484

CH

APT

ER

14

14

Solutions for All Learners

Quick Study Guide

■

Have students use the Quick Study Guide to prepare for this chapter’s tests. Students may wish to refer to the following pages as they review:

Causes and Effects of World War I

Section 1, pp. 454–459; Section 4, pp. 472–476; Section 5, p. 480

The Allies Fight the Central Powers

Section 1, pp. 455, 458–459; Section 2, pp. 461, 463–465; Section 3, pp. 470–471

Key Events in the Russian Revolution

Section 5, pp. 477–481

Key Events of World War I

Section 1, p. 457; Section 2, p. 461, Section 3, pp. 470–471; Section 4, pp. 474–475

■

For additional review, remind students to refer to the

Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

Note Taking Study Guide, pp. 148, 150, 152–153, 155, 157

Section Summaries, pp. 149, 151, 154, 156, 158

■

Have students access

Web Code nbp-2662

for this chapter’s timeline, which includes expanded entries and additional events.

■

If students need more instruction on analyzing timelines have them read the

Skills Handbook,

p. SH32.

■

When students have completed their study of the chapter, distribute Chapter Tests A and B.

Teaching Resources, Unit 4,

pp. 17–22

For

Progress Monitoring

Online,

refer students to the Self-test with vocabulary practice at

Web Code nba-2661.

L1

Special Needs L2

Less Proficient Readers L2

English Language Learners

For students acquiring basic skills:

Adapted Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

Adapted Note Taking, pp. 148, 150, 152–153, 155, 157

Adapted Summaries, pp. 149, 151, 154, 156, 158

For Spanish-speaking students:

Spanish Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

Spanish Note Taking, pp. 148, 150, 152–153, 155, 157Spanish Summaries, pp. 149, 151, 154, 156, 158

Quick Study Guide1414

Chapter EventsGlobal Events 1914 1915 1916

June 1914Archduke FrancisFerdinand and his wife are assassinated in Sarajevo.

1916More than two million

soldiers are killed in the battle of Verdun and

the battle of the Somme.

August 1914The Panama Canal opens.

January 1915Japan tries to establish a protectorate over China with the Twenty-One Demands.484

Allies

Colonial possessionsof Allies

Central Powers

Colonial possessionsof Central Powers

Long-Term Causes

Long-Term Effects• Economic impact of war debts on Europe

• Stronger central governments

• Emergence of United States andJapan as important powers

• Growth of nationalism in colonies

• Rise of fascism

• Increased anti-Semitism in Germany

• World War II

• Rivalries among European powers

• European alliance system

• Militarism and arms race

• Nationalist tensions in the Balkans

• Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

• Fighting in the Balkans

• Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand

• Russian mobilization

• German invasion of Belgium

Immediate Causes

Immediate Effects• Enormous cost in lives and property

• Revolution in Russia

• Creation of new nations in Eastern Europe

• German reparations

• German loss of overseas colonies

• Balfour Declaration

• League of Nations

Cause and Effect

World War I

For: Self-test with vocabulary practiceWeb Code: nba-2661

■ Causes and Effects of World War I ■ The Allies Fight the Central Powers

■ Key Events in the Russian Revolution1914–1917 World War I pressures Russia.March 1917 March Revolution causes tsar to abdicate; the provisional government takes power.November 1917 Bolsheviks under Lenin topple provisional government (November Revolution).

■ Key Events of World War I

Progress Monitoring Online

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485

Solutions for All Learners

Tell students that the main concepts for this chapter are Conflict, Revolution, and Cooperation, and then ask them to answer the Cumulative Review ques-tions on this page. Discuss the Connec-tions to Today topics and ask students to answer the questions that follow.

Cumulative Review

1.

Paragraphs should mention key lead-ers, goals, treatment of the defeated countries, and outcomes. Answers might compare restoring legitimacy to European monarchs after the Napole-onic wars with the reparations required of Germany after World War I.

2.

Charts should reflect a thorough under-standing of the elements of both revolu-tions and include social unrest as a catalyst for both revolutions, the phases of both revolutions, key leaders, world reaction, and the different out-comes of each conflict.

3.

