Chapter 4 Network Layer

Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 4th edition. Jim Kurose, Keith RossAddison-Wesley, July 2007.

Last Lecture

Classful IP Addressing

Today’s Lecture

Classful IP AddressingSubnetting

IP Address• An IP address is a 32-bit address.• The IP addresses are unique.• The address space of IPv4 is

232 or 4,294,967,296.(more than 4 billion)• Represented in binary or decimal

CLASSFUL ADDRESSING

• IP addressing when started used the concept of classes. • This architecture is called classful addressing.

• Organizations can be of different sizes • Require varying numbers of IP addresses on the Internet.

• A system was devised whereby the IP address space would be divided into classes.• Each class occupies some part of the whole

address space• Some classes are for

• Large networks on the Internet• Smaller organizations

• Some classes are reserved for special purposes.

IP Address Classes

Netid and Hostid

Class A

• Class A is divided into 128 blocks (27) – Each block having different Netid

• First block covers addresses from– 0.0.0.0 to 0.255.255.255 (netid 0)

• Second block covers addresses from– 1.0.0.0 to 1.255.255.255 (netid 1)

• The last block covers addresses from– 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 (netid 127)

• Each block in this class contains 16,777,216 addresses

• Class A addresses were designed for large organizations with large number of hosts attached to their network– 16,777,216 too large, millions of class A addresses are

wasted

Class B

• Class B is divided into 16384 blocks (214)– Each block having different netid

• First block covers addresses from– 128.0.0.0 to 128.0.255.255 (netid 128.0)

• The last block covers addresses from– 191.255.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 (netid

191.255)• Each block in this class contains 65,536 addresses• Class B addresses were designed for medium size

organizations with thousands of hosts attached to their network– 65,536 is also too large for medium size organizations,

many of class B addresses are wasted

Class C

• Class C is divided into 2097152 blocks (221)– Each block having different netid

• First block covers addresses from– 192.0.0.0 to 192.0.0.255 (netid 192.0.0)

• The last block covers addresses from– 223.255.255.0 to 223.255.255.255 (netid

223.255.255)• Each block in this class contains 256 addresses• Class C addresses were designed for small

organizations– 256 is small for most organizations

Issues with Classful Addressing

• Flexibility in Internal addressing:– Thousands of hosts connected to one large network

• Inefficient Use of Address Space: – Wastage of limited IP address space.

• Router Table Entries: – Increase in router table entries.

Example:• Hosts needed by organization are 5000• Hosts in B 65,536 and in C 256

– Organization with 5,000 hosts is in a dilemma– It can only choose to either waste 90% of a Class B

address or use 20 different Class C networks.– Replacing with 20 C networks will increase entries in

routers

Subnetting• To better meet the administrative and technical

requirements of larger organizations, the “classful” IP addressing system was enhanced through a technique known as subnet addressing or subnetting.

• A three-level hierarchy is created: networks, which contain subnets, each of which then has a number of hosts.

Subnetting• Subnetting adds an additional level to the

hierarchy of structures used in IP addressing.• IP addresses must be broken into three elements

instead of two. • Network ID is unchanged • The host ID into a subnet ID and host ID. • These subnet ID bits are used to identify each

subnet within the network. • Splitting the host ID into subnet ID and host ID,

we reduce the size of the host ID portion of the address

• Class A networks have 24 bits to split between the subnet ID and host ID: class B networks have 16, and class C networks only 8.

Subnetting

The more bits we use from the host ID for the subnet ID, the more subnets we can have but the fewer hosts we can have for each subnet.

Subnet Mask• In classful addressing without subnetting

– Routers use the first octet of the IP address to determine what the class is of the address

– From class they know which bits are the network ID and which are the host ID.

• In subnetting, the routers also need to know how that host ID is divided into subnet ID and host ID.– This division can be arbitrary for each network. – There is no way to tell how many bits belong to each

simply by looking at the IP address.– The additional information about which bits are for the

subnet ID and which for the host ID must be communicated to devices that interpret IP addresses.

– This information is given in the form of a 32-bit binary number called a subnet mask.

Determining the Subnet Mask

• The subnet mask is a 32-bit binary number• It is created so that it has a one bit for each corresponding bit

of the IP address that is part of its network ID or subnet ID, and a zero for each bit of the IP address’s host ID.

• The mask thus tells TCP/IP devices which bits in that IP address belong to the network ID and subnet ID, and which are part of the host ID.

Determining the Subnet Mask

• Suppose we have the Class B network 154.71.0.0. • We decide to subnet this using 5 bits for the

subnet ID and 11 bits for the host ID. • In this case, the subnet mask will have 16 ones

for the network portion (since this is Class B) followed by 5 ones for the subnet ID, and 11 zeroes for the host ID.

• That's “11111111 11111111 11111000 00000000” in binary, with the bits corresponding to the subnet ID highlighted.

• Converting to dotted decimal, the subnet mask would be 255.255.248.0

Determining the Subnet Mask

Example• A company is granted the site

address 210.70.64.0. The company needs six subnets. What is the subnet Mask?

Determining the Subnet Mask

Solution• Class C address• 6 subnets means 3 bits in the subnet

id• 3 ones in the subnet mask• 11111111 11111111 11111111

11100000• 255.255.255.224 (decimal)

Using a Subnet Mask • Suppose we have a host on a network with an

IP of 154.71.150.42 and subnet mask 255.255.248.0

• A router needs to figure out which subnet this address is on.

154.71.144.0 is the IP address of the subnet to which 154.71.150.42 belongs.

Designing a Subnet

• Analyze the requirements• Determine the subnet mask • Each Subnet address• Host Addresses

Example:• Network Address: 211.77.20.0• 8 sub networks• 32 hosts in each

Designing a Subnet

Designing a Subnet211.77.20.0 in binary is • 11010011 01001101 00010100 00000000• Subnet 0

– substitute “000” for the subnet ID bits (211.77.20.0)• Subnet 1

– substitute “001” for the subnet ID bits, to yield the following:

– 11010011 01001101 00010100 00100000 (211.77.20.32 )• Subnet 2

– substitute 010 for the subnet ID bits to give: – 11010011 01001101 00010100 01000000 (211.77.20.64)

• Subnet 3– Substitute 01100000 (211.77.20.96)

• Subnet 7 (last)– Substitute 11100000 (211.77.20.224)

Designing a Subnet

Determining Host Address• Subnet #0

– First address: 11010011 01001101 00010100 00000000 (211.77.20.0)– Second address: 11010011 01001101 00010100 00000001

(211.77.20.1)– Third address: 11010011 01001101 00010100 00000010

(211.77.20.2)– Last address: 11010011 01001101 00010100 00011111

(211.77.20.31)

• Subnet #6. It has “110” for the subnet bits instead of “000”.

– First address: 11010011 01001101 00010100 11000000 (211.77.20.192)– Second address: 11010011 01001101 00010100 11000001

(211.77.20.193)– Third address: 11010011 01001101 00010100 11000010

(211.77.20.194)– Last address: 11010011 01001101 00010100 11011111 – (211.77.20.223)

• Similarly for other subnets

Designing a Subnet

Home Assignment• A company is granted the site

address 172.16.0.0. The company needs 1000 subnets. Design the subnets?