WeekofMarch23nd(dueMarch30th)InClassWork—submitviaOpenLab,emailorDropbox•  ElementsofArgumentWritingchartforadvertisement(onHandout)

•  ElementsofArgumentWritingchartforyourownsource(onHandout)

•  Writebriefresponseto“FakeNewsEntry”onWikipediaandConservipediaonOpenLabDiscussion

•  Complete5Wsand1HtoDetermineSourceCredibilityforyourownSource

WeekofMarch23nd•  Homework: Read "The Williamsburg Renaissance" by

Jessica Guerra. Answer the following questions either on OpenLab Discussion OR upload to Dropbox/ email me.

–  This piece was written by a CityTech student for English 1101! I like the piece a lot because it show cases a very effective way to present the research that she procured.

–  What is the problem that Guerrar identifies in her neighborhood? What reasons and evidence does she provide?

–  What solution to her problem does she offer? Do you agree with her proposed solution? Why or why not?

–  What did you think of this piece? Explain.

•  Homework: Write a draft of an annotated bibliography for ONE of your sources. Do not worry about the citations. We will cover that next week.

Genre:Persuasive(argument)Writing

•  Wearegoingtolookatpersuasivewritinginthisunit.

•  Wearegoingtolookathowauthors,persuadetheiraudiencetothinkoractinacertainway.

•  Wearealsogoingtolookatwaystostrengthenyourownargumentsandtorecognizethestrengthensandweaknessesoftheargumentsofotherpeople.

ElementsofArgumentWriting

ELEMENT DEFINITION

Issue

Argument

Claim

Reason

Evidence

Counterclaim

ElementsofArgumentWriting

•  LISTENtoMiniLessonhttps://youtu.be/qmmtHmJkGt8

•  USEthearticle“AffordableHousingPoliciesMaySpurGentrification,Segregation”asamodel

Issue

•  Anissueisanimportanttopicorproblemthatiscoveredintheargumentativetext.

•  Example:“Theissueinthiseditorialisaffordablehousing.”

Argument

•  Anargumentisadisagreementontheissue.Thisisastatementofwheretheproblemliesandclarifieswhytheissueisproblematic.Statementoftheargumentcanbemadeusing“whetherornot.”

•  Example:“Theargumentinthispieceiswhetherornottheconnectionbetweenluxurybuildingandaffordablehousingingentrifyingareasactuallycausessegregation.”

Claim

•  Claim:Aclaimisanassertionthatsomethingistrue.Themainclaimistheauthor’sclearstatementofthepointofviewtheywillargueforandusually,abriefexplanationofwhy.

•  Example:“Theconnectionbetweenluxurydevelopmentandaffordablehousingmaybecausingsegregation.”

Reason

•  Reason:Astatementthatjustifiestheclaim.Reasonsexplainwhythereadershouldagreewiththeclaim.

•  Example:“Becausegovernmentinvestmentisaffordablehousingistiedintopublicprivateluxury-affordablemodelstheCommunitybasednonprofit-developersneedprivatedollarstofundtheirwork.”

Evidence

•  Facts,orproof,thatsupportthereasoning.Thestrongestevidencecomesfromvalid,crediblesources.

•  Example:“Since2000,averagerentshavedoubledinWilliamsburg-Greenpointandalmost40percentoftheLatinopopulationhaslefttheneighborhoodbecauseofhousingcosts.”

Counterclaim

•  Counterclaim:Foundwithinthebodyparagraphsorinaseparatebodyparagraph,thecounterclaimstatestheothersideoftheargumentandmayevenincludeevidenceinsupportoftheothersideoftheargument.Thisisdonesothattheauthorcanrefute,ordemonstratetheweaknessof,thecounterclaim.

•  Example:“TherealityofaffordablehousingpolicyinNYisratherlessrosythanthepublicrelationseffortsofthedevelopersandtheBloombergadministrationwouldhaveusthink.”

ElementsofArgumentWritingELEMENT DEFINITION

Issue Anissueisanimportanttopicorproblemthatiscoveredintheargumentativetext.

Argument Anargumentisadisagreementontheissue.Thisisastatementofwheretheproblemliesandclarifieswhytheissueisproblematic.Statementoftheargumentcanbemadeusing“whetherornot.”

Claim Aclaimisanassertionthatsomethingistrue.Themainclaimistheauthor’sclearstatementofthepointofviewtheywillargueforandusually,abriefexplanationofwhy.

Reason Astatementthatjustifiestheclaim.Reasonsexplainwhythereadershouldagreewiththeclaim.

Evidence Facts,orproof,thatsupportthereasoning.Thestrongestevidencecomesfromvalid,crediblesources.

