WELDINGABSTRACTS

The monthly abstracts journal for those seeking technical knowledge about welding and allied processes, and the science of joining

Welding Abstracts is the worlds most comprehensive abstracts journal in the field of welding technology, providing fast, exhaustive coverage of technical and business aspects of welding and allied processes, including brazing, thermal cutting, etc; equipment and materials; properties and testing involving such essential topics as fatigue, corrosion, and fracture mechanics; nondestructive testing and quality control; nuclear engineering and offshore and underwater operations; and, of general concern, codes and standards, education and training, and health and safety.

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The abstracts herein are intended to represent the contents of the original publications. All reasonable case is taken in abstracting and editing, but TWI can accept no liability in respect of any error or omission, or of any views expressed, which are those of the original authors, not of TWI.

Editorial StaffSheila Thomas (Editor)Margaret Connell

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Abstracts - layout explained iv

PROCESSES

01 ARC WELDING 102 RESISTANCE WELDING 903 ENERGY BEAM PROCESSES 1104 SOLID PHASE WELDING 1505 BRAZING 1606 SOLDERING 1807 OTHER JOINING PROCESSES 2008 THERMAL CUTTING 2809 SURFACING 2810 SPRAYING 3011 MICROJOINING 3412 ANCILLARY OPERATIONS 36

PRODUCTION

20 AUTOMATION AND ROBOTS 3721 COMPUTERS 3922 EFFICIENCY AND COSTS 3923 REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE 40

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

30 EQUIPMENT [FOR WELDING, ETC.] 4131 CONSUMABLES [FILLERS, FLUXES, GASES, ETC.] 4232 MATERIALS, GENERAL 44

PROPERTIES AND TESTING

40 TENSILE PROPERTIES, TOUGHNESS 4641 FATIGUE 4642 OTHER MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 4743 CORROSION 4844 WELDABILITY AND METALLURGY 5045 RESIDUAL STRESSES 5147 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING 5348 QUALITY CONTROL 53

MANUFACTURING AND CONSTRUCTION

50 NUCLEAR ENGINEERING 5551 OFFSHORE AND UNDERWATER OPERATIONS 5552 PIPES, PIPELINES AND VESSELS 5553 WELDED PRODUCTS 5754 WELDED STRUCTURES 58

GENERAL

60 CODES AND STANDARDS 5961 COMMERCIAL INFORMATION 6262 EDUCATION AND TRAINING 6263 HEALTH AND SAFETY 6364 MISCELLANEOUS 64

COMMERCIAL

70 WELDING INDUSTRY 65

AUTHOR INDEX 66

COMPANY INDEX 75

SUBJECT INDEX 76

Welding Abstracts Vol.24, No.12, December 2011

Contents

Weldasearch Numbers 249147 - 249519

Copyright 2011, TWI Ltd

01 ARC WELDING

See also abstracts: 03-249188, 03-249298, 03-249350, 03-249361,03-249399, 20-249330, 20-249332, 20-249348, 20-249453,22-249219, 22-249314, 22-249325, 23-249291, 23-249313,30-249166, 30-249246, 30-249310, 30-249318, 31-249389,31-249411, 32-249244, 40-249391, 43-249154, 44-249364,48-249390, 52-249441, 60-249228, 62-249486, 63-249238, 63-249385

*01-249148Argon-hydrogen shielding gas mixtures for activatingflux-assisted gas tungsten arc welding.HUANG H YMetallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol.41A, no.11.Nov.2010. pp.2829-2835. 8 fig., 1 tab., 39 ref. ISSNs: 1073-5623,1543-1940[in English]The effects of activating flux and shielding gas composition on weldsproduced in austenitic stainless steel by TIG welding wereinvestigated. An activating flux (30%TiO2, 25%SiO2, 25%Cr2O3,20%MoO3) consisting of powder (particle size 70-80 micrometres)dispersed uniformly with acetone (40:60 vol%) was manually appliedwith a brush to produce a layer (150 x 10 x 0.2 mm; 15 mg/squarecentimetre) on AISI 304 (0.06%C, 1.27%Mn, 18.4%Cr, 8.2%Ni)sheets (150 x 150 x 5 mm). Bead-on-plate welds were produced usingA-TIG welding (speed 75 mm/min; 2% thoriated tungsten electrode,shielding gas flow rate 20 l/min) with varying amount of hydrogen inthe shielding gas (Ar + 0.5-5%H2). A charged-coupled device camerasystem was used to observe the arc profile. The results of analyses ofcross sections of the welds are discussed with regard to weldmorphology, microstructures, arc profile, retained delta ferrite contentand angular distortion.

*01-249191Gas-tungsten arc welding [TIG welding] of magnesium alloys.LIU L MIn Book: Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys. Ed: L.M.Liu.Publ: Cambridge, CB21 6AH, UK; Woodhead Publishing Ltd; 2010.Part 2: Particular Welding and Joining Techniques. Chapter 11.pp.160-177. 18 fig., 3 tab., 29 ref. ISBNs: 9781845696924,9780857090423[in English] [See also Weldasearch 227775]The use of TIG welding of magnesium alloys, with and without fillerwire, is reviewed. Following an introduction that discusses the TIGwelding process, the application of TIG welding without filler wire tothe production of Mg alloy joints is described, addressing preparationfor welding, macrographic observation, microstructural observation,analysis and mechanical properties of the welded joints. The results ofTIG welding with filler are reported also, with discussion of thewelding parameters, the effect of these parameters on weld shape, andthe macro-morphology, microstructure and mechanical properties,which are compared with those of the autogenous TIG welded joints.

*01-249192Metal inert gas welding [MIG welding] of magnesium alloys.SONG GIn Book: Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys. Ed: L.M.Liu.Publ: Cambridge, CB21 6AH, UK; Woodhead Publishing Ltd; 2010.Part 2: Particular Welding and Joining Techniques. Chapter 12.pp.178-196. 18 fig., 3 tab., 32 ref. ISBNs: 9781845696924,9780857090423

[in English]The use of pulsed MIG welding to join sheets of the magnesium alloyAZ31B was investigated. In the first experiment, AZ31B sheets (300 x130 x 3.5 mm) were joined using pulsed MIG welding (base current 50A; pulse rework current 50-200 A; wire speed 7.2 m/min; weldingspeed 400-1800 mm/min; pulse frequency 15-90 Hz) and extruded Mgfiller wire (diameter 1.6 mm). In a second set of experiments, ACpulsed MIG welding was used to join AZ31B sheets (300 x 100 x 3mm for butt and lap joints, 300 x 100 x 5 mm for butt joints). Forsheets of different thickness, the following welding parameters wereused: filler wire diameter 1.6 mm; mean current 103-175 A; meanvoltage 21.7-24.2 V; wire speed 5.5-7.25 m/min; welding speed 800mm/min. For experiments in which the wire speed was varied from 6.5to 8.0 mm, the welding parameters used were: filler wire diameter 1.6mm; mean current 106-130 A; mean voltage 20.2-20.8 V; weldingspeed 800 mm/min. A high-speed camera documented the detachmentof droplets and arc shape. The influence of welding parameters onprocess stability, metal transfer mode, weld width, weld beadstructure, microstructure, mechanical properties and hardness isdiscussed.

*01-249193Variable polarity plasma arc welding of magnesium alloys.ZHANG Z DIn Book: Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys. Ed: L.M.Liu.Publ: Cambridge, CB21 6AH, UK; Woodhead Publishing Ltd; 2010.Part 2: Particular Welding and Joining Techniques. Chapter 13.pp.197-228. 33 fig., 3 tab., 26 ref. ISBNs: 9781845696924,9780857090423[in English]The behaviour of AZ-based magnesium alloys subjected to variablepolarity plasma arc welding (VP-PAW) and to variable polarity plasmaarc weld bonding (VP-PAWB) is explored. The effects of processconditions on process stability and characteristics of the VP=PAWwelds are described, as is the surface cleaning effect of the process.Hardness, microstructure and tensile strength were determined for lapjoints in 2.5 mm Mg alloy sheet made by plasma welding in keyholingmode. The VP-PAWB process is illustrated using the example of lapjoining of extruded AZ31B sheets (250 x 100 x 2.5 mm) with astructural epoxy adhesive (interlayer 0.1 mm). Issues addressed includekeyhole vs non-keyhole modes, adhesive decomposition duringwelding and porosity. The effects of VP-PAW and VP-PAWB aredescribed with regard to welding parameters, fusion zonecharacteristics, mechanical properties, welding temperature fields andarc plasma behaviour.

*01-249194Hybrid laser-arc welding of magnesium alloys.SONG GIn Book: Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys. Ed: L.M.Liu.Publ: Cambridge, CB21 6AH, UK; Woodhead Publishing Ltd; 2010.Part 2: Particular Welding and Joining Techniques. Chapter 14.pp.229-252. 33 fig., 2 tab., 21 ref. ISBNs: 9781845696924,9780857090423[in English] [See also Weldasearch 227322]A critical review of research and progress in the use of hybrid laser arcwelding with magnesium alloys is presented. The low-power hybridwelding of magnesium alloys AZ31, AZ61, AZ91 and AZ91D tothemselves and to each other using a laser beam and a TIG arc isdescribed with regard to: the morphology of the welded seam; theeffects of welding parameters (arc power, defocusing, welding speed,distance between laser beam and arc); and the microstructure, porosity,

Welding Abstracts, Vol.24, No.12, December 2011 1 ARC WELDING

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tensile properties, fatigue strength and hardness of the hybrid weldedjoints. The use of filler metal in the hybrid welding process (laser beamand TIG arc) is examined also, addressing the arrangement of beam, arcand filler wire feed in relation to welding direction, welding parametersand defects, and microstructure and tensile strength of the joint. Thepractical applications of laser arc hybrid welding of Mg alloy andpossible future trends are briefly discussed.

*01-249195Activating flux tungsten inert gas welding [A-TIG welding] ofmagnesium alloys.ZHANG Z DIn Book: Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys. Ed: L.M.Liu.Publ: Cambridge, CB21 6AH, UK; Woodhead Publishing Ltd; 2010.Part 2: Particular Welding and Joining Techniques. Chapter 15.pp.253-273. 21 fig., 3 tab., 23 ref. ISBNs: 9781845696924,9780857090423[in English]The joining of magnesium alloys by A-TIG welding is discussed. Thewelding mechanisms when different activating fluxes (MgO, CaO,TiO2, MnO2, CdCl2, AlF3 or Cr2O2) are present or absent aredescribed. The effects of A-TIG welding parameters (welding current60-100 A; arc length 1-2 mm; welding speed 360-480 mm/min,shielding gas Ar; flow rate 7-12 l/m; electrode diameter 2.4 mm; fluxthickness 1.5-4 mg/square millimetre) on the bead shape,microstructure, tensile strength and penetration of magnesium alloyA-TIG welds are examined also.

