Computers Review Computer Science – Hardware, Systems, and Software.
Welcome to CMPE003 Personal Computers: Hardware and Software
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Transcript of Welcome to CMPE003 Personal Computers: Hardware and Software
Welcome to CMPE003 Personal
Computers: Hardware and
SoftwareDr. Chane FullmerDr. Chane Fullmer
Fall 2002Fall 2002
UC Santa CruzUC Santa Cruz
October 4, 2002 3
Assignments
Homework #3 – Due October 18 Design your own Webpage Keep in mind ---
• The world at large will see your page• Don’t put private or sensitive information on
your Webpage. Details and sample – see class page –
http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/classes/cmpe003/Fall02/
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Midterm #1 Friday – October 11
Chapters 1 – 5 ~50 questions Multiple choice
• Bring Scantron form• #F-1712-ERI-L (big & pink)
Bring your student ID• Required to take exam
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Objectives
Identify the components of the central processing unit and how they work together and interact with memory
Describe how program instructions are executed by the computer
Explain how data is represented in the computer Describe how the computer finds instructions and data
Describe the components of a microcomputer system unit’s motherboardList the measures of computer processing speed and explain the approaches that increase speed
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Number systemsBinary Number: base 2 on and off 0,1 ones=20, twos=21, fours=22, etc 0000 0000 = 0 base 10 0000 0001 = 1 base 10 0000 0010 = 2 base 10 0000 0011 = 3 base 10 0000 1010 = 10 base 10
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Binary Number System We have 10 fingers
Computers have devices with 2 states
... 1000 100 10 1
... 10^3 10^2 10^1 10^0
1 0 0 1 1 the binary number
2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0 place values
(1 * 2^4) + (0 * 2^3) + (0 * 2^2) + (1 * 2^1) + (1 * 2^0)
= 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 19
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Hexadecimal Numbers
Hexadecimal Number: base 16 alternative representation to binary 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F ones=160, sixteens=161, 256's=162, etc translation of hex into binary 0000 0000 = 0 base 16 = 0 base 10 0000 0001 = 1 base 16 = 1 base 10 0000 1010 = A base 16 = 10 base 10 0001 0000 = 10 base 16 = 16 base 10
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Hexadecimal Table
0000 0 1000 8
0001 1 1001 9
0010 2 1010 A (10)
0011 3 1011 B (11)
0100 4 1100 C (12)
0101 5 1101 D (13)
0110 6 1110 E (14)
0111 7 1111 F (15)
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Hexadecimal Example #1 Hexadecimal (called ‘hex’) is often
written with a prefix of ‘0x’ 0xFF or 0xff
0xFF = 1111 1111 = (0xF * 16^1) + (0xF * 16^0) = (15 * 16) + (15 * 1) = 240 + 15 = 255
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Hexadecimal Example #2 0x10 = 0001 0000
= (0x1 * 16^1) + (0x0 * 16^0) = (1 * 16) + (0 * 1) = 16 + 0 = 16
0xA5 = 1010 0101 = (0xA * 16^1) + (0x5 * 16^0) = (10 * 16) + (5 * 1) = 160 + 5 = 165
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The System UnitThe Black Box
Houses electronic components Motherboard Storage devices Connections
Some Apple Macintosh models have system unit inside monitor
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The System UnitThe Black Box
Motherboard Microprocessor chip Memory chips Connections to other parts
of the hardware Additional chips may be
added – math coprocessor
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The System UnitThe Black Box
Storage Devices
Hard driveFloppy drive
CD-ROM driveDVD-ROM drive
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Microprocessor
CPU etched on a chip Chip size is ¼ x ¼ inch Composed of silicon Contains millions of
transistors Electronic switches that can
allow current to pass through
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Microprocessor Components
Control Unit – CU Arithmetic / Logic Unit – ALU Registers System clock
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Building a Better Microprocessor Computers imprint circuitry onto
microchips Cheaper Faster
Perform functions of other hardware Math coprocessor is now part of
microprocessor Multimedia instructions are now part of
microprocessor
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Building a Better Microprocessor
The faster the computer runs The cheaper it is to make The more reliable it is
The more functions that are combined on a microprocessor:
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Types of Microprocessors
Intel Pentium Celeron Xeon Itanium
Intel-compatible
Cyrix AMD
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Types of Microprocessors PowerPC
Cooperative efforts of Apple, IBM, and Motorola
Used in Apple Macintosh family of PCs Found in servers and embedded systems
Alpha Manufactured by Compaq (formerly DEC) High-end servers and workstations
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Semiconductor Memory Reliable Compact Low cost Low power usage Mass-produced economically Volatile Made up of tiny circuits, each
able to represent ‘0’ or ‘1’ (bits)
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Semiconductor MemoryCMOS