Responses should include key informa-tion about the League of Nations such as the role of the Paris Peace Confer-ence and the United States, as well as the idea of collective security.

Connections to Today

1.

Timelines should include accurate information about people and events in the Balkans through the present and include the creation of the separate states, the role of ethnic cleansing, Slo-bodan Milosevic, and the role of NATO.

2.

Findings should include a current sum-mary of the campaign for Armenian recognition as well as a summary of Turkey’s position on the issue.

For additional review of this chapter’s core concepts, remind students to refer to the

Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

Concept Connector, pp. 237, 241, 287L1

Special Needs L2

Less Proficient Readers L2

English Language Learners

Use the following study guide resources to help students acquiring basic skills:

Adapted Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

Adapted Concept Connector, pp. 238, 244, 304

Use the following study guide resources to help Spanish-speaking students:

Spanish Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

Spanish Concept Connector, pp. 238, 244, 304

L3

1917 1918 1919

April 1917The United

States joins the Allies.

November 1918Armistice withGermany ends

the war.

1918–1919A deadly influenza

pandemic sweeps acrossthe world, killing morethan 20 million people.

February 1919The first Pan-

African Congressmeets in Paris.

April–May 1919Delegates to the Paris Peace Confer-ence draft the Treaty of Versailles.

485

40°N

M

GREECE

MACEDONIAALBANIA

BULGARIAITALY

SERBIABOSNIA &HERZEGOVINA

ROMANIACROATIA

SLOVENIA

MOLDOVA

HUNGARYAUSTRIA

UKRAINEGERMANY SLOVAKIA

Black Sea

TURKEYMONTENEGRO

Kosovo

N

S

EW

0 300 mi

0 300 km

Conic Projection

■ Cumulative ReviewRecord the answers to the questions below in your Concept Connector worksheets.

1. Conflict Read about the 1814–1815 Congress of Vienna, which met to decide the fate of Europe after the Napoleonic wars. Write one paragraph comparing this meeting to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 at the end of World War I. Think about the following:• key negotiators• goals• treatment of the defeated country or countries• outcomes

2. Revolution Compare the Russian Revolution and the French Revolution. How were they similar and different? Create a chart comparing the two revolutions in the following categories:• causes• duration/phases• leaders• world reaction• results

3. Cooperation The League of Nations, established after World War I, was an important step toward a new type of international cooperation. It was intented to maintain peace so that a conflict like World War I would never happen again. Conduct research on the League of Nations and write a para-graph summarizing your findings. Consider the following:• factors that contributed to its establishment• key goals• significant accomplishments• reasons for its ultimate failure

■ Connections To Today1. Conflict: The Balkan Powder Keg The formation of

Yugoslavia after World War I fulfilled the dream of a South Slav state in the Balkans. Yet unrest continued, erupting as recently as 1999. Conduct research and create a timeline of major events in the Balkans from 1918 to 2000.

For: Interactive timelineWeb Code: nbp-2662

The Balkans, 2007

2. Genocide: Memory and the Armenian GenocideThe Republic of Turkey still maintains that the deportation of the Turkish Armenian population during World War I was a result of civil unrest, not a genocide. Armenian advocacy groups disagree and wage an ongoing campaign for recogni-tion of the Armenians’ experience as a planned genocide. Find out where the campaign stands now. Summarize your findings in an essay.

0484_wh09MODte_ch14Rev_s.fm Page 485 Wednesday, May 30, 2007 4:04 PM

486

Chapter Assessment

Terms, People, and Places

1.

the Dardanelles

2.

stalemate

3.

contraband

4.

propaganda

5.

mandates

6.

proletariat

Main Ideas

7.

Many of the Great Powers were drawn into the war because of their alliances. Germany gave Austria-Hungary a “blank check” of support. Russia mobi-lized troops in order to support its ally, Serbia. France supported Russia because of its alliance. Britain declared war on Germany when Germany vio-lated Belgian neutrality.

8.

Troops dug miles of trench networks to protect themselves from fierce enemy fire. Occasionally, one side would attack the other. Many people were killed or wounded for very small gains.

9.

Modern weapons were very deadly; submarines enabled the German navy to hurt British shipping; zeppelins, airplanes, and tanks were signs of warfare to come.