*01-249218Weld faster and better - shielding gases for TIG welding - processinfluence and possibilities for increasing economy (Schnellerund besser schweissen - Schutzgase beimWolfram-Inertgasschweissen ...).ZAHR J; HERTEL M; FUSSEL U; SCHNICK MPraktiker, vol.62, no.1-2. Jan.-Feb.2011. pp.18-23. 6 fig., 10 ref. ISSN:0554-9965[in German]Results are reported of attempts to improve TIG welding performanceby using different mixtures of shielding gases. The experimentsinvolved TIG welding of unalloyed- and high alloy steels under pureargon, or argon with an addition of helium, hydrogen or nitrogen.Numerical simulation and experimental welding procedures were usedto establish interaction between the gases in the mixture and the arcitself. Diagrams and graphs are presented. Effects of the additions (Ar,He, H2, N2) on welding speed and penetration, the welding arc and theformation of the weld itself were investigated. The results proved thatsignificant lowering of costs could be achieved.

*01-249220Special structural steels with increased wear resistance and theirbehaviour in welding and cutting. Part 2: No clear differences(Sonderbaustahle mit erhohtem Verschleisswiderstand und ihrVerhalten beim Schweissen und Schneiden. Teil 2: Keinedeutlichen Unterschiede).SCHUSTER J; HERMANN JPraktiker, vol.62, no.1-2. Jan.-Feb.2011. pp.28-31. 7 fig., 7 tab., 5 ref.ISSN: 0554-9965[in German] [Part 1: Praktiker, vol.61, no.12. Dec.2010. pp.478-481;Weldasearch 247244]This second part of the article deals with the effect of welding and heattreatment on the surface hardness and wear resistance of certain specialstructural steels, welded to wear resisting steels or hardfaced.

Tabulated data show: welding parameters for making butt joints in12-16 mm plate, parameters for non wear resistant MIG/MAGsurfacing, the same for MIG/MAG surfacing wear resistant steels,parameters for plasma powder surfacing of non wear resistant steels,the same for plasma powder surfacing of wear resistant steels andexperiments with MIG/MAG surfacing with wear resistant steels andamounts of dilution when surfacing three other steels. Hardness andwear resistance tests were done on the welded and surfaced specimens.Results are presented in the form of graphs, histograms and tabulateddata.

*01-249226Muscle men [powerful cranes] from Wilhelmshaven [Germany](Kraftprotze aus Wilhelmshaven).SCHNEE DSchweiss- und Pruftechnik, no.2. Feb.2011. pp.28-29. 8 fig. ISSN:1027-3352[in German]New welding technology has revolutionised manufacturing at theWilhelmshaven factory of Manitowoc Cranes. This company is aworld leader in producing heavy mobile and telescopic cranes under thenames of Manitowoc, Grove, National Cranes and Potain. A typicalexample of such a crane is shown. Some of these large cranes can lift80-450 tonnes. Key to the new development is MAG welding by the"forceArc" process using the inverter power source "Phoenix 521puls". This technique is reckoned to give rise to cost savings of up to50% of manufacturing costs. Examples are presented of welding thicksections of fine grained structural steels and welded joints areillustrated.

*01-249247Calculation of parameters of mechanised gas-shielded welding ofsteel.PENTEGOV I V; PISMIENNYI A S; PETRIENKO O IPrzeglad Spawalnictwa, vol.82, no.7. 2010. pp.33-39. 3 fig., 21 ref.ISSN: 0033-2364[in Polish]A new concept for an analytical solution of the heat balance equationfor electrode extension in MAG welding is presented. The temperaturevariation at the filler wire outlet during the heating process,non-linearity of thermophysical parameters and heat of phasetransition in the filler wire was taken into account. The new method isused to calculate the main parameters of the arc welding process. Thisincludes: voltage drop at the electrode free outlet, the electrode starttemperature at the current end, speed of wire feed, the electrode length,the distance to the weld pool, the average voltage drop from theelectrode end to the weld pool. The physical principles of the processare explained and calculations shown.

*01-249252Pulsed MIG welding of AZ31B magnesium alloy.SONG G; WANG PMaterials Science and Technology, vol.27, no.2. Feb.2011.pp.518-524. 13 fig., 3 tab., 16 ref. ISSN: 0267-0836[in English]The use of pulsed MIG welding to produce continuous butt joints ofAZ31B (Mg, 3.0976%Al, 0.9806%Zn, 0.3036%Mn) magnesium alloywas investigated. AZ31B alloy sheets (300 x 130 x 3.5 mm) were MIGwelded (base current 50 A; pulse rework current 140-170 A; pulsecurrent 290-310 A; wire speed 6.5-8.0 m/min; welding speed 700-1200mm/min; pulse frequency 65-75 Hz; shielding gas 99.99% pure argon;gas flow 13-16 l/min) using extruded AZ31 (Mg, 2.8797%Al,

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0.8469%Zn, 0.3294%Mn) and AZ61 (Mg, 6.9089%Al, 0.8790%Zn,0.1627%Mn) filler wires (diameter 1.6 mm), while a high-speed camerarecorded the detachment of drops. The results of analyses of themicrostructure, tensile properties and fractography of the butt weldedjoints, as well as the results of analysis of video captures of dropdetachment, are discussed with regard to the effects of parameters onweld formation and drop transition during pulsed MIG welding.

*01-249281Job knowledge. Part 110: Welding of titanium and its alloys. Part2.MATHERS GConnect, no.170. Jan.-Feb.2011. pp.4-5. 1 fig.[in English] [Part 109, Part 1: ibid., no.169. Nov.-Dec.2010. pp.4-5;Weldasearch 247554]Welding advice is provided regarding titanium and its alloys. Thetopics addressed include: the problem of porosity and how to preventit by care of the gas supply system and cleaning of filler wires;ductility tip cracking; selecting appropriate filler materials; weldingprocess selection; and preventing atmospheric contamination duringthe welding process. Recommendations are presented regardingprocedures in TIG welding and MIG welding.

*01-249292MAG welding of crane components with the "Force-Arc" process(Metall-Aktivgasschweissen von Krankomponenten ...).SCHNEE DSchweissen und Schneiden, vol.62, no.12. Dec.2010. pp.674-676. 7 fig.ISSN: 0036-7184[in German] [See also Weldasearch 245298]Manitowoc Cranes, a leading manufacturer of heavy mobile andtelescopic cranes (80-450 tonnes) reports greatly improved efficiencyin its construction efforts by using "ForceArc" technology. The cranesare fabricated in high strength fine grained steels welded by MAG- andsubmerged arc methods and an inverter power source ("Phoenix 521puls"). A specimen large weld is shown which has no large grain(coarse grained) structure in its heat affected zone. The "ForceArc"process has enabled the manufacturing regime to dispense with threestages and has resulted in impressive cost savings.

*01-249297Determination of efficiency levels in gas shielded weldingprocesses (Bestimmung von Wirkungsgraden anSchutzgasschweissverfahren).KUSCH M; HALSIG A; THURNER SSchweissen und Schneiden, vol.63, no.1-2. Jan.-Feb.2011. pp.30-33. 2fig., 7 tab., 5 ref. ISSN: 0036-7184[in German]Investigations to provide a more exact determination of workpieceheating needed for processing thermal conduction sensitive materialsand simulation modelling are described. The calorimetric test setup forthe comparative investigations had water media and an inclined testpiece with water rising synchronously as the weld is made. Thetestpiece was of length 1000 mm and thickness 1-15 mm. Awater-cooled manual TIG torch was tested with welding currents of50-300 A, torch to testpiece distance of 2-8 mm and different shieldinggases. For plasma welding a water cooled torch was used. The resultsare compared with the TIG results. For MIG/MAG, controlled diptransfer and spray transfer were tested using a water cooled manualwelding gun. MIG/MAG high power and reduced energy processeswere investigated. Tables of the results are provided.

*01-249299The first steps of TIG welding in the USA (Die ersten Schrittedes WIG-Schweissens in den USA).AICHELE GSchweissen und Schneiden, vol.63, no.1-2. Jan.-Feb.2011. pp.45-46,48-49. 1 fig., 13 ref. ISSN: 0036-7184[in German]The development of TIG welding for wartime aircraft manufacture,materials used, applications, further development and introduction inthe UK and Germany are described. An overview is provided of thework of J K Northrop in developing completely welded, magnesiumfighter planes as an impetus for the development of a suitable weldingprocess. Contemporary technologies to weld magnesium alloys andwartime production of magnesium in the USA are outlined. The first1942 USA report on the welding process, praising the work of RMeredith, the advantages and applications of the heliarc weldingprocess are described. A later article which described applications ofthe new welding process, a cost comparison with riveting for aircraftmanufacture and the licensing process is summarised. Reports onfurther developments in 1944 and 1945 and the introduction of TIG inGreat Britain and Germany are described.

*01-249303Faster production, better ergonomics - automated welding of forklift accessories (Schnellere Produktion, bessere Ergonomie Automatisiertes Schweissen ...).GURSKY S HPraktiker, vol.63, no.3. Mar.2011. pp.72-74. 6 fig. ISSN: 0554-9965[in German]The demands of a forklift attachment manufacturer for a newautomated welding machine, the equipment selected and itsperformance in use are described. The reasons for the decision, theintention to integrate TIG welding with cold wire feed, and ergonomicaspects, are discussed. The two-station welding cell, six-axis robot, andtandem MAG welding at up to 700 mm/min are described. Topicsdiscussed include: development of the welding sequence andparameters with the robotics provider; robot control and operatorinput; monitoring of the equipment by sensors in the robot and onlinemonitoring at the central computer; features of the software such asvirtual representation of the welding cell and simulation of the weldingprocess; the change from MAG to TIG welding; and the ergonomicimprovements achieved by the use of a hydraulic ejector cylinder.

*01-249312Application of grey-based Taguchi method for optimising gasmetal arc welding of stainless steels.SARKAR A; DAS SIndian Welding Journal, vol.44, no.1. Jan.2011. pp.37-48. 6 fig., 17tab., 11 ref. ISSN: 0046-9092[in English]Process parameters in MAG welding of stainless steel were optimisedusing the Taguchi method in combination with Grey relational analysis.Stainless steel (0.0607%C, 8.74%Mn, 13.219%Cr, 1.128%Ni,0.1492%Mo, 0.0614%V, 0.3561%Cu) plates (100 x 50 x 6 mm)underwent MAG welding (current 130-160 A; voltage 22.5-30 V;welding speed 327-723 mm/min; gap between fraying surfaces 1.3 mm;welding position flat; torch angle 75 degrees; shielding gas CO2; gasflow rate 15 l/min) with a stainless steel (0.03%C, 1.34%Mn,18.09%Cr, 8.34%Ni, 0.20%Mo) electrode (diameter 1.2 mm) tofabricate square butt joints. Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array design wasused to create the experimental design, and the objective functions tobe optimised were derived using signal-to-noise ratio. The experimental

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samples were evaluated visually and via hardness testing, bend testingand geometry of the weld bead. The multi-response optimisationproblem was solved by means of Grey relational analysis. The resultsare discussed with regard to the welding parameters required toproduce the optimum MAG weld.

