Week 12 Overview

Business 86, Medical Terminology

Week 12 Overview Musculoskeletal test

Turn in page 112 from syllabus and 2 puzzles (handout)

Review the midterm Go over Reproductive (syllabus) Urinary System Lecture pages 310-335 Endocrine Assignment page 121 Week 13- make up tests- sign up and

preparation for the endocrine presentation Homework


The Urinary System

IntroductionThe urinary system consists of the following organs

KidneysUretersBladderUrethrameatus


Functions

Excretion of waste products of metabolism

(nephrotoxic)

Excrete certain drugs an other substances

Control Fluid (water and electrolytes)

Maintain a constant acid-base balance


Other Functions(To protect renal function, non-excretory functions)

Secrete rennin to help regulate blood pressure

RBC production Bone metabolism- vitamin D

metabolism


Structures


Ureters

28-35 cm long

a. Function: conduct urine to urine to urinary bladder

b. Location: they arise from the pelvis of their own kidney

c. Made of: epithelia liningd. How they work: peristaltic contractions


Urinary Bladder

a. Function: to store urineb. Location: in front of the

pelvis

It is a muscular sac and it can hold 300-500cc of urine. When the nerve endings receivestimuli that are transmitted to the reflex centers in the spinal cord, the internal sphincter located just above the point of insertion of the urethrainto the bladder relaxes and allows the expulsion of thebladder contents. The external sphincter is normally undervoluntary control after the age of three years.


Urethra

Meatus

a. Function: It is a small duct that channels urine outside of the body from the bladder.

b. Location: Female: it is 3-5 cm long and

opens just above the vagina. The external opening is called the urethra meatus. The external sphincter is located in the middle of the urethra. The urethra serves simply as a tube through which the urine flowing from the bladder makes an exit from the body.

Male: It is about 20 cm long,

originating at the bladder and traversing the length of the penis. The urethra meatus through which urine is discharged is located at the tip of the glans penis.


Kidneys


a. Function: It is the chief regulator of homeostasis and of the body’s internal environment.

b. Location: These are reddish-brown, bean-shaped, and highly vascular organs. Each kidney is located on each side of the spinal column and just below the diaphragm. They area usually about 12 cm long in the adult. The adrenal glands are located just above each kidney (supra-renal). The position of the liver causes the right kidney to be slightly lower than the left. The duodenum and ascending colon lie in front of the right kidney, while the spleen and descending colon lie in front of the left one. Each kidney is surrounded by fat and encapsulated in fibrous tissue (perirenal) a fat layer to protect it.


1. Kidney’s Anatomic Structure(three regions)

a. Cortex- (Greek for bark, outer layer) It has a granular appearance. Most of the nephron is located here.

Includes proximal convoluted and distal convoluted tubules

Glomeruli- glomerular filtration, the key to urine formation

Includes the renal columns ( -90% of the blood filtered by the cortex)

b. Medulla Renal pyramids, Loop of Henle

c. Pelvis Major and minor calyces (cuplike

structures) It can hole 3-5


NEPHRON OF THE KIDNEY LOCATED IN THE CORTEX: This is the kidney’s functional unit. This is where the filtering process takes place. There are approximately 1,000,000 nephrons in each kidney. The nephrons are located in the cortex of the kidney. It is comprised of the glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubules, an afferent vessel, efferent vessel, and a capillary network.

The work of the nephron is the formation of urine. Basically the nephrons perform two main activities; Mechanical filtration of fluids, wastes, electrolytes, acids and bases into the tubular system and selective reabsorption and secretion of ions back to the body’s system. Urination, micturition, or voiding is the normal process of excreting urine.


Diagnostic Procedures

Catheterization- a technique in which a hollow, flexible tube is used to drain body fluids (such as urine)

Cystoscopy- examination of the bladder using an instrument called a cystoscope

IVP- intravenous pyelogram-a test that examines the urinary system using a contrast medium that can be seen on x-rays to show possible obstructions, tumors, cysts, stones, and other abnormalities.

UA- urinalysis- laboratory examination of urine for various cells and chemicals, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, infection, or excessive protein


Pathology

Anuria- without urine production

Polyuria- much urine production

Dysuria- difficult or painful urination

Nocturia- urinating at night


Nephrolithiasis- kidney stones

Nephritis- inflammation of the kidney

Nephrosis- abnormal condition of the kidney


Nephrosclerosis- hardening of the kidney

Nephroptosis- downward displacement of the kidney

Glomerulonephritis- Inflammation of the Glomeruli of the kidney


Pyelitis- inflammation of the renal pelvis

Pyelonephritis- inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney

Cystitis- inflammation of the urinary bladder


Diuresis- Removing excess fluid from the body through increased urine output

Enuresis- bedwettingUrethrorrhea- discharge from the

urethraOliguria- scanty urine production Incontinence- Loss of bladder and/or

bowel control


Procedures

Dialysis- the artificial process of cleaning wastes from the blood when kidneys fail

Hemodialysis- the use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer (DY-uh-LY-zur), a machine that removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then goes back into the body.


Hemodialysis


Lithotripsy- crushing of stone

Nephrectomy- removal of a kidney Nephropexy- surgical fixation of a kidney Cystectomy- removal of the urinary bladder Lithotomy- incision to remove a stone


Abbreviations BUN- blood urea nitrogen

Cr- creatinine-a substance in the blood (a piece of a protein) which should be at a constant level in the blood.

IVP- intravenous pyelogram


KUB- kidney, ureter, bladder

pH- acid-base balanceUA- urinalysisC&S- culture and sensitivityGU- genitourinary


BPH- benign prostatic hypertrophy TURP- transurethral resection of the prostate


GTT- glucose tolerance test

FBS- fasting blood sugar

PSA- prostate specific antigen


Medications

DiureticSulfur Drugs

Cranberry JuicePyridium


WEEK #12 – URINARY SYSTEM ELEMENTS (use with your textbook for CD-Rom) Element Meaning carcin/o cancercyst/o bladdererythr/o redglomerul/o glomerulus, little ballgluc/o sugarglyc/o sugarhemat/o bloodlith/o stone/calculusnephr/o kidney


ELEMENT MEANING

noct/o nightolig/o scanty/littlepoly- many, muchpy/o puspyel/o renal pelvisrect/o rectumren/o kidneyscler/o hardeningureter/o ureterurethr/o urethraur/o urinevesic/o bladder-al,-ic,-ous pertaining to-cele hernia--cyte cell


ELEMENT MEANING

-ectasis dilation, expansion-edema swelling-gram record, a writing-graphy process of recording-iasis abnormal condition by-lith stone, calculus-megaly enlargement-oma tumor-pathy disease-pexy fixation-ptosis prolapse, downward displacement


ELEMENT MEANING

-rrhaphy suture -scope instrument to view -scopy visual examination -stenosis narrowing stricture -stomy forming a new

opening -tripsy crushing -uria urine, urination a-, an- without, not dys- bad, painful, difficult poly many, much


Review- Urinary and Reproductive Test

Page 119 in syllabus


Homework

Complete pages 336-347 (book),

Interactive CDComplete pg. 119 (syllabus)Study for make-up testPrepare for endocrine

presentation

Week 12 Overview

Documents

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