Welcome to MR160 Welcome to MR160 Pharmacology/Lab Pharmacology/Lab MedicineMedicineWeek-1 … Textbook chapters 10, 11, and 12

Alexander Niyazov PharmD., RPh

Seminar RemindersSeminar Reminders We begin promptly at 8 pm EST

◦Wednesday’s ◦Class is one hour (8 - 9 pm EST)

Please do not announce yourself or apologize if …◦ you arrive late ◦ you get bumped out due to

technical issues… just join right in !

Seminar Reminders Seminar Reminders Be open to new thoughts and ideasThere is no such thing as a stupid

question ... please ask! Type a “?” if you have a questionAlternative Seminar Assignments if

you miss (Seminar Option 2) ◦ due Tuesday 11:59 pm EST of assigned

unit

Course Policies and Course Policies and Procedures Procedures

 Discussion BoardPost initial response by NLT*

Saturday Post responses to your classmates by

NLT* Tuesday 11:59 pm ESTGrading

◦See Rubric for details in syllabus◦For full credit must post on more than 1

day!

*(NLT = No-Later-Than)

Course Policies and Course Policies and ProceduresProcedures

 Projects and AssignmentsLabel your work properly … PLEASE!place your name within the

assignment’s file-name, as seen in this example from “John Doe” and his HS140 “Unit-3 Calculations” assignment:

Doe_Calculations_Unit3 or JDoe Unit3 Calc HS140 or DoeHS140unit3assignment

Course Policies and Course Policies and Procedures Procedures

 Projects and Assignments (continued)

TITLE your work properly ... PLEASE! Title example. This is how your Title would

appear at the top of your assignment which is being submitted as a Word-document (using old John Doe again):

Week 3 Calculations Assignment John Doe

Kaplan University

Course Policies and Course Policies and Procedures Procedures

ReferencesPharmacology is constantly

changingEvery year ...

◦New drugs come onto the market◦Other drugs are no longer

manufactured◦New generics become available◦New warnings need to be documented ◦Approval for new indications is reported

Course Policies and Course Policies and Procedures Procedures

ReferencesBooks - must be current ...

… published within the last 2 years

Websites - these 3 are very useful ... ◦www.rxlist.com◦www.webmd.com◦manufacturer’s website

when information about a specific brand name drug product is needed, (for example ... go to Lilly.com for detailed info on Prozac)

Course Policies and Course Policies and Procedures Procedures

ReferencesMust be reputableMust be sited using APA reference

format ◦Take the Plagiarism Policy very

seriously!◦Reference any drug-information you turn

in that you had to look up (except textbook)

Unsure how to reference?◦Seek help by going to the ‘Writing

Center’

Role of Medication (Drugs)Role of Medication (Drugs)The administration of medication

is one of the most important responsibilities of the healthcare professional

We must strive to gain all possible knowledge medicines, their use, and their abuse

This knowledge is of utmost importance in giving the best possible patient care!

Role …continuedRole …continuedThe types of things we must learn

about medications are …Proper useAbuse (improper use)Correct dosagesMethods of administration (delivery)Symptoms of overdosageAbnormal reactions

(allergic,idiosyncratic)

Benefits vs. Risks of drug Benefits vs. Risks of drug usage usage Correctly used – can be life-savingUnwisely used – can cause

permanent harm, may even be fatal“Crutches” – drugs can be thought

of this way, as aides in helping a patient heal

Common-sense must be used when administering drugs … and never assume!