*01-249320Arc stability of pulse current gas metal arc welding of low alloysteel under different pulse parameters and shielding gascompositions.GHOSH P K; DEVAKUMARAN K; PIYUSH MIndian Welding Journal, vol.44, no.2. Apr.2011. pp.29-34, 37-42. 18fig., 1 tab., 24 ref. ISSN: 0046-9092[in English]An experimental investigation was performed to study the effect ofpulse parameters with varying content of CO2 in argon during MAGwelding. Bead on plate weld metal deposition was performed using a1.2 mm diameter mild steel filler wire under Ar-2%CO2 andAr-18%CO2 gas shielding at a flow rate of 18 litres per minute. Thepulse performance was also studied as a function of mean weld currentand arc voltage for each gas composition. Behaviour was studied at 200millisecond intervals at between 9 and 15 locations, Results arediscussed with the objective of forming a basis for improvement inautomation of this welding process.

*01-249323Stainless Q & A [questions and answers: covered electrodes forwelding 310 stainless steel].KOTECKI D JIndian Welding Journal, vol.44, no.2. Apr.2011. AWS Section. p.64. 2ref. ISSN: 0046-9092[in English] [Similar paper: Welding Journal, vol.90, no.1. Jan.2011.p.58; Weldasearch 246258]Centreline cracking on complete joint penetration fillet welds in 310stainless steel plates (thickness 0.5 in, 12.7 mm) is discussed withfocus on MMA welding consumables' diameter and coveringcomposition. The ways to avoid cracking of the austenite 310 weldmetal during solidification are considered, including: partial jointpenetration rather than complete; using small diameter electrodes;E310-15 electrode; electrodes with the lowest possible sulphur andphosphorus content; and electrodes with a 0.08- 0.15%C range.

*01-249327A guide to making GTAW [TIG welding] repairs on stainlesssteel.FISHER DIndian Welding Journal, vol.44, no.2. Apr.2011. AWS Section.pp.72-76. 11 fig., 1 tab. ISSN: 0046-9092[in English] [Similar paper: Welding Journal, vol.90, no.2. Feb.2011.pp.50-54; Weldasearch 246331]Following a summary of the five main types of stainless steel, withtheir weldability and typical applications, and a review of theadvantages of the TIG welding process, best practice in TIG weldingfor repair of stainless steel in the field is described. Features of the TIGwelding process described include control over heat input and the weldbead, portability of welding inverters, suitability for out of positionwelding, availability of torches that allow access in constricted spacesand awkward positions, and the use of a gas lens and large cup toensure good shielding. Some characteristics of stainless steels whichaffect weldability are mentioned, including: relatively low thermalconductivity; use of colour to indicate suitable heat input; formation ofchromium carbide if heat input is excessive, which results in loss of the

protective chromium oxide on the surface, so encourages corrosion;warping and means of overcoming it using tack welds and high speedpulsed current welding. A table of compositions is presented for AISIgrades: austenitic SS (minimum 16%Cr and 6%Ni) 304, 304L, 308,316, 316L and 347; ferritic SS (10.5%-18%Cr); duplex SS 2205;martensitic SS 416, 440C; and precipitation-hardening martensitic SS630 or 17-4 PH (17%Cr-4%Ni).

01-249342Development of a MIAB [magnetically impelled arc butt] weldingmodule and experimental analysis of rotational behaviour ofarc-simulation of electromagnetic force distribution duringMIAB welding of steel pipes using finite element analysis.ARUNGALAI VENDAN S; MANOHARAN S;BUVANASHEKARAN G; NAGAMANI CInternational Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.43,no.11. 2009. pp.1144-1156. 24 fig., 2 tab., 15 ref. ISSNs: 0268-3768,1433-3015[in English]The development of a laboratory module for magnetically impelled arcbutt (MIAB) welding and of a finite element method (FEM)-basedthree dimensional model for determining the key parameters ofmagnetic flux density and electromagnetic force distribution isdescribed. The proposed FEM model is verified by means ofexperimental data. The topics addressed include the theory underlyingthe MIAB welding process; the stages involved in the MIAB weldingprocess; the chemical composition of T11 grade tubes (0.05-0.15%C,0.3-0.6%Mn, 1-1.5%Cr, 0.44-0.65%Mo) used in experimental trials;the parameters used in the MIAB welding experimental trials; and theFE analysis used to numerically model the MIAB welding system. Theexperimental results and the results obtained from the simulationstudies are discussed and compared with regard to magnetic fluxdensity distribution and electromagnetic force distribution during theMIAB welding process.

01-249344Numerical analysis for effect of process parameters oflow-current micro-PAW [micro-plasma arc welding] onconstricted arc.XU P Q; YAO S; HE J P; MA C W; REN J WInternational Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.44,no.3. 2009. pp.255-264. 9 fig., 1 tab., 13 ref. ISSNs: 0268-3768,1433-3015[in English]The influence of process parameters on the arc plasma duringlow-current microplasma arc welding (micro-PAW) was investigatedexperimentally and by means of a numerical analysis model.Micro-PAW of a thin stainless steel (0.08%C, 2.00%Mn,18.0-20.0%Cr, 8.0-10.5%Ni) foil was carried out using the followingparameters: arc length 3-7 mm; nozzle neck-in 0.5-2.5 mm; weldingcurrent 0.8-15 A; welding voltage 15-30 V; plasma gas flow 0.5-1l/min; shielding gas flow 3-7 l/min. The appearance of the constrictedmicroplasma arc was characterised using image sampling. Amathematical model that simulated the electromagnetic phenomena andfluid field in the plasma arc was developed. The experimental andnumerical results are discussed with regard to current densitydistribution, electromagnetic force distribution, flow velocitydistribution and plasma arc appearance.

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01-249352Optimisation of quality characteristics parameters in a pulsedmetal inert gas welding process using grey-based Taguchimethod.PAL S; MALVIYA S K; PAL S K; SAMANTARAY A KInternational Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.44,no.11. 2009. pp.1250-1260. 8 fig., 9 tab., 21 ref. ISSNs: 0268-3768,1433-3015[in English]The process parameters influencing quality characteristics of pulsedMIG welding (PMIGW) were optimised by means of Taguchi'sorthogonal array (OA) with grey relational analysis. The processparameters used in the grey-based Taguchi OA were backgroundvoltage (12-20 V), pulse voltage (27-39 V), pulse frequency (101-171Hz), pulse duty factor (0.35-0.75), wire feed rate (7-11 m/min) andtable feed rate (3.098-6.363 mm/s). Data were obtained from anexperiment in which two steel (0.139%C, 0.499%Mn, 0.019%Cr,0.024%Ni, 0.056%Cu) plates (125 x 100 x 8 mm) with a V-shapedjoint preparation (groove angle 30 degrees; root face 2 mm; root gap 2mm) and a constant gap of 2 mm underwent PMIGW to produce asingle side butt joint. The welded sample was examined for tensilestrength, bead geometry, transverse shrinkage, angular distortion anddeposition efficiency, and the impact of individual process parameterson these welding quality parameters was determined by means ofanalysis of variance (ANOVA).

01-249353Application of PCA [principal component analysis]-based hybridTaguchi method for correlated multicriteria optimisation ofsubmerged arc weld: a case study.DATTA S; NANDI G; BANDYOPADHYAY A; KUMAR PAL PInternational Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.45,no.3. 2009. pp.276-286. 3 fig., 13 tab., 23 ref. ISSNs: 0268-3768,1433-3015[in English]The application of a principal component analysis (PCA)-basedhybrid Taguchi method to solve the problem of optimising correlatedmultiple criteria for the submerged arc welding (SAW) process isdescribed. Depth of penetration, reinforcement, bead width andpercentage dilution were selected as correlated features of beadgeometry, whereas voltage (25-31 V), wire feed rate (340-1600cm/min), traverse speed (46-150 cm/min) and electrode stick-out(25-33 mm) were the variables assumed to make up the processenvironment. Experimental bead-on-plate SAW of mild steel plates(thickness 10 mm) was conducted using copper-coated AWSA/S5.17:EH14 electrode wire (diameter 3.16 mm) and AWSA5.17/SFA5.17 flux (grain size 0.2-1.6; basicity index 1.6). Thecorrelated features of bead geometry were examined, and the resultingdata were used in optimisation processes using the PCA-based hybridTaguchi method and using a grey-based Taguchi technique. The resultsof the PCA-based hybrid Taguchi approach and the grey-basedTaguchi approach for solving multicriteria optimisation problems arediscussed and compared.

01-249371Phase formation in 6060/4043 aluminium weld solidification.CONIGLIO N; CROSS C E; DORFEL I; OSTERLE WMaterials Science and Engineering A, vol.A517, no.1-2. 20 Aug.2009.pp.321-327. 10 fig., 4 tab., 25 ref. ISSN: 0921-5093[in English] [See also Weldasearch 226255]The effects of silicon content (0.42-5.30%) and cooling rate on thesolidification and microstructure of 6060 AlMgSi alloy (Al, 0.42%Si,

0.59%Mg, 0.19%Fe, 4 mm thickness) were investigated. Welded jointswere made using the TIG process and alloy 4043 filler metal wire (Al,5.3%Si, 0.22%Fe, 0.8 mm diameter). A thermal analysis was carriedout on both welds and alloy castings. The significant changes in castmicrostructure at cooling rates higher than 27 deg.C/second and thelow-temperature solidification reactions obtained with rapid cooling arediscussed. The limited effects of increasing the weld metal siliconcontent on weld solidification range and microstructure are consideredin relation to weldability and weld quality.

*01-249382New welding automation concept for shipyards.WELDING AND CUTTINGWelding and Cutting, vol.10, no.4. 2011. pp.208-209. 3 fig. ISSN:1612-3433[in English]A welding automation system that allows the use of robotic welding ina confined environment, typical of later stages of ship blockmanufacture, is described. The "Mobile Automatic Arc" system wasdeveloped jointly by the Finnish company Kempii Oy and the Danishsupplier of automation solutions Inrotech. The opportunities andbenefits offered by the system in shipyard applications are highlighted.KEMPPI OY

*01-249383A stairway to quality.SCHNEE DWelding and Cutting, vol.10, no.4. 2011. pp.209-211. 9 fig. ISSN:1612-3433[in English]The application of "Force Arc", a MIG/MAG welding process forjoining structural steels (such as S235 and S355) is described. Anexample application involving the manufacture of a steel stairway ispresented and the advantages of the system in terms of improved weldquality, reduced welding time, and the ability to bridge large gapsduring pre-assembly of complex staircases, are described.

*01-249388Development of a cost-effective seam tracking system for theautomated GMA [MIG/MAG] welding of aluminium alloys.REISGEN U; STEIN L; GEFFERS C; DILGER K;NITSCHKE-PAGEL T; BABORY HWelding and Cutting, vol.10, no.4. 2011. pp.240-245. 6 fig., 11 ref.ISSN: 1612-3433[in English]A seam tracking system was developed, using the heat flow transferredto the welding torch by the welding process to guide the weld duringthe automated MIG welding of aluminium alloys. The system,consisting of a stand-alone control box and a detection unit, isdescribed, covering the variants for single wire welding and twin wirewelding. The underlying functional principle, the control box, thesensor element and detection unit are introduced. Aspects of height andlateral control, are then described. The fields of application, as well asthe limitations and peculiarities of the welding head guiding system arediscussed also.

