compounds
Phosphates
Proteins and amino acids
Phytate
Others
Mineral Interactions
Zinc – CopperZinc – SulfurZinc – IronZinc – CalciumZinc – PhosphorusZinc – Cadmium
Copper – ZincCopper – SulfurCopper – MolybdenumCopper – IronCopper – ManganeseCopper – PhosphorusCopper – CadmiumCopper – Silver
Manganese – CopperManganese – MagnesiumManganese – IronManganese – CalciumManganese – Phosphorus
Bioaccessibility of iron from soil is increased by silage fermentation
S. L. Hansen and J. W. Spears, JDS 2009
Bioaccessibility of iron from soil is increased by silage fermentation
S. L. Hansen and J. W. Spears, JDS 2009
Influence of supplemental iron on trace mineral bioavailability.
Mineral Liver Kidney Pancreas Average
-------------------+Iron/-Iron, %----------------------
Zinc 89.4 98.3 94.7 94.0
Copper 78.3 94.5 71.5 81.4
Manganese 84.2 NA 94.8 89.5
Unpublished data, 2010
Influence of high sulfate water on relative liver trace mineral levels.
Year Sulfate Copper Manganese Zinc
ppm ------% change from initial status------ 2001 404 104.7A 110.0 88.0(84 days) 3087 37.5B 125.9 83.2 3947 41.1B 128.4 82.8
2002 441 183.8A 101.1 67.8 (104 days) 1725 43.7B 101.0 65.5 2919 28.1B 100.0 66.3 4654 22.3B 98.0 89.4
Wright and Patterson, 2005A,B P<0.01
Calculated copper absorption across various dietary sulfur and molybdenum concentrations
Dietary Sulfur Dietary Molybdenum Cu absorption Change g/kg mg/kg % %
2.0 1 4.6 4.0 1 3.1 67.4 6.0 1 2.1 45.7 2.5 0.5 4.3 93.5 2.5 1 4.2 91.3 2.5 2 3.9 84.8 2.5 5 3.14 68.3 2.5 10 2.17 47.2 2.5 20 1.0 21.7 2.5 100 0.30 6.5
NRC, 2001
What exactly is SQM™?
• Organic Trace Mineral
• Utilizing PolyTransport™ technology
• Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Mg
• Sequestered trace mineral using electrostatic bonding
Polysaccharide chains surround trace mineral ions creating the PolyTransport™ technology
Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn Zn
Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn
Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn
Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn Zn
Zn
Zn Zn
Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn
Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn
Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn
Dynamics in the Rumen
Rumen
Esophagus
Reticulum
Abomasum
Omasum
Phytate
Phytate
Sulfates
Sulfates
Amino Acids
Amino Acids
Amino Acids
Phosphates
Phosphates
Phosphates
Oxalates
Oxalates
Oxalates
Fiber
Fiber
Fiber
Proteins
Proteins
Proteins
Intestines
SQM
Rumen bacteria
Trace mineral
Intestinal trace mineral dynamics
Intestinal trace mineral dynamics
Hypothetical model for transcellular zinc absorption
ZnT1
Zip3
Zip1
Zip2
MT = Metallothionine
NSB = Nonspecific binding constituents
CRIP = Cysteine-rich intestinal protein
Adapted from Hempe and Cousins (1992)
Bioavailability
• Decreased antagonism
• Increased absorption
• Decreased trace mineral excretion
Bioavailability of Zn
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Control Inorganic Organic SQM
Liver
Tibia
Rela
tive b
ioavaila
bili
ty, %
Relative zinc bioavailability(Average tissue concentrations from 3 experiments)
0204060
80100
120140160180200
500 ppm ZnO 500 ppm Org-Pro Zn 500 ppm SQM Zn 3000 ppm ZnO
Exp 1 (Plasma)Exp 2 (Plasma)Exp 3 (Plasma)Exp 3 (Liver)
100%
119.5%
152.4%
58.3%
Case and Carlson, 2002; JAS
Copper Zinc Copper Zinc0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
100 100 100 100
133.2
108.8 105.2 105.5
SulfatesSQM
%
Preconditioned calves(45 days)
Brood cows(45 days)
Engle and Burns, 2004
Bioavailability of SQM™(Based on liver mineral content)
Effect of source and antagonist on mineral bioavailability in broilers
Zinc Copper Manganese0
50
100
150
200
250
100.0 100.0 100.0113.4
236.6
112.9
70.8
123.7116.6
110.1
228.4
127.1
Sulfate
SQM
Sulfate w/Anta
SQM w/Anta
% o
f con
trol
aa
a Source effect P<0.01
Sims and Garrett, 2010
Dietc Source Antagonist
Mineral Corn/Soy Purified Inorganic SQM None With SE
-----------------------------% of intake-------------------------------
Zinc 47.07 49.82 40.79a 56.10b 49.96 46.93 4.15
Copper 19.46 19.79 18.58 20.67 20.58 18.66 1.87
Manganese 37.08 46.14 41.04 42.17 41.70 41.52 2.74
a, b P<0.06c Diets formulated for 40 ppm Zn, 20 ppm Cu, 40 ppm Mn; Inorganic diet used 100% sulfate source, SQM diet used 100% organic sources; Antagonist = cottonseed hulls.