Counterclaim Thecounterclaimstatestheothersideoftheargumentandmayevenincludeevidenceinsupportoftheothersideoftheargument.Thisisdonesothattheauthorcanrefute,ordemonstratetheweaknessof,thecounterclaim.

Advertisements•  Thewholepurposeofadvertisementsistosellaproduct/ideatoanaudience.Adsareagreatexampleofthepersuasive(argument)genre).

•  Inordertoaccomplishthistask,advertisers,usemanypersuasiveelementssuchaspathos,logosandethos,toappealtotheiraudience.

•  However,sometimes,whenyoulookcloselyatads(andotherargumentpieces),youmaynotice,thattheyaremissingkeyelementsanditisimportanttoconsiderWHY.WHYleaveouttheevidence?Orthecounterclaim?Whatdoesthatmean?

STOPandJOT!

•  Turntoyourhandout.LookatthefirstblankElementsofArgumentChart.

•  UsingtheAdvertisementonthefollowingslide,trytoidentifyasmanyelementsofargumentasyoucan.Remember,youmanynotfindeveryelementineverypiece!

ConnecttoYOURResearch

•  ChooseONEofyoursourcesandusethesourcetocompletethesecondblankIdentitytheElementsofArgumenttableinthehandout.

BiasInSources

WatchMiniLesson!

•  https://youtu.be/XbaXAUDMk9w

Bias

•  Havingbiasmeanshavingaprejudiceorpreferencefororagainstaperson,object,oridea.

•  Arguably,allwritingcontainsbias.•  Humanbeingsinevitablyhaveapointofviewtowardwhateversubjectstheirwritingaddresses,andconsciouslyorunconsciously,attitudesandopinionsmayinfluencethetone,content,andcentralideasofthewriting.

Bias

•  Bias,however,isfrequentlyconsideredapejorativeornegativetermbecauseitsometimesimpliesthattheauthortriedtoinfluencetheaudiencetowardhisorherpointofviewunfairlybymanipulatingfacts,tone,timing,orotherfactorsrelatedtothepiece.

•  Whilebiasisverycommon,itisnotnecessarilyabadthing.Itcanbehelpfultounderstandtheviewsofaparticularauthor,group,ororganization,evenifhe,she,oritisbiased.

KeytoUsingBiastoHelp!

•  Separatewhatisfactualinformationfromwhatisbiasedtreatmentoffacts.Whydoadvertisers,forexample,presentbiasedinformation?Howisbiasusedtoswayopinions?Biasdoesnotmeanasourceisnotcredible,butitmeansthatwehavetobeawareofwhatfactsarebeingpresented,whatfactsarenotbeingpresentedandhowtheinformationisbeingshared.

Top10CluesthataPieceIsBiased1.  Theauthorisknowntohavestrongviewsoranagenda.

2.  Factsarenotsupportedbyevidenceormultiplecrediblesources.

www.snopes.comorwww.factcheck.orgrevealsthattheinformationinthepiece

isnottrue.

3.  Therearegeneralizationswithoutsupport:Mostpeoplebelieve…

4.  Thewriteromitsfactsandinformationthatdonotsupportherview.

5.  Thewriteronlyusessourcesthatsupporthisview.

6.  Littleornoattentionispaidtoopposingviews.

7.  Thereisasalespitchorappealformoney.

8.  Thepiecepresentsaone-sidedopinionaboutapolitician,party,orpolicy.

9.  Theauthoruseswordsand/oratonethatstirsemotionsorconveysstrong

images:bearhuntversusbearslaughter.

10.  Theheadlineorcontentevokesalotofemotion

Let’sLook!

•  ReadthefollowingtwopiecesonthetermFakeNews.OnewaspostedonWikipediaandtheotherwaspostedonConservapedia,theconservativeversionofWikipedia.

•  Noticehowtheydefineonetermcompletelydifferently.

•  Thinkaboutwhatwelearnedaboutbias.Howcouldyouapplythathere.

•  Linkstoarticles:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news

•  https://www.conservapedia.com/Fake_news

StopandJot!

•  Now,visittheOpenLabsiteandwritearesponsetothosepiecesintheDiscussionsection.SeewhereIstartedathread?

•  Pleasetrytoreplytoatleastoneclassmateaswell!

Let’sLook!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=koPmuEyP3a0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_HL0wiK4Zc

Now,let’swatchthesetwoadvertisements,whatdoyounotice

aboutthem?

StopandJot!

•  Now,visittheOpenLabsiteandwritearesponsetothosepiecesintheDiscussionsection.