*01-249393Pulsed Laser-TIG hybrid welding of coated unalloyed steel thinsheets.BIRDEANU V; CIUCA C; IACOB MBuletinul Institutului National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare in Sudura si

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Incercari de Materiale-ISIM Timisoara, vol.20, no.2. 2011. pp.31-34.16 fig., 8 ref. ISSN: 1453-0392[in English] [Journal also known as: Sudarea si IncercareaMaterialelor - Welding & Material Testing][http://www.bid-isim.ro/bid_arhiva/bid2011/birdeanu-2_2011.pdf]The application of a pulsed laser-TIG welding hybrid welding process,combining a pulsed Nd:YAG laser source and a pulsed TIG arc, to joincoated unalloyed steel sheet, is described. Butt welded joints wereproduced with no joint preparation in sheets of 1.5 mm thickness,using TIG as the leading process. Welds were made with coated testpieces and with others where the coating had been removed in theregion of the joint. Test samples incorporating the weld were extractedfor detailed studies including macroscopic examination of the weldsurface to locate craters, cracks and inclusions, microstructuralcharacterisation, hardness measurements (HV5), and static tensile andbend testing (fracture location, maximum deformability angle withoutcracking). The results can be used to establish the proper processparameters for butt welding using the proposed hybrid technique.

*01-249400Quality evaluation of tube welding of pressure equipment fromCrNi austenitic steels.COMAJ MZvaranie/Svarovani, vol.58, no.3. Mar.2009. pp.68-71. 6 fig., 3 tab., 11ref. ISSN: 0044-5525[in Slovak]Factors affecting the quality, particularly the delta ferrite (DF) content,of tube and tube-to-plate welds in austenitic stainless steels wereinvestigated. After a discussion of the metallurgy of CrNi stainlesssteels at welding temperatures and at cryogenic (-196 deg.C)temperatures, two series of tests are reported, using X5CrNi18-10 (EN10028-7) steels (0.036%C, 0.92%Mn, 17.19%Cr, 9.13%Ni).Tube-to-tube TIG welding on 2 mm or 2.6 mm thickness tube wasperformed at two heat inputs, with and without EN12072 filler, andusing orbital welding; tube-to-jacket TIG and MAG welds were madewith filler (MAG with flux-cored EN12073). DF content wasmeasured for each test weld. The need for DF measurements inaddition to mechanical tests in evaluating quality for cryogenicapplications is highlighted.

*01-249401Submerged arc welding in manufacture of evaporator membranewalls.PECHA J; AKOSSY A; STANO D; MRAZ MZvaranie/Svarovani, vol.58, no.4. Apr.2009. pp.95-99. 9 fig., 3 tab., 10ref. ISSN: 0044-5525[in Slovak]The use of submerged arc welding (SAW) with solid or flux-cored wirein the fabrication of membrane walls for evaporators was assessed.Fillet welding requirements between tube, typically 4.5 mm wallthickness of 16Mo3 steel and spacer, typically 6 mm thickness13CrMo4-5 steel are set out. Welding tests were made using solid wire(EN 756:52Mo) and flux (EN 760; SAAR178ACH5) and flux-coredwire (T2Mo + SAAR177ACH5). Detail of performance achieved andpractical experiences are reported. Future trends towards the use ofone-sided MIG welding or hybrid laser-arc welding are discussed.

*01-249402Effect of active fluxes on bead geometry in remelting of steelgalvanised plates by plasma arc.SEJC PZvaranie/Svarovani, vol.58, no.4. Apr.2009. pp.100-105. 13 fig., 6

tab., 11 ref. ISSN: 0044-5525[in Slovak]The effect of using activated flux on the bead shape in remelting ofgalvanised steel sheet was investigated. Sheet of 2.5 mm thicknessDP600 (0.113%C, 1.44%Mn, 1.25%Al) with 16.7 micrometrethickness zinc coating was used for bead-on-plate remeltingexperiments with a plasma arc. Experimental variables included use ofPATIG SA activated flux, 70 or 100 A current, with a range ofremelting speeds and energy inputs, and tungsten electrode in the planeof the plasma nozzle or set back 2 mm. Weld pool width, profile andthrough-thickness penetration were evaluated.

*01-249417Preheat temperature of welding boiler membrane walls withsupercritical parameters from T24 steel.PECHA J; KRAJCI DZvaranie/Svarovani, vol.58, no.11-12. Nov.-Dec.2009. pp.287-292.14fig., 4 tab., 13 ref. ISSN: 0044-5525[in Slovak]The use of preheat to improve welded joint properties of membranewalls in boilers operating in the supercritical zone (to give reducedemissions) was investigated. Current boiler design trends are reviewed,including the use of Cr-Mo modified T24 steel (0.05-0.1%C,0.3-0.7%Mn, 2.2-2.6%Cr, 0.9-1.1%Mo, 0.2-0.3%V). Tests wereconducted on a pair of pipes 38 mm diameter, 6.3 mm wall thicknessof T24 steel (0.02%C, 0.52%Mn, 2.32%Cr, 0.96%Mo), automaticallysubmerged arc welded with intermediate spacer plate using matchingfiller (0.11%C, 0.57%Mn, 2.53%Cr, 0.95%Mo). Torch preheating inthe range 100-200 deg.C was correlated with post-welding hardness ofweld metal and HAZ, and a recommended heat cycle was derived.

*01-249418Improving wear properties of surface layer castings of AlSi7Mgalloy by GTAW [TIG welding] remelting process.ORLOWICZ A W; TUPAJ MZvaranie/Svarovani, vol.58, no.11-12. Nov.-Dec.2009. pp.293-297. 6fig., 2 tab., 15 ref. ISSN: 0044-5525[in Slovak]Experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of TIG surfaceremelting on the surface hardness and frictional wear characteristics ofcast AlSi7 alloy (Al, 7.4%Si, 0.3%Mn, 0.25%Mg). Single scan lineremelting was performed for a range of currents, scan speeds andenergy inputs. Cross-sectional profiles of the affected zone weremeasured, and hardness and frictional wear characteristics weredetermined. Regression analysis was used to establish the effect ofeach variable and was correlated with microstructural changesobserved.

*01-249430Determination of optimum welding parameters for 1534 steelgrade applying mathematical modelling (Odredivanje optimalnihparametera ...).CORIC AZavarivanje, vol.53, no.1-2. Jan.-Apr.2010. pp.5-13. 6 fig., 12 tab., 11ref. ISSN: 0044-1902[in Croatian]MAG welding conditions for case hardening steel grade 1534 VP(0.47%C, 0.88%Mn, 0.09%Cr, 0.027%Cu) were investigated bynumerical modelling and experiment. Welds were made with differentlevels of preheat temperature (150, 300, 450 deg.C) and energy input(15 or 22 kJ/cm). The filler used was Kb52-FD (0.07%C, 1.2%Mn,

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0.8%Ni) and shielding gas was Ar-18%CO2. Heat affected zonehardness and toughness were determined. This data was analysed toestablish optimum levels for the two variables.

*01-249434Automated MAG [MIG/MAG] welding of the girder structure forthe railway wagon dedicated for container transportation(Automatsko MAG zavarivanje ...).SAMARDZIC I; SIGURNJAK M; NOVAK DZavarivanje, vol.53, no.3-4. May-Aug.2010. pp.83-91. 23 fig., 3 tab., 4ref. ISSN: 0044-1902[in Croatian]MAG welding of the load carrying structure for a railway wagondesigned to transport containers is described. The main components,two longitudinal beams, are assembled with welded butt and T jointsfrom steel grades S355J2G3 and S355J2G3C by automatic MAGwelding. The welding equipment used is described in detail. Jointpreparations, and welding parameters are presented. Microstructure oftwo example fillet welds was analysed and hardness distribution acrossthe same joint was determined.

*01-249445MAG welding of joints in pressure vessels from ferritic andaustenitic steels with flux-cored wires in active gas shielding.KOZMOVA R; COMAJ MZvaranie/Svarovani, vol.59, no.7-8. July-Aug.2010. pp.165-167. 6 fig.,4 tab., 3 ref. ISSN: 0044-5525[in Slovak]A process of MAG welding of cryogenic pressure vessels made fromfine grained ferritic steel and austenitic stainless steel is discussed. A Tjoint was made between parent metals P355 NL1 (0.16%C, 1.48%Mn)and X5CrNi1810 (0.04%C, 1.19%Mn, 19.0%Cr, 9.01%Ni of 11.4 mmthickness. Flux cored filler wire Tetra S 309L (0.037%C, 1.6%Mn,25.53%Cr, 13.06%Ni, 0.13%Mo) of 1.2 mm diameter was applied in 3passes under Ferromix C8 (Ar, 8%CO2) shielding gas. The process isdescribed in comparison with joints made using filler wire containing18%Cr, 8%Ni, 6%Mn and shielding gas M21. Weld metal content ofdelta ferrite, hardness distribution across the welds, yield strength,tensile strength and V notch toughness at -60 deg.C were determined.

*01-249448Quality prediction of fillet welds fabricated by method 135 basedon welding process monitoring.HRSTKA D; NEUMANN HZvaranie/Svarovani, vol.59, no.9-10. Sept.-Oct.2010. pp.206-212. 15fig., 7 tab., 5 ref. ISSN: 0044-5525[in Czech]Some variations of the welding process settings when making MAGwelded fillet welds were evaluated and monitoring process andrecording of parameters are discussed. Different monitoring systemsare reported. Structural steel parent metal S235 JR of 8 mm thicknesswas MAG welded using ESAB OK Aristorod wire of 1.2 mm diameterwith shielding gas Ferromaxx Plus (Ar, 12%CO2, 20%He). TheWeldMonitor 3.5 system was used to monitor the welding processparameters and a Shewhart regulation diagram was used to aid theidentification of weld defects. Welding voltage and contact tip weldingdistance were determined. Software NIS Elements 4.12 was used toexamine the welds. Welding speed and wire feed speed were analysedto determine the instability of the welding process.

*01-249452Effect of welding parameters on weld pool geometry in MAGwelding method.MORAVEC J; NEUMANN HZvaranie/Svarovani, vol.59, no.11-12. Nov.-Dec.2010. pp.250-255. 7fig., 2 tab., 3 ref. ISSN: 0044-5525[in Czech]The effects of welding travel speed (0.195-0.892 m/minute), wire feedspeed (2.517-9.511 m/minute), voltage (17.4-26.8 V) and current(131-341 A) on the shape and dimensions of a fillet weld molten poolwere investigated. The double ellipsoid model was used for heat sourcecalculations. The equations used are described. To validate thecalculations, butt test welds were made of S255J2G3 steel sheets of 5mm in thickness using MAG welding under Euromix M21 (Ar,12%CO2) shielding gas. Filler metal OK Autrod 12.51 of 1.2 mmthickness was used with 0 mm joint gap. The welding power sourceBDH 550 Puls Syn was used for welding with WeldMonitor 3.5program for monitoring and registering the process parameters. Weldmicrostructure was analysed and geometry of the weld pool wasexamined using NIS Elements AR2.30 program.

