Weeds – Why Control Them and How? Hort 301 November 26, 2007.
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Transcript of Weeds – Why Control Them and How? Hort 301 November 26, 2007.
Weeds – Why Control Them and How?
Hort 301
November 26, 2007
What is a weed?
• A plant that forms populations that are able to enter habitats cultivated, markedly disturbed or occupied by man, and potentially depress or displace the resident plant populations which are deliberately cultivated or are of ecological and/or aesthetic interest
Navis, 1991
Weeds• Well adapted to environmental
disturbances
• Thrive under conditions generated by agriculture field practice
• Produce large numbers of seeds– Pigweed 100,000 seed/plant
– Lambsquarters 70,000 seed/plant
– Barnyardgrass 7,000 seed/plant
– Purslane 50,000 seed/plant
Why Control Weeds?• Lower yields and reduced
income• Less efficient land use• Decreased production efficiency• Higher costs of insect and
disease control• Poorer quality products• Water management problems• Lower human efficiency
Cost of Weeds
• Common on all 485 million acres of US cropland– Reduce yields by 12% annually ( ~ $36 billion loss) –
$4.1 billion loss in return– w/o herbicides loss > $20 billion– $4 billion spent on herbicides– $3 billion on other methods
• Other concerns– Invasive species, waterways, pastures, range lands,
lawns, gardens, golf courses
Types of Weed Control
• Prevention– Stopping a weed from contaminating a given area
• Control– Limit weed infestation by using some removal
technique
• Eradication– Complete elimination of all live plant parts and
seeds from an area
Methods Used to Manage Weeds
• Weed identification (taxonomic/picture keys) and life-cycle knowledge– Annuals, biennials, perennials
• Cultural and Mechanical Control• Biological • Chemical
– Herbicides• Genetic – GMO’s• Crops• weeds
Mulching – Physical and/or chemical
Plastic Mulch
Cover crop mulch – physical and allelopathic
•What is the easiest and most consistent way to manage weeds?
Herbicides• Herbicide action
- Nonselective - kills all plants - Selective - kills some plants
- Soil applied – no translocation or translocated - Foliar applied - contact or systemic
Genetic Approaches
• GMO’s– Herbicide resistant crops
• Roundup Ready - corn, soybeans, canola, cotton, sugar beets, wheat
• Liberty Link - corn, canola, sugar beet
• Poast - corn
• STS - soybeans
• BXN – cotton
• Clearfield – corn, wheat
• No horticulture crops released yet – – lettuce, mint, tomato, potato
Roundup Ready Corn
GMO Crops
• Corn, Soybeans, Cotton, Canola
• 10 million farmers in 22 countries planted over 100 million hectares with GMO crops in 2006
• 80% of GMO crops planted have the a herbicide resistance gene
• US – 95% of soybeans, 90% cotton, 60% corn acres are Roundup Ready
What are the values of Herbicides?
• Practical – make weed control much easier• Scientific
– Great tools to study physiological processes• Photosynthesis• Amino Acid biosynthesis• Pigment formation• Hormone action – auxins• Lipid biosynthesis• Cell division• Cell wall synthesis• Uptake, translocation, metabolism
What is Herbicide Mode of Action?
The sequence of events from herbicide absorption into the plant until the plant dies
Herbicide Mode of Action
• Herbicide action is related to:– Adequate contact with the weed– Absorbed by the weed– Movement within the plant to site of action
with no deactivation– Toxic levels reach the site of action– Plant injury and death
Regions of Herbicide Absorption
Foliar Deposition
Dissipation
runoffwashoffvolatilizationphotolysis
Abiotic sequestrationamorphous depositioncrystallization
Cuticularpenetration
Apoplastic penetration - cell wall- xylem
Symplastic penetration- parenchyma- phloem
Herbicides applied to plants and fate
Root uptake
Site of Action
For the herbicide to work…
The herbicide must be delivered to the site of action at a concentration that is sufficient to cause death to the pest.
