Welcome to CMPE003 Personal

Computers: Hardware and

SoftwareDr. Chane FullmerDr. Chane Fullmer

Fall 2002Fall 2002

UC Santa CruzUC Santa Cruz

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AssignmentsAssignments

Homework #4 – Due October 25(That’s this coming Friday ) Design your own resume Must use a Word Processor (ie, M$ Word)

Notepad will not suffice.

Details and sample resume – see class page –

http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/classes/cmpe003/Fall02/hw4_resume.html

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Class InformationClass Information

Midterm results:Didn’t change with rescan …

Will be handed back after lecture today – for real

The Internet:A Resource for All of Us

Chapter 8

Part A

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ObjectivesObjectivesDescribe some of the history of the InternetExplain what is needed to get on the InternetDescribe generally what an Internet service provider

doesDescribe the rudimentary functions of a browserDescribe how to search the InternetList and describe the non-Web parts of the InternetExplain some of the ongoing problems associated with

the Internet

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History of the InternetHistory of the Internet

Government and Universities over 30 yearsWho’s connected today?

IndividualsEducational institutionsGovernment/Military/PoliceResearchMedicalBusinessesEveryone!

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

1969 – US Department of Defense and Rand Corporation

OriginsCold War – fear that a bomb could demolish computing

capabilitiesSeveral computers, geographically dispersed, networked

togetherPlan – if one computer was disabled, others could carry on

using alternative communication routes

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

Many WANs and LANs were installed, but machines on the WANs could not access information on the LANs..

Remote access was separated from local accessA single cohesive network was desirable.

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

US Department of Defense had a similar scenario – lots of autonomous networks that could not interoperate

The DoD funded network research in the early ’70s through (D)ARPA creating various network technologies, including a research WAN called ARPANET.

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

ARPANET allowed researchers the opportunity to build a working test-bed for networking ideas.

Solved incompatibility issuesSolved interoperability issuesCreated an internetwork of LANs and the WANs

The Internet is born

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

ARPANETBackbone

UCLALAN

UCLALAN

MITLAN

MITLAN

UCBLAN

UCBLAN

DARPALAN

DARPALAN

G1

G2

G4 G3

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The Early Years…The Early Years…Internet Software

Internet Protocol (IP)Provides basic communicationHandles the addressing and routing

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)Provides services for applications to communicatePacketizes message, reassembles message at the

destinationThe “TCP/IP Internet Protocol Suite”

aka TCP/IP

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

ARAPA placed the research and software into the public domain.All information was freely available to any person or

vendor, allowing them to create devices or networks that would interoperate with the Internet technology.

Improvements were documented and made publicly available.

This philosophy is called an Open System

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

Internet documentation On-line and accessible from the Internet Reports for improvements to the Internet were initially a two

step process Request for comments (RFC) went out first Internet Engineering Note came out with the comments as the

final report. Today the RFC remains as the definitive documentation for

the Internet On-line at www.faqs.org/rfcs/

> Also www.ietf.org/rfc.html

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

The UNIX operating system Built at Bell Labs in the early ’70sUNIX given to universities to studyUC Berkeley team added LAN software

Distributed to others via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) and became known as BSD UNIX (The ancestor of today’s Free BSD)

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

ARPA negotiated with UCB to add the TCP/IP suite to the BSD UNIX release.Gave large number of universities access to study

networking, and deploy it in their departments.1982 the US Military chose the Internet as its

primary communication system.1983 the ARPANET began running TCP/IP

exclusively.

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

Incredible growth from day one..In 1982 ~200 machines were connectedBy 1983 the number had doubledWith growth comes the problems..

Static lists of machines need updatedLimited memory space …Software updates..

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

The Computer Science Network (CSNET) Sponsored by NSF in early `80s

Goal was to connect every Computer Scientist in the country over one network.

CSNET was deployed using TCP/IP and the Internet By mid 1980s most major university and research labs were

connected to the Internet Graduate students began to investigate the details of these new

technologies, and include them in their research topics.> Developed new applications> Extended the technology

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

The IAB (Internet Activities Board)(Now known as the Internet Architecture Board)

Original controlling body to coordinate TCP/IP research and Internet development.