*01-249456Effect of various factors on toughness in P92 SAW [submergedarc welding] weld metal.CHOVET C; GALAND E; LEDUEY BZvaranie/Svarovani, vol.60, no.1-2. Jan.-Feb.2011. pp.16-21. 11 fig., 4tab., 9 ref. ISSN: 0044-5525[in Slovak] [Similar paper: Competence, no.4. May 2009. pp.5-12;Weldasearch 241790][See also Weldasearch 234890 and 236254]Submerged arc welding experiments were carried out in order tooptimise the composition of P92 steels to achieve greater toughness ofthe welded joints. This work is within the scope of a general attemptto improve the efficiency of thermal power plants fabricated in thenew 9%Cr steels. The influence of the following elements was studied:0.07-0.12%C, 1.2-1.35%Mn, 0.13-0.34%Si, 8-9.6%Cr,0.41-0.68%Mo, 0.93-1.12%Co, 0.18-0.24%V, 0.031-0.063%Nb,1.28-1.74%W, 0.02-0.04%Ni, 10-25 ppm B, 400-480 ppm N. Weldmetals were deposited using a basic flux and flux cored wires to obtainthe required alloying elements. Effects on toughness of boron, nitrogen,tungsten, titanium, carbon and chromium were examined in detail. Themicrostructure of weld metal as solidified and after reheating wasexamined. This exercise led to the formulation of an optimised steelcomposition and a seamless flux cored wire that had a promisingtoughness/creep compromise.

*01-249461Through steel and glass, artist seems to defy gravity.SWARTZ JWelding Journal, vol.90, no.10. Oct.2011. pp.36-40. 7 fig. ISSN:0043-2296[in English]The combination of artist, fabricator and businessman is exploredthrough the work of a glass and steel welding sculptor. UsingMIG/MAG and TIG welding techniques, Jeff Rumaner is helped withMiller Diversion 180 (thin materials and alloy TIG welding);Millermatic 211 (thick steel MIG/MAG welding) and Miller Spectrum375 X-Treme (plasma cutting) machines.

*01-249463Ceramic backing enhances one-sided welding.SONG T Z; DENG H; XU Z M; NIU X L; YAO J CWelding Journal, vol.90, no.10. Oct.2011. pp.48-51. 7 fig., 6 tab., 4 ref.

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ISSN: 0043-2296[in English] (Article preprinted with permission from Modern Welding,published by Chengdu ONLY Welding Industry Development Co., Ltd.,Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China)The fabrication of a bridge using low alloy steel Q345D plate in boxgirders with one-sided FCA welding with CO2 shielding gas andceramic backing is presented. Steel Q345D plate (0.18%C, 0.31%Si,1.34%Mn, 0.003%Ni, 0.01%P, 0.001%S, 0.005%V, 0.004%Ti,0.003%Al) and ceramic pads (27-37%Al2O3, 40-45% SiO2,4-10%MgO, 2-4%FeO, 3-6% other) are used. Butt joint weldingparameters are: 20-24 l/min gas flow; 1.2 mm wire diameter; 220-260 Acurrent; 22-28 V voltage; 24-32 cm/min speed; and DC: reverseconnection polarity. The weld composition (0.036%C, 0.52%Si,1.40%Mn, 0.013%P, 0.011%S), tensile properties and toughness weredetermined. Quality control measures are described.

*01-249464Double groove welds [butt welds] (Welding workbook datasheet327).WELDING JOURNALWelding Journal, vol.90, no.10. Oct.2011. p.142. 1 fig. ISSN:0043-2296[in English] (Excerpted from the Welding Handbook, Vol.1, ninthedition, and AWS A3.0M/A3.0:2010, Standard Welding Terms andDefinitions)A range of two-sided butt joint types are illustrated: double squarebutt, double bevel butt, double V butt, double J butt, double U butt,double flare bevel (tube flat on plate), and double flare V butt (tubesside by side).

*01-249465Laser enhanced metal transfer. Part 1: System and observations.HUANG Y; ZHANG Y MWelding Journal, vol.90, no.10. Oct.2011. Supplement: WeldingResearch. pp.183s-190s. 17 fig., 23 ref. ISSN: 0043-2296[in English]The effect of using a laser beam with a MAG welding gun to influencethe metal transfer mode and weld metal droplet size and to controlwhere the droplet landed in the weld pool was investigated. Anexperiment is described in which a modified MIG/MAG weldingprocess worked with a low power laser to control drop globulardirection and improve weld formation. An analysis of the metaltransfer mode was made by use of a series of high speed images. Beadon plate welds were deposited onto mild steel using ER70S-6 0.8 mmdiameter wire, a CV continuous waveform power supply, 12 l/min Arshielding gas flow, 6.6 mm/s travel speed; 26, 28, 30, 32 V; 106, 127,148, 169 mm/s wire feed speeds; 135 A max; and 0, 46, 54, 62 W/sqmm laser intensities. Sequential photographs of the metal transfermode using different wire feed speeds, compared with and without thelaser, are presented.

*01-249469Effect of arc ultrasonic vibration on microstructure of joint ofplasma arc "in situ" welding of SiCp/6061Al.LEI Y C; XUE H L; HU W X; LIU Z Z; YAN J CScience and Technology of Welding and Joining, vol.16, no.7.Oct.2011. pp.575-580. 10 fig., 3 tab., 17 ref. ISSNs: 1362-1718,1743-2936[in English][http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/stwj]An experimental plasma welding process incorporating an ultrasonicexcitation source was set up in order to study the effects of ultrasonic

vibration of the arc during welding on the microstructure of particlereinforced aluminium metal matrix composite SiCp/6061 sheets. Thearc vibration equipment system is described. Sheets of 3 mm thicknesswere prepared by in-situ weld alloying/plasma arc welding. Thechemical composition of the aluminium alloy 6061 was Al, 0.35%Cu,0.76%Mg, less than 0.05%Ni, 1.25%Si, less than 0.05%Ti. Prior towelding, the material was T6 treated and the microstructure examined.A flux-cored wire filler (Al, 15%Ti, 3%Si) was used during welding.The frequency of the ultrasonic excitation current was varied from 20to 70 kHz during the welding process. Microstructure of the weld zonewas examined after welding using SEM. X-ray energy dispersivespectroscopy was used for phase composition analysis. Weldmicrostructures made with and without arc ultrasonic excitation werecompared.

*01-249471Metal transfer characteristics of GMAW [MIG/MAG welding]with strip electrode.ZHENG S M; GAO H M; LIU XScience and Technology of Welding and Joining, vol.16, no.7.Oct.2011. pp.586-591. 12 fig., 2 tab., 13 ref. ISSNs: 1362-1718,1743-2936[in English][http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/stwj]An experimental investigation was carried out to study thecharacteristics of metal transfer and welding arc behaviour in MAGwelding with strip electrode using a high speed digital camera system.Emphasis was placed on examination of the droplet motion of themetal during its detachments. During welding a 0.2 mm thickness fillermetal of SUS 304 stainless steel strip (0.8%C, 0.03%Si, 1%Si, 2%Mn,0.04%P, 18-20%Cr, 8-10.5%Ni), with a flat contact tip, was used andthe shielding gas was Ar, 5%CO2. The parent metal was a Q235 lowcarbon steel (0.156%C, 0.052%S, 0.192%Si, 0.393%Mn, 0.032%P,0.032%Cr, 0.029%Ni) of 6 mm thickness. During welding, the stripelectrode feed rate was varied from 6 to 9 m per minute, the arc voltagefrom 26 to 29 V and the average welding current from 242 to 340 A.Bead on plate welded were made in the flat position. The metaltransfer process with strip was analysed for the different weldparameters and compared with the situation when welding with a fillerwire. The mechanism of droplet movement along the strip electrodeend is discussed in detail with reference to the influence of weldingparameters and the behaviour of the arc.

*01-249476Hydrocarbon-metal reactions during metal arc welding under oil(MAW-UO).ALMOSTANEER H; CADIGAN C; LIU S; OLSON D L;RICHARDS R; LIANG H JScience and Technology of Welding and Joining, vol.16, no.7.Oct.2011. pp.619-629. 8 fig., 8 tab., 37 ref. ISSNs: 1362-1718,1743-2936[in English][http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/stwj]Aspects of an automated arc welding process (MAW-UO), carried outunder oil for in service repair of pipelines and storage tanks, wereinvestigated. Details of dissociation and ionisation that occur during thewelding process are described, taking the arc plasma and oil vapourbubble zones in turn, followed by a description of the chemicalreactions that occur as the organic compounds break down and carbonmonoxide forms, using paraffins as a representative hydrocarbon group(C5-C11). Welds were made on ASTM A36 (0.14%C, 0.786%Mn)low carbon steel plates in oil using ER70S-6 filler wire (0.06%C,

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1.46%Mn). Three oil samples were analysed: a bulk oil sample neverexposed to MAW-UO; a post-weld sample taken from an oil tank after1 minute of MAW-UO; and one taken after 7 minutes exposure toMAW-UO. Oil samples were distilled to remove high boiling residuesbefore identification of composition by gas chromatography-massspectrometry (GC-MS) to validate the arc behaviour mechanisticmodel. Weld metal compositions and microstructures were determined;the quantity of carbon derived from hydrocarbon decomposition wascalculated, and the roles of carbon and quenching on the distribution ofplate and lath martensite were analysed.

*01-249489Chromium-molybdenum steels (Welding workbook datasheet324).INDIAN WELDING JOURNALIndian Welding Journal, vol.44, no.3. July 2011. AWS Section. p.103.2 tab. ISSN: 0046-9092[in English] (Excerpted from the Welding Handbook, Vol.4. ninthedition)[Similar paper: Welding Journal, vol.90, no.6. June 2011. p.94;Weldasearch 247884]A datasheet on welding chromium molybdenum (Cr-Mo) steels(0.5-9%Cr, 0.5-1%Mo). Recommended minimum preheattemperatures for welding Cr-Mo steels with a range of compositionsusing covered low hydrogen electrodes for various thicknesses (up to13 mm, 13-25 mm and over 25 mm) are tabulated. Suggested weldingconsumables for the range of Cr-Mo steels for MMA, TIG, GMA,FCA and submerged arc welding are also provided.

02 RESISTANCE WELDING

See also abstracts: 20-249334, 43-249278, 44-249398, 47-249311,48-249295

*02-249198Resistance spot welding of magnesium alloys.LIU L M; FENG J; ZHOU YIn Book: Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys. Ed: L.M.Liu.Publ: Cambridge, CB21 6AH, UK; Woodhead Publishing Ltd; 2010.Part 2: Particular Welding and Joining Techniques. Chapter 18.pp.351-366. 7 fig., 20 ref. ISBNs: 9781845696924, 9780857090423[in English] [See also Weldasearch 238235, 224922, 247567 and247566]The application of resistance spot welding (RSW) to magnesium alloysis reviewed. The fundamentals of RSW, including general principles,dynamic resistance and weld nugget microstructure, are described, andthe importance of surface condition in RSW of Mg alloys ishighlighted, as is the importance of welding current, weld time andelectrode force among welding parameters. Nugget growth andmicrostructure in Mg alloys are compared with those of steel andaluminium alloys. RSW of Mg alloys to other alloys (particularly Alalloys) and to steel is discussed, and the equipment used in the RSWprocess is outlined. Possible future trends in the field of RSW of Mgalloys are briefly examined.