GENERAL pharmacology GENERAL pharmacology termstermsPharmacology -the study of drugs

and their actionsPharmacy - art of

preparing/dispensingDrug - any substance used in

medicineChemical substance – can be

synthetically madePlant products – crude drugsAnimal products – insulin, thyroid hormFood substances – vitamins/minerals

SPECIFIC pharmacy termsSPECIFIC pharmacy termsAdditive effect – “1 + 1 = 2”Adverse effect – negative,

unplanned Allergic reaction – marked reactionAntagonism – “1 + 1 = less than 2”Idiosyncratic – abnormal reactionProphylactic – to prevent disease Side-effect – unpredictableSynergism – “1 + 1 = more than 2”Tolerance – increasing resistance

Drug Laws and RegulationDrug Laws and RegulationControlled Substances Act of

1971, which introduced the DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency)

Established drug ‘Schedules’, or categories, based on the drug’s potential for abuse

Schedules1 - 5 (often Roman Numerals)… with (1) being highest abuse-potential and (5) the least abuse potential

Schedule 1 drugs (aka C-Schedule 1 drugs (aka C-1’s)1’s)HIGHEST potential for abuseNO currently accepted medical

use in the United StatesLack of accepted safety dataexamples: *heroin *LSD *marijuana

Schedule 2 drugs (aka C-Schedule 2 drugs (aka C-11’s)11’s)High potential for abuseDOES have currently accepted

medical use in the U.S. with severe restrictions

Abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence

examples: *morphine *oxycodone *cocaine

*methylphenidate (Ritalin)

Schedule 3 drugs (aka C-Schedule 3 drugs (aka C-111’s)111’s)Abuse potential less than C-1 and C-

11’sCurrently accepted medical use in U.S.Abuse may result in moderate/low

physical, or high psyhological dependence

examples: *codeine (small amounts)

*hydrocodone *phendimetrazine (appetite suppressant)

Schedule 4 drugs (aka C-Schedule 4 drugs (aka C-1V’s)1V’s)LOW potential for abuseCurrently accepted medical use

in U.S.Abuse may result in limited

physical or psychological dependence

examples: *diazepam *propoxyphene

*meprobamate *phenobarbital

Schedule 5 drugs (aka C-Schedule 5 drugs (aka C-V’s)V’s)Lowest potential for abuseCurrently accepted medical us in U.S.Abuse tends to be very limitedexamples: *compounds (mixtures) containing

limited amounts of codeine, dihydrocodeine, hydrocodone

*Lomotil (diphenoxylate + atropine)

Drug StandardsDrug Standards‘Drug Standards’ list known

values, strengths, quality, and ingredients of various drugs

USP – American Drug Standard

IP – International Drug StandardsBP and The Pharmaceutical

Codex – British Drug Standards

Sources of Drug Sources of Drug InformationInformationThese are all things you can use

to research information on drugsRxlist.com – great website!Drugs.com – another great

website!WebMD – disease and drug infoDrug manufacturer’s website

– useful only if searching the Brand-name drug

Brand-name vs. generic-Brand-name vs. generic-namenameBrand-name is also referred to as

the ‘Trade’ name, or ‘Proprietary’ name … this simply means the original manufacturer ‘owns’ the name.

Brand-names are always CAPITALIZED

Generic drug names are always recorded in LOWER CASE … this is important!

Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical PreparationsPreparationsDifferent types of dosage forms

are needed for different applications

These variations are necessary because of the wide range of drug properties and drug uses

See pages 31 and 32 for fully detailed information

Oral Dosage formsOral Dosage formsCapsules - swallowTablets/pills – swallow/sub-lingualTroches – dissolve in mouthLong-acting/Extended-release

tabs/capsElixirs – contains alcoholEmulsions – fat globule suspensionSyrups – sugar, liquidAerosols/inhalers - spray

Topical Dosage forms Topical Dosage forms (apply)(apply)Gels – easily spread over large

areasCreams – absorbs quickly into skinOintments – stays on surfacePowders – wound treatmentLotions/LinimentsSolutions – often used on scalpTinctures/SpiritsSuppositories – insert rectally

Review Questions …Review Questions …Which drug schedule

represents the highest potential for abuse ?

Answer …Answer …Schedule 1, may also be listed as

C-1

Review Question 2 …Review Question 2 …The main American drug

standard text is called the …

Answer 2 …Answer 2 …USP (United States

Pharmacopoeia)

Thanks guys …Thanks guys …

Hope you all have a great week!