well logs for stratigraphic.docx

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Sequende stratigraphic correlation A-A (well-log section and corresponding seismic line) across

Korolev field


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Caption.- Fig 9 high-resolution sequence-straatigraphic correlation between the

Noivaux, Roche de Mars, Gorges du Pichoux, and Pry-Reuchenette sections


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Cretaceous Strtatigraphy-Northern North Sea


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Alberta Geological Survey


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Chapter 11: Sequende Stratigraphy by Roger m Slatt


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K-bentonite beds near the Ordovician-Silutian boundary,


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Lithostratigraphic Cross section across Prudhoe Bay Field, Alaska


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The Textural Analysis research Team


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@yahoo


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Use of well logs forsequencestratigraphic interpretation of the

subsurface
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The following pages are focused on the use of well logs tobuildsequences stratigraphic models ofdepositional systems. For thisprocess well logs are primarily used to establish the grain size andthelithologyof the penetrated sediment.

The bestsequence stratigraphic modelsof the sedimentary fillofbasins are provided by a combination of seismic data, well logs andcores and outcrop studies in conjunction withbiostratigraphy. Thecores and well logs and outcrop studies provide access to a detailed

vertical resolution of sedimentary sections while seismic and outcropstudies provide thelateral continuityto thesequence stratigraphicframeworkand thebiostratigraphyprovides the time constraints. Allthese differentsequencestratigraphic techniques can be usedindependently of each other to produce accurate interpretations of thedepositional histories of the sedimentary fill of abasinbut the bestmodels come from a mix of all three.

How well logs are used to interpretsequence stratigraphyIn the use ofsequence stratigraphythe interpretations are best

determined when well logs are tied to biostratigraphic markers. Usingthese two in combination one can:

Identify, match and tiesequencestratigraphic surfacesInterpret the stacking patterns of the vertical

sedimentarysequences

The character of electric logs of wells that penetrate clastics oftenreflect changes in grains size and so are easier to use in this process,while the logs of wells that penetratecarbonates often should becalibrated with cores, sincecarbonates are more susceptible to
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diagenesis and their change in character may be affected by morethan changes in grain size. The sections that follow initally focus on thewell log response to shallow water clastics and then move on to theirresponse to shallow watercarbonates.

At the start of aninterpretation ofsequence

stratigraphyusing welllogs one must first identifythe predominant

ofsequencestratigraphicsurfaces. The MOSTimportant ofthesesurfaces, and theFIRST that should beidentified when using logs,

aremaximum floodingsurfaces (mfs)andtransgressive surfaces (TS). These coincide and are correlatedwith radioactive shales (use of thegamma log) that are interpreted tohave been deposited across relatively flatsurfaces.Once the mfs andTS are established and tied, then thesequenceboundaries(SB) ofbothcarbonateand clastic sedimentary systems are identified. Thesewill tend to lie directly beneath the sand sized sediment fill ofdepressions on eroded and incisedsurfacesand over theprogradingclinoforms of high standsystems tracts (HST).

Well logs used to interpret shallow water clasticsequence stratigraphy
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In both clastics andcarbonates the second and often co-incident stepin the interpretation of well logs and cores is the useofparasequencestacking patterns(the vertical occurrence ofrepeatedcycles of coarsening or fining upwards sediment) of toidentify thelowstand systems tracts(LST),parasequencecyclicstacking patternsare commonly identifiedon the basis of variations in grain size and when these fine upwardsare indicated by triangles whose apex is up while those that coarsenupwards are indicated by inverted triangles whose apex is down. Theexample presented in the above diagram catches the essence of theresponse of shallow water clastics responding to a fall and rise inbaseleveland the incision and fill of the shelf margin during thiscycle.

The repeatedstacking patternsfor LSTcycles are: -

cyclicfill of incised depressions that tend to fine upward.cyclicsand to shale bodies ofbasinfloor fans that tend to fine

and thinupward.cyclicsand to shale bodies of shelf marginclinoforms that tend

to coarsen and thickenupward.