*02-249221Avoidable trouble. Defects and their prevention in resistancewelding; electrical domain. Part 1: Choice and basic adjustmentof the welding machine (Vermeidbarer Arger - Fehler und derenVermeidung beim Widerstandsschweissen; elektrischer Bereich -Teil 1 ...).POLROLNICZAK H; ARETZ WPraktiker, vol.62, no.1-2. Jan.-Feb.2011. pp.32-36. 4 fig., 4 tab., 1 ref.ISSN: 0554-9965[in German] [See also Weldasearch 227718, 231779, 233061]Hints are made to assist small and medium enterprises make the mostof their resistance welding equipment and avoid defects, as they maynot have the necessary expert knowledge in electronics, engineering andmaterials technology. Tabulated data outline welding tasks, thenecessary parameters as well as technical data on a pneumatic poweredspot welding installation with AC (400 V, 50 Hz). Aspects of weldingcurrent and its application are discussed. Pre-welding trials arerecommended and basic differences between trial welding andproduction are explained.

*02-249282HAZ [heat affected zone] microstructures and local mechanicalproperties of high strength steels resistance spot welds.DANCETTE S; MASSARDIER-JOURDAN V; FABREGUE D;MERLIN J; DUPUY T; BOUZEKRI MISIJ International, vol.51, no.1. Jan.2011. pp.99-107. 14 fig., 4 tab., 31ref. ISSN: 0915-1559[in English]The microstructures and local mechanical properties in the HAZs ofhigh strength steels subjected to resistance spot welding (RSW) wereinvestigated numerically and experimentally. Finite element analysiswas used to develop a model (1200 elements) of RSW (electrodediameter 6-8 mm; welding force 350-650 daN; welding time 4(7+2)-1150 Hz welding current periods; holding time 11-25 50 Hz weldingcurrent periods; experimental welding current 5.9-11.1 kA; simulationwelding current 7.2-13.5 kA; water cooled, 6 l/min) of DP590 steel(0.075%C, 1.440%Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu) sheets (thickness 1.0-3.0 mm), andthe thermal cycles experienced in the spot weld were estimated fromnumerical simulations of the RSW process. Experimental simulationsof spot welding thermal cycles were carried out using Gleebleapparatus to simulate the RSW (temperature 700-1200 deg.C) ofDP450 steel (0.055%C, 1.235%Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu) and DP980(0.135%C, 1.905%Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu) steel sheets (100 x 12 x 0.7 mm).The heat-treated specimens were subjected to microstructural analysisand microhardness and tensile testing. The results are discussed withregard to the effects of the thermal cycles on microstructures andconstitutive behaviours in the HAZ.

*02-249305Observing limits - defects and their avoidance in resistancewelding: in the field of electricity. Part 2: Required cablecross-section in connection of the welding machine andpermissible welds per minute (Grenzen beachten - Fehler undderen Vermeidung beim Widerstandsschweissen; ...).POLROLNICZAK H; ARETZ WPraktiker, vol.63, no.3. Mar.2011. pp.81-85. 4 tab., 5 ref. ISSN:0554-9965[in German] [Part 1: ibid., vol.63, no.1-2. Jan.-Feb.2011. pp.32-36;Weldasearch 249221]Calculations of required technical data for the connecting cable aredescribed and equations worked through. Determining the conductorcross section according to permitted continuous current and highest

Welding Abstracts, Vol.24, No.12, December 2011 9 RESISTANCE WELDING

Copyright 2011, TWI Ltd

welding current of the welding machine is examined. An equation formeasurement according to the continuous current under thermalconsiderations is provided. Measurement according to maximumallowed voltage drop, thermal replacement current for specific weldingtasks, taking into account maximum allowed voltage drop in connectionlines and allowed thermal loading of welding transformer and cyclesequence for different tasks are all examined. Calculations of allowedwelds per minute for a series of spot welds and sheet combinations areoutlined. Calculations for thermal total current for a working cycle timeof 1 minute, of less than one minute and start of the next cycle afterone minute and for a working cycle time of longer than one minute aredescribed.

*02-249409Quality of resistance spot welds on galvanised steel sheets.MISICKO R; KASCAK L; VINAS J; FUJDA MZvaranie/Svarovani, vol.58, no.7-8. July-Aug.2009. pp.189-192. 18fig., 3 tab., 14 ref. ISSN: 0044-5525[in Slovak]Experiments were performed to determine the optimum resistance spotwelding parameters for joining three overlapped 1 mm thickness sheetsof galvanised steel, with application to car body fabrication. In twoseries of tests, using 10 and 12 welding cycles, spot welds were madeat four values of current in the range 6-7.7 amp on D51D+Z (EN10142:2000, 0.15%C) steel. Weld quality was evaluated bymacrostructural and microstructural examination and measurements ofload-carrying capacity.

*02-249468Effects of welding parameters on mechanical properties andmicrostructure of resistance spot welded DP600 joints.ZHANG P; XIE J; WANG Y X; CHEN J QScience and Technology of Welding and Joining, vol.16, no.7.Oct.2011. pp.567-574. 14 fig., 2 tab., 15 ref. ISSNs: 1362-1718,1743-2936[in English][http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/stwj]An experimental study was carried out to investigate the effects ofwelding parameters, including electrode force, welding current andwelding time on the mechanical properties and microstructure ofresistance spot welded DP600 lap joints. Dual phase DP600 highstrength steel with a thickness of 1.7 mm and a chemical compositionof (0.084%C, 0.009%P, 0.0073%S, 0.01%Si, 0.032%Cr, 0.315%Mo,0.057%Al, 0.017%N) was used in the experiments. Weld electrodeforce varied between 2-3.5 kN, weld current between 6-12 kA andweld time between 8-17 seconds. Tensile shear tests were performedafter welding. The tensile shear load and failure energy was measuredas a function of weld time, weld current and weld force. Microstructureof the welded joints was examined. The effects of welding parameterson nugget diameter and penetration rate, as well as on microhardnesswere examined also.

*02-249480Resistance microwelding of crossed Pt-10lr and 316 LVMstainless steel wires.HUANG Y D; PEQUEGNAT A; FENG J C; KHAN M I; ZHOU YScience and Technology of Welding and Joining, vol.16, no.7.Oct.2011. pp.648-656. 13 fig., 1 tab., 26 ref. ISSNs: 1362-1718,1743-2936[in English] [See also Weldasearch 240446][http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/stwj]An experimental investigation was made to study the resistance

microwelding of dissimilar crossed wire joints of Pt-10Ir (Pt, 10%Ir)and low carbon vacuum melted 316 stainless steel (0.024%C,1.84%Mn, 0.75%Si, 17.47%Cr, 14.73%Ni, 2.76%Mn, 0.017%P,0.001%S, 0.04%Cu, 0.024%N) wires of 0.38 mm diameter. Theelectrode displacement and dynamic contact resistance at the fayinginterface were measured using a data acquisition system duringwelding. Two different welding sequences were used, including doubleand single pulse processes. In the single pulse process, the electrodeforce was varied from 1-5 kgf and the current varied between 100 and500 A. For the double pulse welding, two pulses were applied withdifferent electrode forces and current levels, which were selectedfollowing observations during conventional single pulse welding inorder to optimise the joint breaking force. Weld surface condition,geometries and cross-sections were examined using SEM. The jointstrength was measured for three or more welds at each set ofparameters by subjecting the joints to tensile shear loading.

*02-249491Electrode dressing makes a better spot weld.KUSANO HIndian Welding Journal, vol.44, no.3. July 2011. Special Issue. AWSSection. pp.110-114. 10 fig., 1 tab. ISSN: 0046-9092[in English] (Based on paper presented at the AWS Detroit Section'sSheet Metal Welding Conference XIV, Livonia, MI, USA, 12-14 May2010)[Similar paper: Welding Journal, vol.90, no.5. May 2011.pp.28-32; Weldasearch 247479]An analysis of the copper electrode face during resistance welding ofgalvanised steel is presented highlighting the correlation of alloy layerwith the number of welds and tips to optimise tip dressing arepresented. A CuCrZr electrode with a 16 mm diameter cap tip wasused to weld galvanised steel and the thickness of the layer of alloy(79%Fe, 13%Zn, 6%Cu, 0.8%Cr, 0.8%Al) on the cap tip wasmeasured following 100, 300, 400 and 500 welds. Use of tip dressers isdiscussed focusing on inline autoelectric motor tip dressers. Tipdressing guidelines (weld numbers, optimal tip dressing conditions,weld parameters, cutting life, verification devices, chips/shavingmanagement) cutting blade selection and benefits of tip dressers (costs,splatter reduction) are discussed.

02-249513Resistance welding - Vickers hardness testing (low-force andmicrohardness) of resistance spot, projection, and seam welds.BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION;EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION;INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATIONBritish Standard BS EN ISO 14271: 2011. Publ: London W4 4AL, UK;British Standards Institution; 2011. 12pp. 4 fig., 1 ref. ISBN:9780580674785[in English] (French and German versions also exist)(Supersedes BS ENISO 14271: 2001. 12pp; [Weldasearch 204356])This standard describes the procedures for hardness testing of etchedcross sections of resistance spot, projection and seam welds in order todetermine Vickers hardness in the low load or microhardness range of theweld nugget, HAZ and parent metal. It is applicable to welds made inferrous and non-ferrous metal sheets with a thickness 0.5-6 mm. Thestandard covers recommended forces for testing resistance welds, testpieces, test equipment, testing procedures and positions of theindentations, and the information to be included in the test report.

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02-249514Resistance welding - destructive tests of welds - pressure test ofresistance seam welds.BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION;EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION;INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATIONBritish Standard BS EN ISO 17654: 2011. Publ: London W4 4AL, UK;British Standards Institution; 2011. 9pp. 2 fig. ISBN: 9780580688553[in English] (French and German versions also exist)(Supersedes BS ENISO 17654: 2003. 9pp; [Weldasearch 209575])This standard specifies requirements for a pressure test on resistanceseam welds in the destructive testing of welds in metallic materials, inorder to determine the suitability of the material, process equipment,process parameters and other factors relevant to container constructionby resistance seam welding. It applies to single sheet thicknesses rangingfrom 0.3 mm to 3.2 mm.

