Western Invasion by Zebra and Quagga Mussels in North America
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Western Invasion by Zebra and Quagga Mussels
in North America
Western Invasion by Zebra and Quagga Mussels
in North America
David K. Britton, Ph.D.U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
David K. Britton, Ph.D.U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
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Two Invading SpeciesTwo Invading Species
Zebra MusselsDriessena polymorpha
Zebra MusselsDriessena polymorpha
Quagga Mussels Driessena rostriformis bugensis
Quagga Mussels Driessena rostriformis bugensis
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BiologyBiology• Genus Dreissena has seven species• Two are invasive in North America
– Freshwater Bivalve Mollusks (clam)– Adults about 1 inch long– Highly variable coloration patterns, generally with dark & light
stripes– Filter Feeder– Extremely Prolific
• Females can release over 100,000 eggs per year
– Live about 4 -5 years– Planktonic as larvae– Generally sessile as adults
• Genus Dreissena has seven species• Two are invasive in North America
– Freshwater Bivalve Mollusks (clam)– Adults about 1 inch long– Highly variable coloration patterns, generally with dark & light
stripes– Filter Feeder– Extremely Prolific
• Females can release over 100,000 eggs per year
– Live about 4 -5 years– Planktonic as larvae– Generally sessile as adults
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Physiological TolerancesPhysiological TolerancesZebra Quagga
Salinity < 5 ‰ < 5 ‰
Temperature < 30 C < 28 C
pH 7.4 - 9.5 7.4 - 9.5
Calcium > 25 mg/L > 25 mg/L
Emersion Minutes to weeks Minutes to weeks
Depth Surface to 100 m Surface to >100 m
Oxygen > 25% air sat. (>2 mg/L)
More tolerant
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Life CycleLife Cycle• Planktonic Larval Stage (veliger)
Generally Sessile (non-motile) as Adults• Planktonic Larval Stage (veliger)
Generally Sessile (non-motile) as Adults
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AdultsAdults• Adults attach to any hard surfaces with
byssal threads
• Typically forming dense clusters
• Adults attach to any hard surfaces with byssal threads
• Typically forming dense clusters
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EncrustationEncrustation
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Native RangeNative Range
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Initial DiscoveryInitial Discovery
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Trailered BoatsTrailered Boats
• Mussels can attach to weeds that can be carried by boats and trailers
• Bilge, bait and live wells can carry mussel larvae
• Mussels can attach to hulls and anchor chains
• Mussels can attach to weeds that can be carried by boats and trailers
• Bilge, bait and live wells can carry mussel larvae
• Mussels can attach to hulls and anchor chains
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Desiccation ResistanceDesiccation Resistance
• Zebra mussels can live out of water for more than two weeks under ideal conditions– High humidity– Low Temperatures
• Zebra mussels can live out of water for more than two weeks under ideal conditions– High humidity– Low Temperatures
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Impacts & ConsequencesImpacts & Consequences
• Environmental damage– Habitat alteration– Food web disruption– Impacts to native species
– Native Mussels» All but gone in St. Clair &
Western Lake Erie» Up to 10,000 zebra mussels
on a single unionid clam
• Environmental damage– Habitat alteration– Food web disruption– Impacts to native species
– Native Mussels» All but gone in St. Clair &
Western Lake Erie» Up to 10,000 zebra mussels
on a single unionid clam
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Impacts & ConsequencesImpacts & Consequences• Economic damage
– Industrial and raw water fouling• Municipal Water Supplies• Hydro-electric Stations• Fossil Fuel
Power plants
– Management & control costscan be in the millions or billions of dollarsannually
• Economic damage– Industrial and raw water fouling
• Municipal Water Supplies• Hydro-electric Stations• Fossil Fuel
Power plants
– Management & control costscan be in the millions or billions of dollarsannually
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Impacts & ConsequencesImpacts & Consequences
• Health Issues– Bioaccumulation
• Concentrate heavy metals and other contaminants
– Sharp shells = cut hands and feet
• Health Issues– Bioaccumulation
• Concentrate heavy metals and other contaminants
– Sharp shells = cut hands and feet
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SummarySummary
• Zebra and quagga mussels are among the worst aquatic nuisance species in North America
• The Invasions continues—although spread has been slow for a decade or so, the pace should quicken now that both species are in the west.
• Intentional transfer of infested waters to areas where natural sources of freshwater are scarce has spread invasive mussels quickly.
• Trailered boats will likely the primary overland vector into additional non-infested water systems in the West.
• Zebra and quagga mussels are among the worst aquatic nuisance species in North America
• The Invasions continues—although spread has been slow for a decade or so, the pace should quicken now that both species are in the west.
• Intentional transfer of infested waters to areas where natural sources of freshwater are scarce has spread invasive mussels quickly.
• Trailered boats will likely the primary overland vector into additional non-infested water systems in the West.