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![Page 1: Welcome to 755 nBrain in health and disease nChris Elliott & Sean Sweeney nAim: describe the workings of the CNS u in health and disease F Neurons F Glia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e685503460f94b63a15/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Welcome to 755
Brain in health and disease Chris Elliott & Sean Sweeney Aim: describe the workings of the CNS
in health and disease Neurons Glia Blood vessels
See http://biolpc22.york.ac.uk/755
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Synapses Learning & Memory
complementary module more cellular approach
what is cellular basis of synaptic function
how does this relate to learning how is memory stored and related to
our “conscious remembering” Gareth Evans, Sean Sweeney, Chris
Elliott
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Reading
Purves, D et al 2008 Neuroscience 4th ed (Sinauer)
Most of my pictures come from this
Carlson NR (2010) Physiology of behaviour (10th ed) (Allyn & Bacon)
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Diseases
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Aim of the lecture
Techniques to study brain What makes a brain?
neurons glia synapses
neurotransmitters mammalian brain regions
Consciousness
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Techniques for brain study
Anatomy post-mortem ?
Electrophysiology Extra - & Intracellular recording Electroencephalography DBS & TMS
Scanners PET & fMRI
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Anatomical techniques Silver
stain/fluorescent label
Immunocytochemistry
deoxyglucose
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Intracellular recording
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Electroencephalography
EEG
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DBS & TMS DBS (deep brain
stimulation) TMS (transcranial
magnetic stimulation)
transient stimulus or lesion by intense electromagnetic wave
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Scanners CT scanners (X-rays) PET
inject positron-labelled H2O
accumulates labelled O2 or glucose
fMRI – resonance of haemoglobin affects nearby water depending on amount of O2 bound
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Summary so far…
Properties of neurons accessible anatomically functionally even in humans
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What makes a brain ?
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Cells
Axon Dendrites Soma
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Synapses
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Molecular release of NT
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Key neurotransmitters Acetylcholine – NMJ / heart / CNS Glutamate main excitatory NT GABA main inhibitory NT
glycine in spinal cord Adrenaline Dopamine Serotonin Any diseases ?
degenerative developmental
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Glia
About 100 times more glial cells than neurons
Support neurons
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Astrocytes form blood-brain barrier
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Meninges Dura [hard] mater Arachnoid [spider-
like] pia [soft, gentle]
mater
meningitis ~ 9 new cases in UK+Ireland /day
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Neurons
Why are neurons so interesting ? Fast signalling Specific connections Long distances
Key features: Need glia Ion channels Synaptic transmission
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Summary so far…
Properties of neurons accessible anatomically functionally even in humans
Brain depends on neurons glia blood supply constant environment
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Human CNS
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Axes of human CNS
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Planes of section
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Lobes of the cortex
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Sagital section
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Brainstem
hippocampus
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Spinal cord
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http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1093/icb/42.4.743?journalCode=icbi
cerebellumcerebral
hemispheres
olfactory bulb
medulla
optic tectum
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Summary so far… Properties of neurons accessible Brain depends on …
Main parts of CNS cortex = cerebrum
highly developed in mammals, especially primates
midbrain brainstem spinal cord
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How does brain activity link to movement?
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Spinal cord
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Feedback reflex
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feedback reflexes
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Motor cortex
motivated movement
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Basal ganglia
timing of movement
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Cerebellum
important in learned motor skills
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Summary so far…
Properties of neurons accessible Brain depends on … Main parts of CNS Feedback control of movement
spinal cord cerebellum
Feedforward cortex basal ganglia
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Consciousness?
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Stages of Sleep
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Sleep pattern
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Sleep Dolphins can sleep
with L or R half- brain
Flies sleep roles for DA and 5-
HT
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Sleep is necessary
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Summary to end…
Properties of neurons accessible Brain depends on … Main parts of CNS Control of movement
Feedback Feedforward
Control of awareness
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Thought for the day"Why does research take so long?“"Why is progress so slow?“"Why don't we have
effective therapies for these devastating diseases?"
http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/29/41/12722