Phonetics and Phonology

Group member: Anwar Radhi Cheong Zi Hoong Lee Li Wen

Week 4

Symbols• Each symbol or character in the IPA chart

represents one fundamental sound of all languages.

• 44 phonemic symbols that represent the 26 letters of the English Language alphabet.

Transcription • two main types of transcription

Phonemic Phonetic

transcription

Phonemic

• Roach (2010) has defined phonemic transcription as a one to one identification of every speech sound into a phoneme and written with the appropriate symbol.

• For example, the word ‘put’ is transcribed as /pʊt/.

Phonetic transcription

Broad transcription

Narrow transcription

indicates the more noticeable phonetic features of an utterance or has a little more information than a phonemic transcription.

the transcription of every speech sound with more phonetic detail, either by using specific symbols or by representing some allophonic differences.

Narrow transcription • When symbols are used to narrowly transcribe

words phonetically, they are placed within square brackets [ ] as the symbols represent precise phonetic values.

• For example, the word ‘kill’ will be transcribed as [ˈkʰɪɫ] in a narrow phonetic transcription where allophonic details are given. The symbol [kʰ] indicates that it is an allophone (variant) of the phoneme /k/ which is aspirated in initial position.

Narrow transcription • Such allophonic details are not required in the

broad form of phonetic transcription. For example, the word ‘kill’ can either be transcribed as /kɪl/ or /ˈkɪl/ (with a stress mark) in phonemic transcription.

Symbol Example of word

/p/ pin = /p + ɪ + n/

/b/ bay = /b + eɪ/

/t/ to = /t + u/ or /t + ə/

/d/ do = /d + u/ or /d + ə/

/k/ key = /k + i:/

/g/ go = /g + əʊ/

/tʃ/ cheap = /tʃ + i: + p/

/dʒ/ bulge = /b + ʌ + l + dʒ /

/f/ fee = /f + i: /

/v/ veal = /v + i: + l/

Each symbol is listed on the left of the table while a word with letter(s) in bold representing the consonant sound and the phonemic transcription of the word are indicated on the right:

Consonants

Symbol Example of word

/θ/ thick = /θ + ɪ + k/

/ð/ then = /ð + e + n/

/ѕ/ so = /s + əʊ /

/z/ zoo = /z + uː /

/ʃ/ show = /ʃ + əʊ/

/ʒ/ beige = /b + eɪ + ʒ/

/h/ hi = /h + aɪ /

/m/ map = /m + æ + p/

/n/ nap = /n + æ + p/

/ŋ/ sing = /s + ɪ + ŋ/

/l/ lake = /l + eɪ+ k/

/r/ room = /r + uː + m/

/j/ yak = /j + æ + k/

/w/ win = /w + ɪ + n/

Vowels

Long vowels Short vowels

/i/=heed /ɪ/=hid

/a/=hard /ɛ/=head

/ɔ/=saw /æ/=had

/u/=who /ʌ/=mud

/ɜ/=heard /ɒ/=pod

/ʊ/=hood

/ə/=the(spoken quickly)

Monophthongs

Vowels

Symbol Example of word

/eɪ/ say

/ɔɪ/ toy

/aɪ/ high

/ʊə/ cure

/oʊ/ So

/aʊ/ How

/ɪə/ Here

/ɛə/ hair

Diphthongs

Vowels

• A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third, all produced rapidly and without interruptions (Roach, 2010).

• For example:a careful pronunciation of the word ‘our’ starts with a vowel similar to /α:/ which then glides towards the back close rounded area (as represented by the symbol /ʊ/) then ends with a mid-central vowel (schwa, /ə/ ). ‘our’ is transcribed as /aʊə/.

Triphthongs

Vowels• The triphthongs are composed of the 5 closing

diphthongs described earlier but they end with a schwa /ə/.

1. /eɪ/ + /ə / = /eɪə/ as in mayor, payer 2. /aɪ/ + /ə / = /aɪə/ as in tire, dryer 3. /ɔɪ/ + /ə / = /ɔɪə/ as in royal, loyal 4. /əʊ/ + /ə/ = /əʊə/ as in buoyant, follower 5. /aʊ/ + /ə / = /aʊə/ as in sour, flower

Vowel Space

Examples of Articulations of Long Vowels

Examples of Articulations of Short Vowels

Dipthongs

Consonants (plosives)

Alveolar Articulation Velar ArticulationBilabial Articulation

• All six plosives can occur at the beginning of a word ( initial position), between other sounds (medial position) and at the end of a word (final position).

Bilabial Alveolar Velar

Voiceless p t k

Voiced b d g

Place of Articulation