•  Pleasetrytoreplytoatleastoneclassmateaswell!

ConnecttoYOURResearch

•  ChooseONEofyoursourcesandthinkabouthowitdemonstratesbias.Jotnotesabouttheexamples/evidenceofbiasyousee.

SourceCredibility

Whatisacrediblesource?

Whatisareliablesource?

Whatisarelevantsource?

Whatisacrediblesource?

Acrediblesourceisanaccurateortrustworthysource

Whatisareliablesource?

Areliablesourceisveryconvincing

Whatisarelevantsource?

Arelevantsourcesupportsyourclaims

WatchtheMiniLesson!

•  https://youtu.be/vsM_t3qm6H8

SourceCredibilityTips!•  Notall“facts”arecertaintobeaccurateortrue•  Thecredibilityofasourcehasadirectrelationshiptotheaccuracyoffactualinformationinatext,butevencrediblesourcesmaycontainmisinformation

•  Textsoftenofferinterpretationosoffactsthatmayormaynotbeaccurate

•  Whenmultiplecrediblesourcesagreeonsomething,itisprobably(butnotalways)true

•  Awarenessofdifferingfacts,interpretations,opinions,andbiasesaroundatopicisusefulinformationwhentryingtobuildone’sexpertiseonatopic

CharacteristicsofaCredibleSource•  Theauthorisnamedandisanexpertonthesubject.

•  Thesourceisproducedbyanorganizationthatisanexpertonthesubject.

•  Thesourceisup-to-date.•  Themainpurposeofthesourceistoinform,nottosell

anything.

•  Theauthorusescorrectspellingandgrammar.Formattingisprofessionallooking.

•  Thelanguageisrespectfulandappropriate.•  Ifonline,thesiteisnotfullof“trickingyoutoclick”

advertisements.•  Thesourceisfromareputablesource.

•  Theinformationinthesourcematchesothercrediblesources.

The5W’sand1HtoDetermineSourceCredibility!

•  InyourHandout,youwillseeadocumenttitled,the5Wsand1HtoDetermineSourceCredibility.

•  Thisdocumentcanhelpyoudetermineifyoursourcesarecredible.

Yikes!ItMightNotBeCredible?

•  Whathappensifoneofyoursourcesmightnotbecredible?Canyoustilluseit?

•  Fortheannotatedbibliography,youabsolutelycan.ItisjustimportanttodiscusswhatyoulearnedaboutthesourceandwhyitisNOTcredible.

•  However,itisnotagoodideatouseitasresearchforyourUnit3project!

ToWikipediaorNottoWikipedia?

•  NO:WikipediaisNOTacrediblesource.Whilemanyarticlesareinformativeandaccurate,articlescanbeaddedandeditedbyanyone.

•  YES:Wikipediaprovidesahigh-qualityoverviewofatopic.Manyarticlesarewell-organizedandeasytoread.Therearealsooftengoodlistsofsourcesonthetopic.Crowdsourcing,doesgatherlotsofgoodinformation,itjustcannotbecountedasacrediblesourcewrittenbyanexpertonthetopic.

Let’sTryIt!

•  Usingthesampletext,“AffordableHousingPolicies,”let’slookatthefirstsectionofthehandout.

WHO THINGSTOLOOKFOR SAMPLETEXT

Whoistheauthor?Whoisthepublisher?Whoisthesponsorofthematerial?Aretheyrecognizedasexpertsonthetopic?Wholinkstothissource,ifonline?Aretheytrustworthy?Isthereabibliography?Arereputablesourceslisted?

Lookforbiographicalinformationabouttheauthor.ConductanInternetsearchoftheauthor.Ifthematerialhasbeenproducedbyanorganization,trytodeterminewhetheritisreputable.Checkforinformationonhistory,mission,etc.CheckelementsoftheURLsuchastheserveranddomainnameforcluesaboutasource/itsproducers.Usethe“link:”commandinfrontofaURLtocheckwhoislinkedtoawebsite.Ifsourcesarecited,aretheyrespectedandcredible?

Author:BrianPaul–heisafellow(graduatestudent)atHunterwhostudiesCommunityPlanningandDevelopment.Heisworkingonadocumentaryabouttheneighborhood.

ReputableSources:CommunityPreservationCorporations

ConnecttoYOURResearch

•  ChooseONEofyoursources.•  Completethe5Wsand1HtoDetermineSourceCredibilityforthesource.

•  SubmitviaDropboxorOpenLaboremail.!

Justonelastthought…

•  Apoemtoleaveyouwith….Justreaditandenjoy!

•  https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/47993/famous

SeeYouNextWeek!