Chairman – Internet ArchitectRFC EditorFormed volunteer task forces to solve problems

» Task forces generated new RFCs

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

The IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)Originally chartered for short-term Internet

development.Now is responsible for most of the Internet technical

developmentWorking groups meet and create the RFCs

» Manet, ipsec, tcp…

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

NSFNETNSF recognized the importance of the Internet to the

scientific community. Interconnected the supercomputer centers around

the US with a TCP/IP WANProved useful, but smallNSF looked for ways to improve the ARPA Internet

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

The NSFNET Backbone1988 WAN established as main backbone of the

InternetMCI – long distance transmission linesIBM – dedicated computers and softwareMERIT – network operation

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

The ANS Backbone (Advanced Networks and Services)

Consortium of MCI, IBM & MERITAllowed the government to begin privatization of the

Internet1992 – WAN was built to serve as the Internet

backbone ANSNET, 30 times NSFNET capacity

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

Exponential growth …….

0

10000000

20000000

30000000

40000000

50000000

60000000

70000000

80000000

1983 1987 1991 1995 1999

ComputersConnected

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

By 1999, the Internet was growing so fast that, on average, a computer was added to the Internet every second – and the rate continues to increase.

An interesting fact: At any time from 1983 through 1999, approximately half

the growth of the Internet occurred in the previous 12 months…

So, after you have been “on” the Internet for only one year, you will have had more experience than half the other users….

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

Growth – Good and BadGood for vendorsBad for the IETF

Predictions of imminent collapse» March 1993, Summer ’97

Technology improvements have kept up with bandwidth and switching speeds required.

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

The Hard limit – Address spaceThe IP protocol is limited to a number contained in 4

bytes (32 bits)…

Byte 0Byte 1Byte 2Byte 3

•This limits the number of possibilities to 232 = 4,294,967,296

•There are solutions – IPv6, NAT

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

SummaryThe Internet began as an ARPA research project.The TCP/IP protocol software was developed to

make the Internet operational.The Internet is an Open System, with the technology

freely available to all.The Internet documentation is available on-line in the

form of reports known as RFCs.

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

Summary (continued)BSD UNIX distributed TCP/IP suite freely to

universities in the early 80s1982 US Military adopted TCP/IP as primary

communication standardExponential growth from its inception IAB formed to coordinate development IETF - major technical development body

Working groups

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The Early YearsThe Early Years

Summary (Continued)1988 – NSFNET Backbone1992 – Privatization (ANSNET)Exponential growth from its inception

Half of the users today have been there less than one year……

IP Address 32 bit limitation

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Tim Berners-LeeTim Berners-Lee

1990Perceived a spider’s web of computers with links from

computer to computerCERN site

Dr. Berners-Lee’s physics laboratoryBirthplace of the World Wide Web

Easy movement due to linksHypertextHyper-region

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Marc AndreessenMarc Andreessen

1993Created browser softwareMosaic – first graphical browser

Became Netscape (now owned by AOL)Provided attractive images and a graphical interface

permitting users to click on pictures as well as text

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Internet ExplosionInternet ExplosionSeptember 2002

Over 600 million users worldwidePart of our daily livesFour factors

TCP/IP standardAbility to link from site to siteEase of use of browserGrowth of PC and LANs that can connect

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Global Internet UsageGlobal Internet Usage

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URLUniform Resource Locator

URLUniform Resource Locator

Unique address of a web page or file on the InternetCase-sensitive

http://domain-name.top-level-domain/last-section

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httphypertext transfer protocol

httphypertext transfer protocol

Protocol – rulesCommunication using links

http://domain-name.top-level-domain/last-section

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Domain nameDomain name

Address of the ISPDomain names are registeredOngoing fee is paid for each domain name

http://domain-name.top-level-domain/last-section

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Top-level DomainTop-level DomainRepresent the purpose of the organization of entity

.com

.gov

.edu

.org

.net

May be a two-letter country code

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Last sectionLast section

Directories and file names that specify a particular web page

http://domain-name.top-level-domain/last-section

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Getting StartedGetting Started

Computer with a modem or NICInternet service provider (ISP)Browser clientOther related software

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