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)
Uses little electricity Used in PC to store hardware settings
that are needed to boot the computer Retains information with current from
battery
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RAM Keeps the instructions and data for
current program Data in memory can be accessed
randomly Easy and speedy access Volatile Can be Erased Written over
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Types of RAM
SRAM (Static RAM) Retains contents as long as power is
maintained Faster than DRAM
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Types of RAMDRAM (Dynamic RAM) Must be constantly refreshed Used for most PC memory because of
size and cost SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)
faster type of DRAM RDRAM (Rambus DRAM)
Faster than SDRAM Expensive
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Adding RAM Purchase memory modules that are
packaged on circuit boards SIMMS – Chips on one side DIMMS – Chips on both sides Maximum amount of RAM that can be
installed is based upon the motherboard design
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ROM Programs and data that are
permanently recorded at the factory Read-only Cannot be changed by the user Stores boot routine that is activated
when computer is turned on Non-volatile
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PROM Programmable ROM ROM burner can change
instructions on some type of ROM chips
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Bus Line Paths that transport electrical signals System bus
Transports data between the CPU and memory
Bus width Number of bits of data that can be carried
at a time Normally the same as the CPUs word size
Speed measured in MHz
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Bus Line
CPU can support a greater number and variety of instructions
CPU can support a greater number and variety of instructions
Larger bus width = More powerful computer
CPU can transfer more data at a time = Faster computer
CPU can reference larger memory
addresses= More memory
available
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Expansion Buses
Connect the motherboard to expansion slots
Plug expansion boards into slots interface cards adapter cards
Provides for external connectors / ports Serial Parallel
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PC Buses and Ports
ISA Slow-speed devices like mouse, modem
PCI High-speed devices like hard disks and network cards
AGP Connects memory and graphics card for faster video performance
USB Supports “daisy-chaining” eliminating the need for multiple expansion cards; hot-swappable
IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
High-speed bus connecting video equipment to the computer
PC CardPCMCIA
Credit card sized PC card devices normally found on laptops
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Speed and Power
What makes a computer fast? Microprocessor speed Bus line size Availability of cache
L1 & L2 Flash memory RISC computers Parallel processing
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Computer Processing Speed
Time to execute an instruction Millisecond Microsecond Nanosecond
Modern computers Picosecond
In the future
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Microprocessor Speed Clock speed
Megahertz (MHz) Gigahertz (GHz)
Number of instructions per second Millions of Instructions Per Second (MIPS)
Performance of complex mathematical operations One million floating-point operations per
second (Megaflops – MFLOPS)
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Cache
Small block of very fast temporary memory
Speed up data transfer Instructions and data used most
frequently or most recently
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Cache
Step 1Processor
requests data or instructions
Step 2Go to address in main
memory and read
Step 3Transfer to main CPU and cache
Next processor request• Look first at cache• Go to memory
PROCESSOR
R
A
M
Cache
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Types of Cache Internal cache
Level 1 (L1) Built into microprocessor Up to 128KB
External cache Level 2 (L2) Separate chips 256KB or 512 KB SRAM technology Cheaper and slower than L1 Faster and more expensive than memory
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Flash Memory Nonvolatile RAM Used in
Cellular phones Digital cameras Digital music recorders PDAs
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Instruction Sets
CISC TechnologyComplex Instruction Set Computing Conventional computers Many of the instructions are not used
RISC TechnologyReduced Instruction Set Computing Small subset of instructions Increases speed Programs with few complex instructions
• Graphics• Engineering
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Types of Processing
Serial processing Execute one instruction at a time Fetch, decode, execute, store
Parallel Processing Multiple processors used at the same time Can perform trillions of floating-point
instructions per second (teraflops) Ex: network servers, supercomputers
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Types of Processing Pipelining
Instruction’s action need not be complete before the next begins
Fetch instruction 1, begin to decode and fetch instruction 2
Super Scalar Executes multiple
instructions per cycle