Westward Expansionand

Imperialism

U.S. Presidents, 1877-Present

Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-1881James Garfield, 1881Chester Arthur, 1881-1885Grover Cleveland, 1885-1889Benjamin Harrison, 1889-1993Grover Cleveland, 1993-1997William McKinley, 1897-1901Theodore Roosevelt, 1901-1909William H. Taft, 1909-1913Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1921Warren Harding, 1921-1923Calvin Coolidge, 1923-1929Herbert Hoover, 1929-1933

Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933-1945Harry Truman, 1945-1953Dwight Eisenhower, 1953-1961John F. Kennedy, 1961-1963Lyndon Johnson, 1963-1969Richard Nixon, 1969-1974Gerald Ford, 1974-77Jimmy Carter, 1977-1981Ronald Reagan, 1981-1989George H.W. Bush, 1989-1993William J. Clinton, 1993-2001George W. Bush, 2001-present

Gary Gerstle on American nationalism

• Civic nationalism - inclusive, draws on American democracy

• Racial nationalism - denies the ability of non-white races to assimilate into American society

• Theodore Roosevelt represents the “divided” character of American nationalism that combined both

• What about Jacob Riis?

Westward Expansion

• 14 new states created after the Civil War

• Homestead Act of 1862 facilitated land settlement

• Male violent culture exaggerated in the movies (44 shootings 1877-1883)

• mid-1880s buffalo herds destroyed

• 1887 Dawes Act grants citizenship and land ownership to Indians

• As a result Indians tribes lose 86 out of 130 million acres between 1887-1934

• 1890 census could not locate a frontier line where population was fewer than 2 people per square mile

• Historian Frederick Jackson Turner declared “the end of the frontier”

Westward Expansion > The Battle of Little Bighorn, 1875

Westward Expansion > The Battle of Little Bighorn, 1875

Westward Expansion > Sioux drawing of the battle of Little Bighorn

Westward Expansion > Custer’s last stand, painting

Westward Expansion > The Battle of Wounded Knee, 1890

Westward Expansion > Ghost dance, painting

Westward Expansion > Ghost dance, painting

Westward Expansion > Frederick Remington, first moments of the battle

Westward Expansion > Frederick Remington, another illustration

Westward Expansion > Frederick Remington, another illustration

Imperialism > Spanish-American War, 1898

Imperialism > USS Maine in Havana, 1898

Imperialism > William Randolph Hearst newspapers promoted Spanish-American War, 1898

Imperialism > A Fleet Steaming up North River, 1898

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are needed to see this picture.

Imperialism > Teddy Roosevelt’s “Rough Riders,” photo

Imperialism > Teddy Roosevelt’s “Rough Riders,” painting

Imperialism > Teddy Roosevelt’s “Rough Riders,” painting depicts no black troops

Imperialism > Spanish-American War gravesite

Imperialism > Philippine-American War, 1898-1902

Imperialism > Rudyard Kipling’s “The White Man’s Burden”

Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.

Take up the White Man's burden! Have done with childish days-- The lightly-proffered laurel, The easy ungrudged praise: Comes now, to search your manhood Through all the thankless years, Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers.

Imperialism > “The White Man’s Burden,” Judge, 1890s

Imperialism > Occupation as an educational project

Imperialism > President William McKinley “civilizing” Filipinos

Anti-Imperialism > The Anti-Imperialist League

• Founded in 1898 in Boston

• Branches in New York, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Chicago, and other cities

• Among the founders:Jane Addams, founder of Hull HouseSamuel Gompers, labor leaderGrover Cleveland, former PresidentAndrew Carnegie, steel magnateIda B. Wells-Barnett, anti-lynching reformer and co-founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP, founded in 1909)

• Mark Twain was the League’s Vice-President from 1901 to 1910

Anti-Imperialism > Mark Twain as a savage