The repeatedstacking patternsfor TSTcycles are: -

Regressivecyclicshale to sand bodies of that tend to coarsenand thinupward.
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of clastic andcarbonatesediments from continental, marginalmarine,basin margins and down-slope settings of basins. Theframeworksurfacesthat bound and subdivide thestratawere oftengenerated during changes inrelative sea leveland formed duringassociated deposition and erosion. The template ofsurfaces,becausethe origin of thesurfacesis understood, can be used to interpret thedepositional origin and predict the heterogeneity, extent and character

of thelithofacies.The interpretation is better and predictions of localand regionalstratigraphymore accurate when thesequencestratigraphicframework is integrated with an understanding of:

Steno's Laws of sedimentaccumulationWalther's Law of the vertical and lateral equivalence of

sedimentsThe chronology of the sectionSedimentary structures

The major problem withsequence stratigraphyis that the definition,terminology and interpretation of thesurfacesofsequencestratigraphyis complex and sometimes contentious. In an attempt tocircumnavigate this, the site places a heavy dependence on theexplanation ofterminologylinked pop-up boxes so as to clarify theunderstanding and use of this discipline ofstratigraphy.

Bounding surfacesofsequence stratigraphy

The key tosequence stratigraphyare the major bounding andsubdividingsurfacesof the sedimentary section (see the banner imageabove). These are commonly generated by the changingrelative sealevel.Since the oceans were first generated, their water volume anddistribution across the globe has varied. Changes in ocean watervolume are mostly in response to the presence or absence ofcontinental glaciation and the changing temperature of the oceans.The consequent variation of the relative position the sea has beenrecorded in the marine sedimentary strata of the global stratigraphicsection from the Pre-Cambrian to the Present. Relative rises in sea

level may occur wheneustasy,world wide sea level, rises or localcrustal movement causes the substrate to subside. Theassociatedtransgressions cause the shore and the near-shore to beflooded formingtransgressive surfaces (TS). When the rate of sealevel rise reaches its most rapid change, the rate of sedimentaccumulating seaward of the shore slows but the pelagic and benthicorganic matter continues to accumulate. These organics sequesterradioactive elements in the water column. The result is the sedimentshave a strong radioactive signal on gamma logs withmatchingcondensed sections of fossils that accumulated on a surfaceor in a thin zone which is known as themaximum flooding
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trata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=15&3http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=15&3http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=15&3http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=15&3http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?&pageid=15&3


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surface(mfs). In contrast, a drop in sea level may cause the shoreand the near-shore to be eroded, formingsequenceboundaries(SB).

Sequence stratigraphic interpretative analysis thus involves identifyingthe subdividing surfaces enveloping discrete sediment bodygeometries of the sedimentary section. The interpreter thenconceptually reverses the order of deposition by back-stripping the

geometries from oldest to youngest and then reassembles these inorder of accumulation, using as a template the subdividing surfaces,lithofacies geometry, and fauna to interpret the evolving character ofdepositional setting. The reassembly tracks the evolution of thesedimentary system, its hydrodynamic setting,andaccommodation(seeBasin Clastic Sequence Hierachiesforsuch a reassembly).

The back-stripping and analysis is aided by the subdivision of the

sequence stratigraphic section on the basis of major depositional anderosional surfaces alluded to above. There are a variety of elementssubdivided by the surfaces and their hierarchy from low frequency tohigh frequency includes:

SequencesSystems tractParasequencesand/orcyclesBedsetsBeds

As these sediments are reassembled, the genetic character of thesequences, systems tracts, parasequences, and beds will be seen asproducts of changes in accommodation. A limit to this analyticalstrategy is often the extent of ones understanding of the inferreddepositional setting. The advantage of the strategy is it considers newquestions, leading to more realistic interpretations and enhancedpredictions of lithofacies heterogeneity's. Thus the sequencestratigraphic framework is used to analyze and explain how

sedimentary rocks acquire their layered character, lithology, texture,faunal associations and other properties. These properties in turn canbe used to explain how the mechanisms of sediment accumulation,erosion and inter-related processes produced the current configurationof these rocks.The sequence stratigraphic approach recommended on this web sitefor the interpretation of sedimentary rocks contrasts with:

Lithostratigraphic analysis which maps lithofacies independentof subdividing external and internal boundaries
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Allostratigraphic analysis that identifies and includes as timemarkers bounding discontinuities including erosionsurfaces,marine flooding surfaces, and markers that includetuffs,tempestites, and/orturbiditeboundaries etc., butconsiders these as independent of any model ofbaselevelchange

Analyses based onsequencestratigraphyapplyallostratigraphic models to interpret the depositionalorigin of these sedimentary strata but in contrast assumes, though thisis not always stated, an implicit connection torelative sea levelorbaselevelchange.

Neils Stenoand Johannes WaltherSteno andWalther's contributions to sedimentary interpretation and

sosequence stratigraphywere profound. Steno established the orderand the way sediments were laid down. Hisprinciple ofsuperpositionrecognized that older sedimentary layers underlie thenewer layers. Hisprinciple of original horizontality recorded howsediments are deposited to fill a basal irregular surface enclosedabove by a smooth surface. His principle oflateral continuityproposedlayers of sediment are continuous till they pinch out, or a barrierprevents their further spread during deposition, or subsequent abruptchanges in the landscape break up the sediment layers. Waltherthenrecognized that as depositional settings change their lateral position

and fillaccommodation,so the sedimentary facies of adjacentdepositional settings succeed one another as a verticalsequence.

Stacking Patternsand GeometriesTo establish the depositional setting of the sedimentary section,sequence stratigraphy uses the geometric arrangement of sedimentaryfill, particularly the vertical succession of sedimentary faciesgeometries and their enveloping surfaces known asstacking satterns.The geometries and so stacking patterns of un-cemented carbonatesand clastics are similar. This is because both respond to changes inbase level, both can be subdivided by similar surfaces and bothrespond to wave and current movement similarly and may betransported.

Never the less major differences in the sequence stratigraphy of thetwo sediments exist. All clastics are transported to their depositionalresting place while carbonates are produced and accumulate "in situ".Rates of carbonate production are linked to photosynthesis, so aredepth dependent with rates greatest close to the air/sea interface. This

means that carbonate facies and their fabrics are often used asindicators of sea level position. Additionally rates of carbonate
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accumulation often have a biochemical and physicochemical origin thatis influenced by the chemistry of the water from which they areprecipitated.Stacking patternsof both sediments are expressed bygeometric bodies that may be:

Unconfined by topographyConfined within eroded topography.

Stacking patternsfor both clastics and carbonates that are the productofphysical accommodationvary between:

Unconfined sheets that:oPrograde (step seaward) asoRetrograde(step landward)oAggrade (build vertically)

Unconfined prograding carbonate sheets that are the productofphysical accommodationare further subdivided below into:

oLow angle rampsof fine shallow-water carbonate that indeeper-water pass to gravels

oHomoclinal rampsof fine shallow-water carbonateoDistally steepened rampsof shallow-water grain-

dominated carbonate

Unconfined carbonate platform sheet geometries formedwithecological accommodationform

oFlat-topped open shelves with moderate shallow-waterecological accommodation

oReef-rimmed platformwith highest shallow-waterecological accommodation

oMassive steep to cliffed marginswith maximum shallow-waterecological accommodation

Confined bodies represented by fill of Incised topography include

Subaerial incised valleysSubmarine incised valleys

Channel fill and stackingof confining valleys, unconfined lobes andsheets may be expressed as:

Organized bodiesDisorganized bodiesMulti-storied

Amalgamated
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Other Stratigraphic Tools Utilized withSequence StratigraphyPrediction and interpretation improves not only when sequencestratigraphy is coupled to the Laws ofSteno andWaltherbut when tiedto indicators of deposition and time. Indicators of depositional settinginclude:

Ichnofaciesand fossilsSedimentary structuresVolcanicsStorm layers ortempestitesSequence stratigraphic boundaries

Chronostratigraphicmarkers include:

