BIS 3043 CRITICAL APPRECIATION OF DRAMA

Name :Dr. Lajiman Janoory   E-mail : lajiman @fbk.

upsi.edu.my   Nombor Telefon : 05-450 5381   No.bilik : FB 3-8

INTRODUCTION

Drama you will analyse:

Greek tragedy- Oedipus Rex by Sophocles Shakespearean comedy- The Taming of the

Shrew Modern Drama- A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen Theatre of the Absurd- Waiting for Godot by

Samuel Beckett Malaysian Drama- Jebat:The Death of a

Warrior by Usman Awang

A Brief History of Drama

Three theories about the origin of drama.

First theory:early humans’ perceptions of the forces that

appear to influence or control their lives attributed natural events that affected them

to supernatural or magical forcesbegan to perform rituals to see if actions

would affect natural events

Second theory: through the activity of storytellingA narrator’s story of events being played by

different persons

Third theory: imitations of animals or out of

narrative forms of dances and songs

THINK

Which of the theory above do you feel best explains the early development of drama? Give your reason.

Concerning the Drama, the Theatre, and the Play

What is drama? Theatre? Play ?

Interchangeable meaning

Drama:Written formPrivate rather than social experienceGreek word “dran”- “to do”Aristotle: an imitation of an action as

opposed to represent an action in proseOnly partially concluded

Theatre:The performance of dramaGreek word “theatron”- “to watch” or “a place

for seeing”Theatre not only a setting for “seeing”. Also

pretending, make-believe games.Human arena for understanding human

condition revealing human truths.

Physical feature of theatre has important effect on audience, Ex: representational or unrepresentational

Play:The production of dramaInvolving efforts other than the dramatist.

Ex: director, creative artists, lighting technicians etc

A social experience rather than private matter

In general:Drama is a form of literary composition for

performance in the theatre, where the actors take the role of characters, perform the action indicated, and utter the written dialogue.

Drama + theatre= play

drama theatre play

THINK

There are many dramas that have been performed on stage. Have you read and watch the same drama/play? Are there differences in your experiences between reading a drama and watching it performed? What are the differences?

TYPES OF DRAMA

DRAMA

Tragedy

Comedy

Melo-drama

Farce

Tragi-comedy

DarkComedy

History

Docu-mentary

Musical

Social

A tragedy deals with serious human issues such as

suffering, downfall and more often than not, death.

normally involves the fall from grace of the main protagonist who, in classical tragedy, must be of noble birth.

brings out pity and fear as it shows how weak we are as mere mortals in the face of a greater power.

Oedipus Rex by Sophocles is acclaimed by Aristotle as the perfect tragedy.

A comedy is the opposite of tragedy. A tragedy begins with the elevation of the

protagonist to a higher social or moral status and ends with his or her downfall.

A comedy begins with confusions and conflicts and ends happily with the resolution of the confusions and conflicts.

usually followed with a marriage or marriages. less emotive and intense in theme since a comedy

does not attempt to evoke a deep sense of pity and terror but more to elicit laughter than shock.

A melodrama is a serious play with unimportant theme. The protagonists are more likeable than heroic and

the villains are too obvious in their wickedness. presents to the audience a simplified version of life

of good versus evil and good against bad. seldom delves into the more complex human issues

as in a tragedy and a play of this genre normally ends pleasantly.

Intellectually a melodrama is empty but it is compensated by pleasurable and amusing endings.

A farce is a comical and humorous play on a trivial theme. The most common plots will be mistaken identity,

illicit romance and elaborate misunderstandings. Identical twins, lovers in closets, full stage chases,

switched potions, switched costumes (often involving man and woman), and misheard instructions are the often used methods to produce outrageous situations and uproarious response from audience.

The Bear by Anton Chekov is an example of farce.

Tragicomedy

is often called a tragedy that ends happily.

As a subgenre it attempts to bridge between tragedy and comedy.

Tragicomedy maintains the serious mood and tone throughout the play but it always ends happily.

Dark comedy

is the opposite of tragicomedy. If tragicomedy ends happily, dark comedy is a comedy that ends tragically.

The history play

deals with dramatisation of historical personalities and the events that surround their lives.

established by Shakespeare. normally deal with English kings

especially from 1377 to 1547 such as kings Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V, Henry IV, Richard III, and Henry VIII.

maintain a serious tone but with sprinklings of humour thrown in.

The documentary

recent subgenre. Plots taken from trial transcripts, news

reports, personal and official records. These materials are then brought on

stage to highlight particular issues and points of view.

The musical play

relies on extensive use of music and songs.

Usually the musical aspect is combined with another genre to create musical comedy, a musical documentary or a musical history.

Social dramas sometimes called problem plays, evolved in nineteenth century and

dominated the stage through the early part of the twentieth century.

explores social problems and the individual’s place in society.

can be tragic, comic or mixed. Examples: Susan Glaspell’s Trifles, Arthur

Miller’s Death of a Salesman and Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House.

THINK AND RECALL

DRAMA

PERFORMANCE SPACESAmpitheatres

open stage

theatre in-the-round/arenas

corridor/terrace theatre

promenade theatre

thrust stage

proscenium arch theatre

Amphitheatres

of Greek origin and were slightly modified by the Romans.

normally accommodate a large number of audiences for large scale productions.

Plays that are full of ceremony and movement are suitable for these theatres.

Proscenium arch theatre the most recognisable form of dramatic

performance space. is a space in front of the back scenery. The word proscenium now means the front

opening of the stage and the area around it. The arch is the frame surrounding the front of

the stage. normally constructed as a permanent structure. As if audience is watching the play through a

picture frame.

Open stage

has the audience facing the stage whereby the stage is at one end of the building.

Modern and school theatres are open or a mix between this and proscenium.

Advantage-suits many kinds of production with their simplicity in conceptual framework.

Thrust stage

This type of stage has a raised platform that thrusts out into the audience, who sits on all three sides.

This theatrical set-up allows for excellent actor-audience contact and which draws in the audience into the action.

Theatre in-the-round/arenas

no stage curtain, little scenery and allows the audience to sit on all sides of the stage

round, diamond, or triangular, with actors entering and exiting through the audience from different directions or from below the stage

problems since actors at all times have their back facing some members of the audience

allows for interesting and realistic staging

Corridor/Traverse

performance space is between two parallel groups of audience.

Normally, does not have a permanent structure

constructed to suit particular plays

audienceaudience stage

Promenade Stage there is no formal stage, both the audience

and the actors are placed in the same space The performance starts when one of the

actors draws attention to himself or light is pointed in such manner that draws attention to a particular person.

During the performance actors will stimulate the audience to move around.

conclusion

Performance stage depends on the type of play presented

tutorial

Imagine that you are a drama director for your school. You are to stage a play performance to raise funds for your school. There are many theatres available in the town where you can perform the play. Choose the theatre that you think best suits your play. Explain your reason by stating the type of play, budget available and expected funds you wish to raise.