Sims and Garrett, 2010
Influence of diet, mineral source and an antagonist on net mineral retention in broilers
Reproduction
• Herd improvement
• Reduced culling
• Improved performance
Reproductive performance of cows and heifers
Item Control SQM-Mn SQM-Mn,Cu,Zn
n 34 29 30
Initial wt, kg 568 537 543
Final wt, kg 552 532 539
d to 1st estrus 734 59 4 68 4
d to conception 33 4a 19 4b 24 4b
Services/conception 1.6 1.1 1.3
Pregnant at 1st service, % 45 9c 93 5d 79 8d
Conception rate, % 85.3 93.1 93.3
a,b P<0.05c,d P<0.005
DiCostanzo et al, 1990
BCS by period
Burns and Aznarez, 2005
111 d before calving Average calving date 130 d post calving5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
1 x ING 1.5 x ING SQM
Body
condit
ion s
core
a, b diff. P<0.04
a
b
e
d
c
c, d diff. P<0.04
c, e diff. P<0.01
SQM™ Comparative Dairy Research University of Minnesota
Days Open0
50
100
150
200
173
113136 129
Sulfates 100% SQM 33% SQM 33% SAAC
Jones et al., 2000
BB
C
A
A,B,C P<0.05
1st Service Conception Rate0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
29%
68%
32% 28%
Sulfates 100% SQM 33% SQM 33% SAAC
Jones et al., 2000
SQM™ Comparative Dairy Research University of Minnesota
A
B B B
A,B P<0.02
Culling Rate0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
44%
16%
28%31%
Sulfates 100% SQM 33% SQM 33% SAAC
Jones et al., 2000
SQM™ Comparative Dairy Research University of Minnesota
Immunity
• Herd improvement
• Reduced hoof problems
• Improved performance
% Mastitis0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%28%
4%
12%
46%
Sulfates 100% SQM 33% SQM 33% SAAC
Jones et al., 2000
SQM™ Comparative Dairy Research University of Minnesota
Effect of zinc source on OVA IgG titers
d 7 d 14 d 210
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Zn Sulfate SQM Zn
Tit
er
Salyer et al., 2004; JAS
a
d
c
b
a, b diff. P<0.02
c, d diff. P<0.06
Effect of pre-conditioning with different mineral sources on IBR titer concentration in newly received calves
d 0 d 7 d 14 d 210
1
2
3
4
5
6
Inorganic SQM
Tit
er
(log
2)
Engle and Burns, 2004
Control ZnO ZnProt SQM Zn0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Initial (d 0) Final (d 284)
Ho
of
Sta
tus
a a
b
c
a, b, c diff. P<0.05
Effect of zinc source on hoof health
Lower score indicates better hoof quality
Kessler et al., 2003; Live. Prod. Sci.
Before After
Effect of zinc source on hoof health
Summary: Why use SQM™ with Polytransport Technology™ trace minerals?
Better Bioavailability to assure Delivery
to the animal for:
•Best Reproduction
•Optimum Hoof Quality
•Immune System Response
•Superior Health
•Highest Performance
•Better Bottom Line
Questions and Answers
Dr. Mike Hutjens Professor Emeritus University of Illinois
Dr. Jack Garrett ACAN Dipl.Director of Research and Tech Support QualiTech
THANK YOU!