10.

the United States; Russia; Russia’s collapse allowed Germany to concen-trate on the Western Front. The entry of the United States reinforced Allied positions on the Western Front.

11.

It made Germany take blame for the war, ordered it to pay heavy repara-tions, limited the size of its military, stripped land from its borders, and took away its overseas colonies.

12.

Millions of Russian soldiers died; the tsar, away at the front, neglected domestic affairs; popular discontent spread after battlefield defeats; and domestic shortages grew.

13.

The Bolsheviks took power through an armed overthrow of the provisional government in November 1917.

Chapter Focus Question

14.

World War I broke out because of ris-ing international tensions and the European alliance system. It changed the nature of warfare and the map of Europe, and contributed to the down-fall of tsarist Russia. Germany took on a burden of guilt and debt. The League of Nations was born. Radical Bolshevik changes turned Russia into the Soviet Union and transformed the international landscape.

Critical Thinking

15.

Germany’s location in between Russia and France led to a two-front war.

16.

It involved people from countries all over the world. Colonial and dominion soldiers fought in Europe, and fighting went on in some colonies as well.

17.

Viewers might pity the mother and child, fueling anger against the Germans who were blamed for causing such suffering.

18.

Wilson did not want the losers punished or the winners to gain any greater power. Nations such as France and Britain had suffered heavily and wanted to be com-pensated for their losses and remove the threat of further German attacks.

19.

The abolition of private property and businesses conformed with Marxist theory, but the rise of the Communist Party as an elite group violated it.

Chapter Assessment

486

Terms, People, and PlacesChoose the italicized term in parentheses that best com-pletes each sentence.1. The Allies tried to regain access to (Alsace and Lorraine/the

Dardanelles) in the Battle of Gallipoli.2. After the first battle of the Marne, the war on the Western

Front turned into a/an (entente/stalemate) until 1918.3. The British blockade kept both (contraband/conscription) and

goods like food and clothing from reaching Germany.4. Both sides used (reparations/propaganda) to influence public

opinion as a part of total war.5. After World War I, parts of the Middle East became (soviets/

mandates) of Britain and France.6. Lenin wanted to set up a “dictatorship of the (Fourteen

Points/proletariat)” in Russia.

Main IdeasSection 1 (pp. 454–459)7. How did the alliance system that developed in the early

1900s help cause World War I?

Section 2 (pp. 460–465)8. Describe trench warfare.9. How did technology affect the way the war was fought?

Section 3 (pp. 467–471)10. What nation joined the Allied war effort in 1917? What

nation dropped out of the war in 1918? How did these two changes affect the war?

Section 4 (pp. 472–476)11. How did the Treaty of Versailles punish Germany?

Section 5 (pp. 477–483)12. How did World War I contribute to the collapse of the Russian

monarchy?13. How did the Bolsheviks take power in Russia?

Chapter Focus Question14. What caused World War I and the Russian Revolution, and

what effect did they have on world events?

Critical Thinking15. Geography and History What role did geography play in

Germany’s war plans?16. Synthesize Information Describe how World War I was a

global war.

● Writing About History

Writing a Cause-and-Effect Essay World War I was a definitive event of the 1900s. Write an essay in which you analyze the causes and effects of an event that took place during the World War I era. Consider using one of the following topics: Archduke Francis Ferdinand’s assassination or Russia’s March Revolution.

Prewriting• Choose the topic listed above that interests you

most, or choose another topic that appeals to you.

• Consider multiple causes and immediate and long-term effects of the event you’ve chosen. Create a cause-and-effect chart to identify your essay’s most important points.

Drafting• Develop a thesis and find information to support it.• Choose an organizational structure for your essay.• Write an introduction, several body paragraphs, and a

conclusion. State the cause-and-effect relationship you are focusing on clearly in your introduction, and follow up your points in the conclusion.

Revising• As you review your essay, make sure that each body

paragraph supports or develops the cause-and-effect relationship you laid out in your thesis statement.

• Use the guidelines for revising your essay on page SH12 of the Writing Handbook.

17. Analyze Visuals How did the poster above appeal to the emotions of its intended audience?

18. Draw Inferences What do you think Woodrow Wilson meant by “peace without victory”? Why do you think the European Allies were unwilling to accept this idea?