FossilsMagneto-stratigraphicRadioactive markers or gamma ray log signalRadioactive

markers or gamma ray log signalRadiometric markers

TerminologyThough the linkage between the sequence stratigraphy and the othersub-disciplines of stratigraphy can be fuzzy these links are importantto prediction and interpretation. A key problem to strengthing theseslinks is not only that the terminology of sequence stratigraphy carries

connotations related to the interpretation of the surfaces used tointerpret the stratigraphic section but also a consideration ofsedimentology and chronostratigraphy. How the terminology is definedand used and/or fits preconceived classifications is tied to thecharacter of the data and stratigraphic techniques used. In the end it isup to the user to consider their data, and the goals of theirinterpretations. They should be able to explain their choice of termsand then make their interpretation!

Use of the Over Simplification of time as it relates to sequence

stratigraphyAs is explained in the pages that follow, using the above approachgeologists infer the processes responsible for that sedimentary rockand so interpret its origin. The sedimentary layering of a stratigraphicsection has a vast array of dimensional hierarchies. These range fromunits millimeters thick that might be formed over seconds to thousandsof feet thick and formed of millions of years. As much of the literaturerelated to these surfaces indicates, it should be recognized thatwhatever the dimension of a layer is and whatever the time involved inits deposition, each layer is bounded by surfaces that transgress time(Wheeler, (1958); Middleton, (1973); Vail et al (1977); Galloway,
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(1989); Catuneanu, et al, (1998); Schwarzacher, (2000); Catuneanu,(2002); Embry, (2002); Cross, and Lessenger, (submitted)). Thismeans an interpretation of the depositional setting for a section cut bythese diachronous surfaces contravenes Walther's Law. Mostinterpreters accept and take into consideration that the layered unitsbounded by these surfaces formed at different times, and recognizethat the subdividing surfaces are of a higher order frequency than the

time envelope of the parasequence being considered. In other wordsthe situation is simplified when the surfaces are taken to representinstances in time between which sediments continuously accumulated.Thus the surfaces of the layers transgress time and the sedimentsfilling between these surfaces also transgress time while beingcontinuously reworked through a series of geological events.

Figure - Hierarchy of sedimentary structures:

A - Flaser structures from an intertidal flat setting in which the individual

components probably accumulated over minutes but the whole section may

represent tidal cycles over months (Bar Scale - 2 cm)B - Cross bedded Ordovician carbonates from a beach or nearshore shallow shoal

setting that probably represent accumulation and reworking over several yearsC - Flat bedded Mississippian downslope siliciclastic fan deposits; each bed of

which may have accumulated over a period of hours, though the whole section

encompasses potentially hundreds of thousands of years (bar scale - 1m)

Thus it should be recognized that in sedimentary interpretation theapplication ofSteno's principlesandWalther's Law provide powerfuland useful simplifications that assume the sediments packaged bysurfaces accumulated within discrete moments of time. If one thinksabout this, these simplifications don't contravene logic (which is literallyFuzzy) and aid in the interpretation of the sedimentary section. The

above discussion provides a general introduction to the subdivision ofthe sedimentary section by the surfaces listed above and their
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relationship to base level change. For for a more complete andthorough discussion of this topic you should read Catuneanu (2002).

Introduction to the Web SiteThis Web Site explains:

1. How to make sequence stratigraphic interpretations of sedimentarysections:

Subdivide of these sectionsintosequences, parasequences &/or theirassociatedsystems tracts

Determine their depositional setting Characterize and predict of the extent of their

lithofacies, particularly when associated withhydrocarbon reservoirs, and aquifers.

2. The use of:

2-Dand 3-D seismic sectionso Well log datao Outcrops

to identify and correlate surfaces of:

erosion and non-deposition (sequenceboundaries[SB])

transgressive surfaces[TS] maximum flooding surfaces[mfs]

3. How the above surfaces have time significance and establish:

a relative time framework for the sedimentarysuccession

the inter-relationship of the depositional settings

and their lateral correlation a compartmentalization of hydrocarbon

reservoirs

In summary this web site explains how "Sequence Stratigraphy" canbe used to study sedimentary rock relationships within a time-stratigraphic framework of repetitive, genetically related strata boundedby surfaces of erosion or non-deposition, or theircorrelative conformity(Posamentier et al., 1988; Van Wagoner et al., 1988).

