Welcome!Welcome!

The 2015 Summer Institutein Nanotechnology

The 2015 Summer Institutein Nanotechnology

The summer institutewebsite:

umassk12/nano

TheAgenda

NSF Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing

Research Education Outreach

A Center on Nanomanufacturing at UMass

"NSEC"

Supported by the National Science Foundation

Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS):

Three Pillars

• Disciplinary Core Ideas

• Science and Engineering Practices

• Crosscutting Concepts

STEM Careers

- There are 14 million people unemployed people in the U.S. and 3 million unfilled STEM jobs -- There is a STEM skills gap!*

*U.S. News & World Report STEM Solutions 2012 Leadership Summit: http://usnewsstemsolutions.com/ June 27-29, 2012

STEM Skills

- Mathematical literacy

- Ability to apply STEM knowledge to real-world situations

- Need many STEM-skilled people for sophisticated jobs in manufacturing

- Typically, students are not aware of the types of jobs a STEM education can lead to

Science DOI: 10.1126/science.caredit.a1200076 Michael Price July 6, 2012

21st Century Skills

The 4 C’s(contributing to the thriving person)

Introduction to Nanotechnology:What, Why and How

Introduction to Nanotechnology:What, Why and How

Mark Tuominen Professor of Physics

NanotechnologyThe biggest science initiative

since the Apollo program

Nanotechnology

“IBM says it has overcome a technological hurdle by producing a prototype chip with transistors that are just 7 nanometers wide” (NPR July 9, 2015)

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.

1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter= 1 x 10-9 m

nano.gov

How small are nanostructures?

Single Hair

Width = 0.1 mm

= 100 micrometers

= 100,000 nanometers !

Smaller still

Hair

.

DNA

3 nanometers

6,000 nanometers

100,000 nanometers

10 nm objectsmade by guided

self-assembly

Red blood cells(~7-8 m)

Things NaturalThings Natural Things ManmadeThings Manmade

Fly ash~ 10-20m

Head of a pin1-2 mm

Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surfacepositioned one at a time with an STM tip

Corral diameter 14 nm

Human hair~ 60-120m wide

Ant~ 5 mm

Dust mite

200 m

ATP synthase

~10 nm diameterNanotube electrode

Carbon nanotube~1.3 nm diameter

O O

O

OO

O OO O OO OO

O

S

O

S

O

S

O

S

O

S

O

S

O

S

O

S

PO

O

The Challenge

Fabricate and combine nanoscale building blocks to make useful devices, e.g., a photosynthetic reaction center with integral semiconductor storage.

Mic

row

orl

d

0.1 nm

1 nanometer (nm)

0.01 m10 nm

0.1 m100 nm

1 micrometer (m)

0.01 mm10 m

0.1 mm100 m

1 millimeter (mm)

1 cm10 mm

10-2 m

10-3 m

10-4 m

10-5 m

10-6 m

10-7 m

10-8 m

10-9 m

10-10 m

Visi

ble

Nan

ow

orl

d

1,000 nanometers = In

frar

edU

ltrav

iole

tM

icro

wav

eSo

ft x-

ray

1,000,000 nanometers =

Zone plate x-ray “lens”Outer ring spacing ~35 nm

Office of Basic Energy SciencesOffice of Science, U.S. DOE

Version 05-26-06, pmd

The Scale of Things – Nanometers and MoreThe Scale of Things – Nanometers and More

MicroElectroMechanical (MEMS) devices10 -100 m wide

Red blood cellsPollen grain

Carbon buckyball

~1 nm diameter

Self-assembled,Nature-inspired structureMany 10s of nm

Atoms of siliconspacing 0.078 nm

DNA~2-1/2 nm diameter

Applications of Nanotechnology

10 GB2001

20 GB2002

40 GB2004

80 GB2006

160 GB2007

First, One Example: iPod Data Storage Capacity

Hard driveMagnetic data storage

Uses nanotechnology!

Magnetic Data StorageA computer hard drive stores your data magnetically

Disk

N S

direction of disk motion

“ Write”Head

0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 _ _

“ Bits” ofinformation

NS

“ Read”Head

Signalcurrent

magnets

Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but other areas (materials, biotech, energy, and others) are of significant and growing importance.

Some applications of nanotechnology has been around for a very long time already:• Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold nanoparticles• Photographic film - silver nanoparticles• Tires - carbon black nanoparticles• Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of platinum and palladium

Applications of Nanotechnology

Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale?

• To make better products: smaller, cheaper, faster and more effective. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, and more -- a sustainable future!)