19. Make Comparisons In what ways did Soviet communism conform to the teachings of Marx? In what ways did it differ?

_ _ _ _ g y, y ,

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487

Document-Based Assessment

■

To help students understand the docu-ments on this page, give them the fol-lowing

TIP:

Write down the main idea of each graph or quote as you study it.

■

To provide students with further practice in answering Document-Based Assessment Questions, go to

Document-Based Assessment,

pp. 80–94

■

If students need more instruction on analyzing graphic data, have them read the

Skills Handbook,

p. SH30.

Answers

1.

A

2.

C

3.

B

4.

Responses should show a clear understanding of how the United States’ military contributions, both on land and on sea, financial support, and morale boost helped the Allies triumph over the Central Powers. They also should use specific evidence from the documents and the chapter to support their conclusions.

●

Writing About History

As students begin the assignment, refer them to page SH10 of the

Writing Handbook

for help in writing a cause-and-effect essay. Remind them of the steps they should take to complete their assign-ment, including prewriting, drafting, and revising. For help in revising, remind them to use the guide-lines on page SH12 of the

Writing Handbook.

Students’ cause-and-effect essays should state the factors that caused the event they’ve written about and the effects that followed. They should be organized either in chronological order or order of relative importance, and should use supporting facts and details to illustrate causes and effects. For scor-ing rubrics for writing assignments see

Assessment Rubrics,

p. 8.

Document-Based Assessment

The United States Enters the WarThe entry of the United States into the war in April 1917 was a turning point in World War I. The documents below describe differ-ent ways that the United States affected the war.

Document A

Document C

Winston Churchill, who served in Britain’s navy and army during World War I, wrote about the effect American troops had on their tired Allies.

“The impression made upon the hard-pressed French by this seemingly inexhaustible flood of gleaming youth in its first maturity of health and vigour was prodigious [amazing]. None were under twenty, and few were over thirty . . . the French Headquarters were thrilled with the impulse of new life. . . . Half trained, half organized, with only their courage, their numbers and their magnificent youth behind their weapons, they were to buy their experience at a bitter price. But this they were quite ready to do.“

Document D

Analyzing DocumentsUse your knowledge of World War I and Documents A, B, C, and D to answer questions 1–4.

1. How would you describe the arrival of American troops in Europe in 1918?A slow at first, but rapid after MarchB steady throughout the yearC rapid at first, but slow after MarchD No American troops arrived in Europe in 1918.

2. How did the United States navy help break Germany’s sub-marine blockade of Britain?A by completely destroying the German submarine fleetB by finding new routes around the German submarine fleetC by strengthening the convoysD by sending supplies to France rather than Britain

3. Based on Document C, how did Churchill feel about American soldiers?A They were experienced, but had a poor attitude towards

the war.B They were energetic and willing to fight, although not

experienced.C They were well-trained and energetic.D They were neither energetic nor experienced.

4. Writing Task How did the United States help bring about the Allied victory in 1918? Use your knowledge of World War I and specific evidence from the documents to support your points.

American Soldiers Arrive in Europe, 1918

2,400,0002,000,0001,600,0001,200,000

800,000400,000

0Jan. Mar. May July Sept. Nov.

Month in 1918

Num

ber

of t

roop

s

SOURCE: The First World War: An Eyewitness History, Joe H. Kirchberger

Loans From the United States to Allies

5

4

3

2

1

0Britain France Italy

Country

Loan

s (in

bill

ions

of d

olla

rs)

SOURCE: The End of the European Era, 1890 to the Present,Felix Gilbert and David Clay Large

Document B

“British shipping losses, especially since the declaration of unre-stricted submarine warfare, had risen dangerously. . . . But the entry of the United States into the war made the German sub-marine warfare an evident failure, because thereafter the num-ber of ships convoyed and the number of ships protecting the convoys was increased steadily. Convoys of ships transporting food, war materials, and troops arrived safely in Britain, and the rate of shipping construction soon exceeded the rate of loss.“

—From The End of the European Era, 1890 to the Present,by Felix Gilbert and David Clay Large

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