Sequence Stratigraphy of Depositional SystemsThis site provides an overview of both modern and ancient depositional
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systems in terms of their sequence stratigraphy and their character.These systems include:

Clastic SystemsoMarine: Barrier island Coasts; Deltaic systems;

Deepwater Fans; Deepwater basinsoContinental: Glacial; Aeolian; Alluvial Fans; Braided

Streams; Coarse and fine grained fluvial systems;Lacustrian

Carbonate Systems: Inner carbonate shelf; Outer CarbonateShelf and Margins; Deepwater carbonates

Using the sidebar menu you can select topics insequencestratigraphyand access exercises related to this. You should be ableto learn how to subdivide the sedimentary section into packagesdefined by boundingunconformities and internal surfaces. You will beable to see howsequences, parasequences and theirassociatedsystems tractsare the products of changes inrelative sealevel and rates of sedimentation. The various forms of sequencestratigraphic analyses outlined include the use of seismic cross-sections, well logs and outcrop studies of sedimentary rocks to inferchanges ofrelative sea level and rates of sedimentation. You will beshown how to construct chronostratigrapic diagrams and also be showhow to predict facies geometries and build depositional models using avariety of techniques!

Later in the section on theBasics of Sequence Stratigraphyyou will beintroduced to the details of how systems tracts respond to changingbase level. However as a preview you can trace clastic systems tractevolution through time in the linked movie!
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Preamble

Value ofsequence stratigraphybuilt from well logsInterpretations that use well logs forsequence stratigraphyshould betied tobiostratigraphyso they can be used to correlate and analyzesedimentary rocks from the perspective of geologic time. Well logslend themselves to the detailed reconstructions of paleogeography andthe generation of high frequency stratigraphic models that predict thedistribution of sedimentary facies, particularly those associated withaquifers, sediment bound ore bodies, and hydrocarbon reservoirs, theirsource rocks and seals.

This page is worked around a streamed lecture on . OtherStreamedWeb Based Lecturesonsequence stratigraphycan be accessed byclicking on the highlighted text.
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A rapidrelative sea level riseabove the shelf margin occurswheneustasybegins to rise rapidly, exceeding the effects ofany tectonic uplift

Condensed sequencesare often composed of sediment layersrich in the tests of fauna that are no longer masked bysedimentaccumulationbecause sedimentation rates arevery slow in response to the greater area of sea floor

exposed to sedimentationRavinement erosion surfaceformed when the transgressing

sea reworks either the priorsequence boundaryor thesediments that may have collected during theforcedregressionthat may have followed the generation ofthatsequence boundary.

Maximum flooding surfaceforms when the last fine-grainedwidespread transgressive sediment collects before the highstand builds out over it.

Highstand systems tractis associated with:

Slow rise ofrelative sea levelfollowed by a slow fall;essentially a still stand ofbase levelwhen the slowerrateeustaticchange balances that of tectonic motion

Sediment outpacing loss ofaccommodationRiver profiles stabilizeRiver valleys are dispersed laterally in a position landward of

the shelf margin.

Prograding highstandclinoforms develop capped byaggradingtopsets that become thinner upward.

To viewcarbonates and clastics with different inputs we refer you tothe Quick Time movies on our page.

he modules below are tied to lectures, movies and exercisesaccessible from this web site for professional, academic andeducational purposes. They are organized in systematic order forpersons with little understanding of so they improve vocabulary,

understanding and experience. Initial materials and exercises areintroductory but later modules are more sophisticated and challenging.Completion of the modules provides an understanding of so studies ofwell, seismic and outcrop data lead to mature interpretations of thesedimentary sections. The last item listed at the base of the page arelinks to exercises put together by Fred Schroeder of ExxonMobil on theapplication fo geology and geophysics to exploration.