• Volatalized or washed off
• Remain on outer surface
• Remain associated with the cuticle
• Enter and move apoplastically
• Enter and move symplastically
Foliar ApplicationThe five fates of retained
herbicide
Leaf Surface and Cuticle
Very hydrophilic
cell wall
Very hydrophilic
cell wall
Hydrophilic pectin
strands
Hydrophilic pectin
strands
Lipophilic cutin matrixLipophilic
cutin matrix
Very lipophilic wax layer
Very lipophilic wax layer
Herbicides must cross ALL of these chemically varied layers to reach the
interior of the plant
Wettability - Smooth• Smooth wax layer -
devoid of crystals• Relatively easy to
wet
PigweedPigweed
• Heavily crystalline wax layer
• VERY difficult to wet
Wettability - Crystalline
LambsquartersLambsquarters
• Root uptake– No cuticular barrier
– Must cross the Casparian strip
• Shoot uptake– Very little cuticular barrier in seedlings
Soil Application and Absorption
Translocation routes….• Following root uptake
– Xylem
– Then phloem
• Following shoot/foliar uptake– Not translocated - contact
– Localized transport • Primarily xylem
– Systemic transport• Primarily phloem
For the herbicide to work…
The herbicide must be delivered to the site of action at a concentration that is sufficient to cause death to the pest.
• All biochemical targets of herbicides are inside the cell membrane
• All herbicides MUST cross at least one membrane to reach their target
Crossing the membrane
Categories of Herbicide Mechanisms of Action
• Photosynthesis inhibitors • Pigment inhibitors• Cell membrane disrupters • Amino acid inhibitors • Lipid biosynthesis inhibitors• Cell growth inhibitors – cell division • Cellulose inhibitors – cell walls • Growth regulators – abnormal hormone action• Auxin transport – disrupt auxin transport• Miscellaneous - Asulox, Prograss, DSMA, MSMA
All underlined herbicide groups ultimately result in the same method of plant death
Photosystem II Inhibitors as an example
Plant Response and Mechanism of Action
Symptoms on the plant develop slowly over several days
Leaves develop chlorosis (yellowing) followed by necrosis (tissue death)
Chlorosis due to chlorophyll destruction (photooxidation)
Necrosis due to membrane disruption from lipid peroxidation
Inhibit electron transport in Photosystem II
Atrazine injury on soybean from root uptake
Photosynthesis overview
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Light
• overall this is a highly unfavorable reaction• it must be carried out in many, small steps
Site of Inhibition in PS II by Photosynthesis Inhibiting Herbicides
Results in a blockage of electron transport to PQ
What Happens With all this Unused Energy ?
High energy free radicals result in cellmembrane disruption
• Other herbicide groups that result in the production of free radicals as part of their biochemical mechanism of action
Herbicides that inhibit PSIDiquat & Paraquat
Examples of Postemergence Foliar Applied Contact Herbicides
Membrane Disrupters - Paraquat
PPO Inhibitors• Diphenylethers - acifluorfen,
fomasafen, lactofen, oxyfluorfen,
• Oxidiazoles - oxidiazon, fluthiacet
• N-phenylheterocycles - carfentrazone, flumiclorac, sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, fluthiacet
Typical cupped leaf injury from diphenylether herbicide application to soybean
Pigment Inhibitors - Symptomology
• Gradual whitening (bleaching) of susceptible plants - loss of pigments
• Cessation of growth, and
• Tissue necrosis followed by death.
Glufosinate Activity
• Non-selective - Contact-like active
• Foliar applied at 1 to 1.5 lb/A
• Controls many annual and some perennial weeds
• Plant necrosis occurs in 1 - 5 days
• No activity by root uptake
• Efficacy is dependent on Uptake and Transport (Grasses > Broadleaves)
Free Radicals Lead to Lipid Peroxidation and Membrane Disruption
Take Home Points
• What is a weed?
• Why worry about them?
• Methods of management
• Herbicides most common
• How do herbicides work?
Take Home Points
Fatal Effect of Many Herbicides on plants
1. Many result in production of toxic free radicals
2. Destroy of plant cell membranes
3. Cells lose integrity
4. Cells become leaky
5. Plant dies