• To discover completely new physical phenomena to science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

nano.gov - the website of the NNI

Types of Nanostructuresand How They Are Made

"Nanostructures"

Nano-objects Nanostructured Materials

nanoscale outer dimensions

nanoscale internal structure

Nanoscale Devices and SystemsIntegrated nano-objects and materials

"nanoparticle""nanorod"

"nanofilm"

"nanotube"and more

Making Nanostructures: Nanomanufacturing

"Top down" versus "bottom up" methods

•Lithography•Deposition•Etching•Machining

•Chemical•Self-Assembly

Some nanomaterials are just alternate arrangements of well-

known materials

Carbon materials

2010 Nobel Prize!

Nanofilms

Gold-coated plastic for insulation purposes

"Low-E" windows: a thin metal layer on glass: blocks UV and IR light

Nanofilm on plasticNanofilm on glass

A nanofilm method:Thermal Evaporation

Vaporization or sublimation of a heated material onto a substrate in a vacuum chamber

vacuum~10-7 torr

sample

source

film

vacuumpump

QCM

vapor

heating source

Pressure is held low to prevent contamination!

Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, others

There are many otherthin film manufacturingtechniques

Patterning: Photolithography

substrate

process recipe

spin on resist

resist

expose

mask (reticle)

develop

deposit

apply spin bake

spin coating

exposed unexposed

"scission"

liftoff

etch

narrow line

narrow trench

Photolithography

HOWEVER, there are limitations:•Limited by wavelength of light

Deep UV ~ 30nm features

•Uses very expensive equipment

•Not suitable for some desired nanostructure geometries

IBM - Copper WiringOn a Computer Chip

Used WIDELY in microelectronics

Patterning: Imprint Lithography

Mold Template

Polymer or Prepolymer

Substrate

ImprintPressure

Heat or Cure

Release

• Thermal Imprint Lithography

– Emboss pattern into thermoplastic or thermoset with heating

• UV-Assisted Imprint Lithography

– Curing polymer while in contact with hard, transparent mold

Self Assembly

An Early Nanotechnologist?

Excerpt from Letter of Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg (Nov. 7, 1773)

...At length being at Clapham, where there is, on the Common, a large Pond ... I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface ... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ... which spread amazingly, and extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half an Acre, as smooth as a Looking Glass....

A nanofilm!

"Synthesis and Characterization of Nearly Monodisperse Semiconductor Nanocrystallites," C. Murray, D. Norris, and M. Bawendi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 8706 (1993)

"Quantum Dots" by Chemical Synthesis

(reverse-micelle method)

Color is determined by particle size!

a

Interaction with Light

"Artificial atom"

E = hf

420 THz 750 THz

Many applications: solar cells, biomarkers, lighting, and more!

Improving Magnetic Data Storage Technology

• The UMass Amherst Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing is working to improve this technology

Granular Media

PerpendicularWrite Head

Soft Magnetic UnderLayer (SUL)

coil

Y. Sonobe, et al., JMMM (2006)

1 bit

• CHM Goal: Make "perfect" mediausing self-assembled nano-templates• Also, making new designs for storage

Immiscibility and phase separation:Driven by intermolecular interactions

Olive oil

Balsamicvinegar

Polymer mixture

Thermodynamically driven

SELF ASSEMBLY with DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS

Block “A ” Block “B”

10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A

~10 nm

Ordered Phases

PMMA PS

Scale set by molecular size

nanoporous template

Nanomagnets in a Self-Assembled Polymer Mask

1x1012 magnets/in2

Data Storage......and More

Conducting Nanowires from Bacteria

Bacterium Cell: GeobacterSulfurreducens

Bacterial “Nanowires”

Nature Nanotechnology 6, 573-579 (2011)

A Few More Applications of Nanotechnology

Solar Cells

Konarka

Benefit: Sun is an unlimited source of electronic energy.

Electric Solar Cellsp-n junction interface

cross-sectional view

n-type silicon

p-type silicon

+

-

Sunlight

Voltage “load”

CurrentThe electric power produced is proportional to the area of the solar cell

- - - -- - - - + + + ++ + + + 0.5 Volt

Nanostructured Solar Cells

+

-

Sunlight

Voltage “load”

CurrentMore interface area - More power!

Nanomedicine: Tumor-targeted Cancer Therapy

C&EN News June 4, 2012

C&EN News June 4, 2012

Nanospectra Biosciences

Nanotechnology is an example ofInterdisciplinary Collaboration at work

People from diverse fields working together -- more rapidly solving important problems in our

society• Physics• Chemistry• Biology• Materials Science• Polymer Science• Electrical Engineering• Chemical Engineering• Mechanical Engineering• Medicine• And others

• Electronics• Materials• Health/Biotech• Chemical• Environmental• Energy• Food• Aerospace• Automotive• Security• Forest products

A Message for Students

- Nanotechnology is changing practically every part of our lives. It is a field for people who want to solve technological challenges facing societies across the world.

- There are well-paying, interesting jobs – technician, engineer, scientist, manufacturing, sales, and others.