If you need immediate access click here for the listing ofprintableexercise images and exercise solutionsbut if you want to
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know more about the exercises it is better to retrieve them from themodules listed below.

Introduction - Rational forSequenceStratigraphic ExercisesEarth scientists characterizing reservoirs and exploring forhydrocarbons incarbonateand/or clastic use asequence stratigraphicframeworkof layers, that coupled to their character and origin is now at

the heart of reservoir modeling. The identification of the appropriatelayering geometry is crucial to the construction of 3D explorationmodels and static reservoir model reservoir models. Needless to saythe blind rote application of the rules ofsequence stratigraphywithoutunderstanding ofdepositional systems can be a disaster waiting tohappen. This is because the resulting stratigraphic grid becomes thetemplate for distribution of clastic and/orcarbonatefacies, theirdiagenetic alterations, their associated petrophysical properties, andfinal input for engineering models for flow simulation. Poor clastic

and/orcarbonatemodels are often the result of misunderstanding ofthe rules and terminology ofsequence stratigraphyas well as theprinciples and workflows for building stochastic models.

The exercises below should help those who build reservoir andexploration models and should clarify the rules ofsequencestratigraphyfor clastic and/orcarbonatesettings. This site, with itsexercises, lectures, and descriptive text, can be used to retrieve criticalreservoir for professionals while teaching principles ofsequencestratigraphybased reservoir characterization to novitiates. The

accompanying text on the site ties relevant data including images, textlinks, and movies of sedimentary simulations.

Concepts

Before starting the exercises you might wish to view the followingsections on line.

Introduction to Sequence Stratigraphy:the criticalstratigraphicsurfacesused insequence stratigraphywith their relationship to the

exercises briefly outlined.

Basics:Introduction tosequence stratigraphywith a Real Timelecture describing the ideal sequence'of Vail et al 1977 and itsassociated terminology.

Clastic Sequence Hierarchies:uses a movie to show the clasticsedimentary response to changing sea level and rates ofsedimentation focusing on the hierachies of geometry found in

clasticsequences.
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Mixed Carbonate & Clastic Basin:a movie of the fill of a sidedsedimentarybasinwithcarbonateand clastic sediment reviewed.

Carbonate Sequence Hierarchies:examines the hierarchy of scalesexpressed bycarbonatestrataand provides movies that track the fillofbasins and shelves bycarbonatesediment

Exercises

The paradigms ofsequence stratigraphythat the exercises teachinclude:sequence stratigraphyprovides a framework that subdivides thesedimentary section into geometric packages bounded byunconformities and internalsurfaces Sedimentary geometries enclosed by this framework are related tochanges inbase level(sea level and/or tectonic movement) and ratesof sedimentation

The extent and character of sedimentary geometries can be predictedsequence stratigraphyhas economic implications in that it can beused to make predictions as to the extent and character of the rockscontaining hydrocarbon and water resources The best of interpretations are preferably made with a tie betweenlocal outcrops, local wells and local seismic. If one or two of these data sources are missing the resulting modelsmay be diminished by their absence. Outcrop studies of sedimentary rocks are used to predict the

continuity and extent of theirlithologyand provide an even moredetailed understanding of thelithologyof these geometries. Seismic cross-sections can provide regional control on thegeometries ofsequences Well logs can be used to determine thelithologyof these geometries

The exercises using outcrops indicate how: Outcrops are the ultimate ground truth to the correlationofparasequences Majorsurfacesthat includetransgressive surfaces (TS),maximum

flooding surfaceaximumflooding surfaces (mfs),andsequenceboundaries(SB) facilitate this correlation.stacking patternsofparasequences help determine the continuity ofthe reservoir quality & depositional setting of the sediments theybound. The high-frequency "cycle"or "parasequence"is the smallest set ofgenetically related facies deposited during a single base-levelcycle.cycleboundariesmark the turnaround from base-level fall to base-level rise (a period of time during which sea level rises from a

highstand position, through a lowstand, and returns to a highstand).cycles can be mapped across multiplefacies tractsand include
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multiplevertical facies successions(VFS) and chronostratigraphicunits (Kerans & Tinker, 1997 and Mitchum & Van Wagoner, 1991). The commonestparasequenceis the shoaling upwardcycle,withfiner deeper water facies at their base and coarser better-sorted faciestowards their top.parasequence set; parasequence sets identified in outcrop can beused to identify potential acquifers, aquicludes, hydrocarbon source

rocks, reservoirs and seals.