03 ENERGY BEAM PROCESSES

See also abstracts: 01-249194, 01-249393, 01-249465, 09-249260,09-249261, 11-249450, 23-249229, 32-249379, 43-249370, 44-249398,52-249441, 60-249498, 63-249308

*03-249174Laser technique shortens welding process for heat-treatable steels.PRAKTISCHE METALLOGRAPHIE/PRACTICAL METALLOGRAPHYPraktische Metallographie/Practical Metallography, vol.47, no.12. Dec.2010.p.735. 2 fig. ISSN: 0032-678X[in English]A process developed by the Laser Zentrum Hannover (LZH) and Institutefor Electrotechnology (ETP) for one step inductive hardening andwelding for multi-part heat treatable steel constructional elements is outlined.A structural diagram of the laser processing head developed for this techniqueis provided. The parts are heated to a temperature of over 900 deg.C,welded and then quenched. The advantages of the head and the processdescribed.LASER ZENTRUM HANNOVER EV; INSTITUTEELECTROTECHNOLOGY, LEIBNIZ UNIVERSITAT HANNOVER

*03-249188The joining of magnesium alloy to steel.LIU L MIn Book: Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys. Ed: L.M.Liu.Publ: Cambridge, CB21 6AH, UK; Woodhead Publishing Ltd; 2010.Part 1: General. Chapter 6. pp.63-78. 13 fig., 2 tab., 25 ref. ISBNs:9781845696924, 9780857090423[in English]The production of welded joints composed of magnesium alloy andsteel is reviewed. The problems that arise in joining Mg alloys to steelare outlined, as are the physical and chemical properties of thesemetals. The principles for the hybrid laser TIG welding of lap jointsbetween sheets of AZ31B Mg alloy and Q235 low carbon steel areoutlined, including use of a nickel interlayer. Properties of the weldedjoints were investigated, with focus on the effects of processparameters (laser power, welding speed, defocusing; TIG current) onlap shear strength and microstructure. The distribution of nickel wasdetermined in the joints made with an Ni interlayer and the bondingmechanism was investigated. Future trends in the joining of Mg alloysto steel are outlined.

*03-249197Laser welding of magnesium alloys.SHAN JIn Book: Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys. Ed: L.M.Liu.Publ: Cambridge, CB21 6AH, UK; Woodhead Publishing Ltd; 2010.Part 2: Particular Welding and Joining Techniques. Chapter 17.pp.306-350. 36 fig., 6 tab., 69 ref. ISBNs: 9781845696924,9780857090423[in English]The application of laser welding to the joining of magnesium alloys isreviewed. The laser welding process is characterised (largely using mildsteel as an example) with regard to the physical process, and theinfluence of the welding parameters, such as the character and power ofthe laser beam, welding speed, focal position, heat input and theimportance of and selection of shielding gas, is examined. Theweldability of Mg alloys and the advantages of using laser welding areoutlined, and the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mgalloys that have undergone laser welding are described. The nature andcauses of defects that are typically found in laser welded Mg alloys areexplored, including solidification cracking, liquation cracking, moltenpool collapse and hydrogen porosity. Finally, the outlook for thistechnique and possible future trends are outlined.

*03-249296The importance of moving gradually from the capillary front inlaser welding and cutting. Part 1 (Zur Bedeutung von gleitendenStufen an der Kapillarfront beim Schweissen und Schneiden ...).BERGER P; SCHUSTER R; ZVYAGOLSKAYA M; HUGEL H;SCHAFER PSchweissen und Schneiden, vol.63, no.1-2. Jan.-Feb.2011. pp.20-26,27-28. 10 fig., 49 ref. ISSN: 0036-7184[in German]Investigations of phenomena influencing the quality of fibre laser anddisc laser welding in the 1 micrometre wavelength range are describedwith an outline of the theoretical background and visualisation ofcapillary dynamics. The concept of energy coupling and fluidmechanical processes is illustrated by a short summary of studies ofwelding and cutting. Outlines are given of studies of deep penetrationwelding, cutting, Fresnel absorption as a determining parameter ofmovement of the keyhole, the mechanisms of the pulse input into themolten mass with advance of the keyhole along the weld and the effectof plasma in the capillary. Visualisation experiments in water for a CWlaser of 10.6 micrometre wavelength, power 500-1000 W, for 5seconds with zero and 6.7 m/min feed speed and in ice of -7 deg.C,beam power of 500-1000 W, feed speeds of 1-10 m/min are described.

*03-249298Laser-MIG hybrid welding - extension from the macro- into themicrorange (Laserstrahl-MIG-Hybridschweissen - DieErweiterung vom Makro- in den Mikrobereich).REISGEN U; OLSCHOK S; MAVANY MSchweissen und Schneiden, vol.63, no.1-2. Jan.-Feb.2011. pp.34-40.17 fig., 1 tab., 9 ref. ISSN: 0036-7184[in German] [See also Weldasearch 241137]The results of tests on laser-MIG hybrid welding and mechanicaltechnological properties of the resulting welds are described. The testequipment was a laser unit with two diode pumped fibre lasers ofwavelength 1070 nm, maximum beam power 250 and 200 W and a laserof 300 W power, MIG power supply for 0-32 V and 2-200A,modified contact tube, wire feed unit for 0.3-1.6 mm diameter at0.05-20 m/min feed rate. The parent materials were stainless steel(X5CrNi18-10 and X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2) and aluminium Al99.5.

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Copyright 2011, TWI Ltd

Mechanical-technological properties of welds in austenitic CrNi steelusing hardness measured according to DIN EN ISO 6507-1 and tensiletests are described. Results of micro hybrid welding tests on sheet ofthickness 0.25 mm in X5CrNi18-8 are described. For aluminiumwelding tests, sheet of thickness 0.5 mm in Al 99.5 and filler wireSG-AlSi12 were used.

*03-249322Laser welding of precision engineering components.GOPAL K A; MURUGAN S; VENUGOPAL S;KASIVISWANATHAN K VIndian Welding Journal, vol.44, no.2. Apr.2011. pp.54-59. 9 fig., 4tab., 2 ref. ISSN: 0046-9092[in English]A presentation is made of the techniques used in the production of avariety of intricate precision engineering components fabricated usinglaser welding (LBW). A brief introduction to the LBW process is givenand the details of the Nd-YAG pulsed solid-state laser systemavailable at the Indira Ghandi Centre for Atomic Research Centre,India, are presented. Examples of fabricated components include MIcoil termination in an eddy current based position sensor and a sodiumleak detector in a diverse safety rod drive mechanism of a prototypefast breeder reactor, and austenitic stainless steel 316 components foran Ir-192 high dose rate source holder, used in cancer treatment, for theBoard of Radiation and Isotope Technology, Mumbai. Laser weldingparameters are presented and results are discussed for each trial.

*03-249331Laser welding of root welds of thick joints of heat-resistant steel.CHERNAYA T I; TSARYUK A K; SIORA A V; SHELYAGIN V D;KHASKIN V YuPaton Welding Journal, no.2. Feb.2010. pp.14-17. 5 fig., 3 ref. ISSN:0957-798X[in English and Russian] (Translated from Avtomaticheskaya Svarka)Experiments to determine optimum process conditions for laser rootwelding of turbine rotors are summarised and recommendations aremade. Preliminary experiments were conducted using butt joints in 5mm thickness type 20 steel (0.2%C, 0.5%Mn) and a solid state laser.Effects of laser power (2.5 - 4 kW), shielding gas mixture (CO2, 0 or18%Ar), and laser focus relative to the surface were evaluated withrespect to welding defects and back bead shape. This experience wascarried forward to root welding in V or U groove in 30 mm thickness25Kh2NMFA heat resistant steel (0.22%C, 0.44%Mn, 1.87%Cr,1.38%Ni, 0.36%Mo, 0.04%V) with and without SV-08G2S filler wire,with 250-300 deg.C preheat. A set of recommended process conditionswas derived and is listed.

03-249339Improvement of mechanical properties of Inconel 718 electronbeam welds - influence of welding techniques and postweld heattreatment.MADHUSUDHANA REDDY G; SRINIVASA MURTHY C V;SRINIVASA RAO K; PRASAD RAO KInternational Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.43,no.7. 2009. pp.671-680. 9 fig., 7 tab., 17 ref. ISSNs: 0268-3768,1433-3015[in English]The effects of welding techniques and PWHT on electron beam welded(EBW) Inconel 718 joints were investigated. Solution-treated sheets ofInconel 718 (50.0%Ni+Co, 0.08%C, 0.35%Mn, 20.0%Cr, 2.7%Mo,0.56%Al, 1.13%Ti, 0.15%Cu, 4.93%Nb) of dimensions 205 x 105 x3.1 mm underwent EBW using the following parameters: gun to work

distance 275 mm; accelerating voltage 55 kV; beam current 22-25 mA;beam focus on or slightly above the surface; welding speed 1.5 m/min;vacuum level 0.04 Pa; heat input 48.4-55 J/mm. Joints were producedeither using no electron beam oscillation or using the followingoscillation patterns and constant amplitude: sinusoidal, square,triangular, ramp, circular and elliptical. After undergoing one of twosolutionising treatments (980 deg.C or 1080 deg.C for 1 h, air cooling),the welded samples were subjected to a duplex ageing treatmentconsisting of 8 h furnace cooling at 720 deg.C followed by 8 h aircooling at 620 deg.C. Joint microstructure (particularly Laves phasecontent), distribution of Nb, hardness, yield strength, tensile strength,elongation and locus of failure were determined. The results arediscussed with regard to weld Nb segregation, Laves phase formationand response to ageing.

03-2493403D finite element temperature field modelling for direct laserfabrication.YANG J; WANG FInternational Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.43,no.11. 2009. pp.1060-1068. 10 fig., 1 tab., 19 ref. ISSNs: 0268-3768,1433-3015[in English]The development of a three-dimensional finite element temperaturefield model capable of describing the thermal dynamics behaviour thatoccurs during direct laser fabrication (DLF), also known as laserengineered net shaping, is discussed. The topics addressed includefeatures of DLF temperature field modelling; difficulties and possiblesolutions; and heat transfer and equations related to modelling of theDLF process. A case study involving repair by laser surfacing isdescribed and solved using the applied temperature field model. Theeffects of non-linear thermal properties in pure nickel on thetemperature distribution in the model are estimated.

03-249341Statistical analysis of recast formation in laser drilled acuteblind holes in CMSX-4 nickel superalloy.LEIGH S; SEZER K; LI L; GRAFTON-REED C; CUTTELL MInternational Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.43,no.11. 2009. pp.1094-1105. 11 fig., 6 tab., 22 ref. ISSNs: 0268-3768,1433-3015[in English]The influence of welding parameters on the metallurgy and drillingvelocity during laser percussion drilling of CMSX-4 nickel superalloywas investigated. Acute blind holes were laser drilled in CMSX-4sheets of thickness 2 mm using a 300 W pulsed Nd:YAG laser (laserhead inclination 30 degrees; assist gas oxygen) delivered via a 300micrometre optical fibre and emitting at a wavelength of 1.06micrometres. A central composite design and a response surfacemethod were applied to identify the significant processing factors andrelationships with measured outputs: the independent processvariables selected for study were pulse energy (2-5 J), pulse width(0.2-0.6 ms), pulse frequency (30-100 Hz) and gas pressure (200-600kPa), and the thickness of the recast layer on the internal walls of thedrilled holes was selected as the primary response variable of interest.The maximum thickness of the recast layers on the walls and at thebottom of the holes was measured, and the drilling velocities weredetermined. The results of statistically modelling the experimental dataand the optimisation of the laser drilling process are discussed. Resultsare applicable to gas turbine aero engine blades.