The exercises using well log character Correlateparasequence set; parasequence sets at the scale of feetto tens of feet Determine the depositional setting of the component sytems tracts Determine thesequence stratigraphyof the section being studiedparasequences are identified and correlated from well log character,particularly when planktonic or palynologicbiostratigraphyare

available. The resultingparasequences are often at the same scale as thecomponents of local hydrocarbon reservoirs Find, map and exploit these reservoirs more effectively by relatingthem toeustaticevents

The exercises using seismic cross-section display how To determine thesequence stratigraphyof abasinfromdiscontinuitysurfacesthat coincide with seismic reflectorterminations Thosesurfacesthat form thesequenceboundariesare correlated

The enveloped sytems tracts are correlated Bothsequenceboundariesand sytems tracts are traced from line toline to establish thesedimentary architectureof thebasinand infer theorigins of the sytems tractsclinoformgeometries can be used to show evidence of deltaswitching, slumping and migration and related to the shifting of thesource areas The effects of variable rates of sediment supply in the area of studycan be examined To determine evidence for widespread changes inbase level To locatebasinfloor fans,slope fans andincised valleys and findevidence to demonstrate that these latter were produced duringchanges inbase level.

Chronostratigraphy

1Exercise 1-chronostratigraphy: construction of achronostratigraphic chart with the support of a movie that tracks anevolving chronostratigraphic chart and the fill of the associated

sedimentarybasin.
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Outcrop sequence stratigraphy - carbonates

Introduction to Sequence Stratigraphy of Carbonates Sections -Miocene Carbonates of Mallorca, Spain:the first steps in the use ofmeasured sections to buildsequences stratigraphic modelsofcarbonateplatform and reefdepositional systems, using measuresections from the sea cliffs lining the south eastern shore of Mallorca.

Exercise 1 - Measured Sections at Cap Blanc- Cliffs of LateMiocene Reef Complex:introductiontocarbonatecycleidentification on the basis ofthecarbonatelithofacieswithin outcrops of the Llucmajorreef. Identification of a vertical set ofparasequencesandcycles within a measured section.

Exercise 2 - Measured Sections at Cap Blanc- Cliffs of LateMiocene Reef Complex:two to three measured sections are

correlated using a combination of predicted trajectoriesofparasequencestacking patternsin the Llucmajor reef,changes incarbonatefacies, and major tied from section tosection.

Exercise 3 - Measured Sections and Wells in the LlucmajorLate Miocene Reef Complex:correlation of wells andmeasured sections in the Llucmajor using predicted reeftrajectories to construct a regionalsequencestratigraphicinterpretation of facies geometries that involvelithofacies,majorsurfaces,andparasequences that tie them together.

Outcrop sequence stratigraphy - Clastics

Introduction to Sequence Stratigraphy of Clastic Sections - Book Cliffs,Utah:the first steps in the use of measured sections tobuildsequences stratigraphic models of clasticshorelinedepositionalsystems, using measure sections from the Book Cliffs in Utah.

Exercise 1 - Measured Section at Kennilworth - Book Cliffs,Utah:introduction toparasequenceidentification on the basis

of the lithologies within outcrops. One section is consideredand used to identify a vertical set ofparasequences within ameasured section.

Exercise 2 - Measured Sections at Panther, Kennilworth &Coal Canyons - Book Cliffs, Utah: three measured sectionsare correlated using a combination of changes in grain sizeand depositionals facies to identify themajor andparasequencestacking patternsthat are tied fromsection to section.

Exercise 3 - Measured Sections from Gilson Gulch to CoalCanyon - Book Cliffs, Utah:correlation of twelve measured
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