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03-249345Effects of heat input on microstructure and mechanical propertyof Al/Ti joints by rectangular spot laser welding-brazing method.CHEN Y B; CHAN S H; LI L QInternational Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.44,no.3. 2009. pp.265-272. 12 fig., 2 tab., 18 ref. ISSNs: 0268-3768,1433-3015[in English]The effects of heat input on dissimilar titanium/aluminium alloy buttjoints produced by means of a novel laser welding-brazing method withcored filler wire were investigated. A laser welding-brazing process inwhich the CO2 laser beam (laser power 2.4 kW; double shielding gasargon) was modulated to a 2 x 4 mm rectangular spot was used to join5A06 aluminium alloy (Al, 5.8-6.8%Mg, 0.1%Cu, 0.5-0.8%Mn,0.4%Fe, 0.2%Zn) and Ti-6%Al-4%V alloy (Ti, 5.5-6.8%Al,3.5-4.5%V, 0.3%Fe) in a butt joint configuration with heat inputs of144-720 kJ/m. An Al-12%Si (Al, 12.0%Si, 0.15%Ti, 0.1%Mg,0.3%Cu, 0.15%Mn, 0.8%Fe, 0.2%Zn) flux-cored filler wire (diameter2 mm) was fed in front of the laser beam at an angle of 30 degrees. Thejoints' microstructure and chemical constitution were determined, thecrystal phases of the reaction layer were analysed, and the joint tensilestrengths were evaluated. The results are discussed with regard to weldappearance and interfacial microstructures.

03-249347Study of formability of tailor-welded blanks in plane-strainstretch forming.PANDA S K; RAVI KUMAR DInternational Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.44,no.7. 2009. pp.675-685. 14 fig., 4 tab., 25 ref. ISSNs: 0268-3768,1433-3015[in English] [See also Weldasearch 243488]The formability of tailor-welded blanks (TWBs) subjected toplane-strain stretching was investigated. The parent materials were lowcarbon drawing quality (DQ) steel (0.072%C, 0.430%Mn, 0.023%Al)sheets of thickness 1.0 mm and ultralow carbon interstitial free (IF)steel (0.008%C, 0.088%Mn, 0.068%Al, 0.056%Ti, 0.026%Nb) sheetsof thickness 1.0 mm or 1.5 mm, and sheets of both materials were usedin galvanised and ungalvanised conditions. A CO2 laser was used tolaser weld (continuous wave mode; key hole welding; shielding gasargon) three different types of TWBs (IF1.5/IF1.0; IF1.0/DQ1.0; IF1.5galvanised/IF1.5 ungalvanised) using the welding parameters of 3.1 kWbeam power and 1500 mm/min bed travel speed for blanks that differedin thickness and 4.2 kW beam power and 1500 mm/min bed travelspeed for blanks that differed in coating condition. Sections from thelaser welded specimens were microscopically examined and rectangularblanks (180 x 125 mm) were subjected to limited dome height (LDH)testing in plane-strain condition. Finite element analysis was used tostudy the effects of thickness, properties, surface condition and weldorientation. The results are discussed with regard to the LDH, thestrain distribution and the influence of weld line movement onformability.

03-249350Analysis of weld pool dynamic during stationary laser-MIGhybrid welding.GAO Z G; WU Y X; HUANG JInternational Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.44,no.9. 2009. pp.870-879. 7 fig., 1 tab., 24 ref. ISSNs: 0268-3768,1433-3015[in English]A mathematical model simulation of weld-pool development and

dynamic process during stationary spot laser-MIG hybrid welding isdescribed. The transient numerical model is designed to shed light onthe nature of heat transfer and fluid flow during the welding processand takes into consideration typical phenomena of both MIG weldingand laser welding. The topics addressed include the governingequations of the model; application of the volume-of-fluid method;solidification modelling; enthalpy modelling; driving sources for liquidmetal movement and convection; laser absorption coefficients; and heatsource considerations. The iterative scheme used to solve the governingdifferential equations and all related supplemental considerations areoutlined. The application of the mathematical model to spot laser-MIGhybrid welding of an aluminium-magnesium alloy is described.

03-249355Microstructure and mechanical properties of similar anddissimilar stainless steel electron beam and friction welds.MADHUSUDAN REDDY G; SRINIVASA RAO KInternational Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.45,no.9. 2009. pp.875-888. 20 fig., 5 tab., 13 ref. ISSNs: 0268-3768,1433-3015[in English]Similar and dissimilar stainless steel welds produced by means offriction welding and by means of electron beam (EB) welding werestudied in terms of their microstructural and mechanical properties.The parent metals were AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel (0.06%C,0.4%Mn, 17.0%Cr), AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel (0.06%C,1.38%Mn, 18.4%Cr, 8.17%Ni) and AISI 2205 duplex stainless steel(0.03%C, 2.00%Mn, 22.5%Cr, 5.5%Ni, 3.0%Mo). In the frictionwelding experiments, rods (diameter 18 mm) of the parent metals werejoined using the following parameters: friction force 3 kN; forge force 6kN; burn off 5 mm; soft force 2 kN; upset time 1 s; spindle speed 1485rev/min. In the EB welding experiments, plates (thickness 20 mm) ofthe parent metals were welded in a square butt joint configuration usingthe following parameters: beam focused on work surface; gun to workdistance 275 mm; accelerating voltage 60 kV; beam current 132 mA;speed 13.3 mm/s; vacuum level 40 Pa. Weld microstructure,distribution of Cr and Ni in the interfacial zone, residual stressdistribution, hardness, elongation, transverse and notch tensilestrength, and impact toughness were determined. The results arediscussed with regard to the insights they provide into themicrostructure-property relationships in fusion and solid-state weldingof dissimilar stainless steel combinations.

03-249361Effects of copper addition on microstructure and strength of thehybrid laser-TIG welded joints between magnesium alloy andmild steel.LIU L M; QI X DJournal of Materials Science, vol.44, no.21. 2009. pp.5725-5731. 11fig., 20 ref. ISSN: 0022-2461[in English]The effects of using a copper interlayer in the hybrid laser-TIGwelding of magnesium alloy to mild steel were investigated. AZ31BMg alloy (Mg, 3%Al, 1%Zn, 0.2%Mn) and Q235 steel (0.2%C,0.7%Mn) were welded using an Nd:YAG laser and a TIG torch in a lapjoint configuration in which the 80 x 60 x 1.7 mm AZ31B sheet wasplaced atop the 80 x 60 x 1.2 mm Q235 sheet with a 8 x 65 x 0.1 mmCu (99.9% purity) sheet serving as an interlayer. The hybrid laser-TIGwelding parameters used were as follows: tilting angle 40 degrees; TIGcurrent 100 A; laser power 400 W; welding speed 850 mm/min;shielding gas flow 15 l/min. Weld macromorphology, microstructureand element distribution were determined. Specimens also underwent

Welding Abstracts, Vol.24, No.12, December 2011 13 ENERGY BEAM PROCESSES

Copyright 2011, TWI Ltd

tensile shear testing and analysis of fractured weld beads. The resultsare discussed with regard to the factors affecting joint strength, theformation of phases in the joint microstructure and the joiningmechanism.

03-249372Quantitative characterisation of the microstructure of anelectron-beam welded medium strength Al-Zn-Mg alloy.DESCHAMPS A; RINGEVAL S; TEXIER G; DELFAUT-DURUT LMaterials Science and Engineering A, vol.A517, no.1-2. 20 Aug.2009.pp.361-368. 12 fig., 13 ref. ISSN: 0921-5093[in English]The effects of precipitation hardening and autogenous EB welding onthe microstructure, solute element distribution, grain structure andfine-scale precipitation of a medium strength AlZnMg alloy (Al,4.56%Zn, 1.18%Mg, 7 mm thickness) were investigated. Welded jointswere fabricated and then subjected to full solution treatment followedby air cooling and ageing. The grain morphology and texture wereevaluated by electron back-scatter diffraction and transmission electronmicroscopy. The homogeneously distributed small grain structure ofthe weld nugget is described and the effects of zinc content on nuggetmicrostructure are discussed. The differences in volume fraction afterpost-welding heat treatment was examined in terms of the magnitude ofsolute depletion. The relative precipitate sizes and volume fractions inthe weld nugget are considered in terms of microhardness.

*03-249399Laser hybrid welding with high power fibre laser - new chancesfor use of laser technology.JASNAU U; SUMPF AZvaranie/Svarovani, vol.58, no.3. Mar.2009. pp.63-67. 15 fig., 2 ref.ISSN: 0044-5525[in Slovak]The use of fibre lasers for hybrid laser - MIG/MAG welding isdiscussed, illustrated by commercially available equipment andindustrial applications, particularly shipbuilding. The availability offibre lasers up to 10 kW power is noted; their advantages over otherlaser types is explained. Equipment described and illustrated includes amobile control unit, laser-GMA hybrid tractor systems, and weldinggantries. Performance of hybrid laser-MAG welding systems wasassessed in one-sided butt welding of 8 mm thickness steel and primedsteel and two-sided welding of 16 mm thickness plate; full-penetrationwelding of 10 mm thickness T-joint; and assembly of sandwich panels.

*03-249443The effect of unprecise parts positioning on joints strengthduring laser brazing galvanised sheets by car-body production.MATYSOVA M; SEJC PZvaranie/Svarovani, vol.59, no.7-8. July-Aug.2010. pp.157-160. 5 fig.,1 tab., 3 ref. ISSN: 0044-5525[in Slovak]The effect of inaccurate alignment of automobile body components onjoint strength during laser brazing was investigated. A Nd:YAG laserand CuSi3 hot filler wire were used to join galvanised steel sheets of0.8 mm thickness in car body production in Volkswagen Slovakia. Thebrazing procedure is outlined. Possible reasons for joint defects arereported including incorrectly set process parameters and inaccuratealignment or dimension of the components. Test joints were made toexamine the causes of the change in the gap width between the sheets.The joint tensile strength was measured and evaluated according toVolkswagen's own standards.

*03-249467Effects of laser parameters on porosity formation: investigatingmillimetre scale continuous wave Nd:YAG laser welds.NORRIS J T; ROBINO C V; HIRSCHFELD D A; PERRICONE M JWelding Journal, vol.90, no.10. Oct.2011. Supplement: WeldingResearch. pp.198s-203s. 11 fig., 19 ref. ISSN: 0043-2296[in English]Porosity formation was investigated in milliscale continuous seamNd:YAG laser keyhole mode welds in 304L austenitic stainless steel(0.03%C, 0.36%Si, 1.73%Mn, 18.09%Cr, 8.57%Ni, 0.16%Mo,0.2%Cu, 0.06%N, 0.024%P, 0.001%S). The 304L samples (100 mm x25.4 mm x 1.27 mm) with weld length 89