UNIT XII – THE ENLIGHTENMENT & AGE OF REVOLUTIONS: The Roots of Modernity (17th-18th Centuries)

TERMS TO KNOW ENLIGHTENMENT – 17th & 18th Century intellectual movement which focused on human reason to

understand the world, make life better for all, and solve all our problems GALLICANISM – heretical belief that the king of France had complete control over the Catholic

Church in France DEISM – Enlightenment philosophy which replaces Divine revelation and supernatural religion with

human reason FREEMASONS – a fraternal organization based on Enlightenment principles which historically

worked to destroy the Catholic Church FRENCH REVOLUTION – violent political movement from 1789-1799 which sought to overthrow

the monarchy and the Catholic Church in France LIBERALISM – political system established on the “general will” of the people

IMPORTANT PERSONS THOMAS HOBBES – philosopher who held that man is a selfish beast which could only be restrained

by absolute political authority BISHOP CORNELIUS JANSEN – 17th Century French bishop who held the Protestant idea of

predestination and encouraged a rigid, heretical practice of the Catholic Faith ST. MARGARET MARY ALACOQUE – Visitation nun (d. 1690) to whom our Lord revealed His

Sacred Heart RENE DESCARTES – philosopher and mathematician who dismissed all knowledge not gained by

scientific data, thus dividing faith and reason JEAN- JACQUES ROUSSEAU – philosopher who laid the groundwork for many revolutions in the

18th, 19th, and 20th Centuries NAPOLEON BONAPARTE – French ruler who sought to control all of Europe as well as the Catholic

Church

IMPORTANT DATES 1773 – Jesuit Order is suppressed 1789-1799 – French Revolution (Reign of Terror – 1793-1794)

I. AGE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT17th & 18th Century _____________________ movement

Focus on ____________ to understand the world, make life better for all, and solve all our problems

Sound familiar? _____________________________________________________________

Flowed out of the _______________________ and _____________________

Rulers, scientists, and philosophers began to challenge:

_________________ authority, traditional _______________, and the authority of __________

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) Wrote The Leviathan: man is a __________________Left to himself, he would live a life as “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short”

Why would he say this? _______________________________________________________

Only ______________________ authority could solve this problem.

These ideas became very influential among leaders in Europe, especially in ________________

A.Trouble in the Church in FranceLouis XIV of France (1638-1715)

Embodied _________________ authority; all _______________________ flowed from him

Where did he get this idea from? ______________________________

Dismissed all the powerful nobles, and turned affairs of government over to lesser nobles

He practiced his Catholic faith, but saw himself as ______________ of the ____________ in France

Who else recently had done this??? ______________________________________

But he did not totally reject the Catholic Church because he _____________________________

Gallicanism Goes back to the time of _____________________________________ (d.1314)

Who did he oppose? ________________________________________________

He sought ________________ of the French (Gallican) Church from _________________

King Louis XIV docile to _______________________ in _______________________ but…

He had an ____________________________________________________ draft a declaration

Asserts the authority of the _____________________

Louis ordered that these “Four Gallican Articles” be taught in all _________________

Pope Alexander VIII condemned these principles

The 4 Gallican Articles 1. St. Peter and the popes, his successors, and the Church itself have dominion from God only

over things spiritual and not over things temporal and civil. Therefore kings and sovereigns

are not beholden to the church in deciding temporal things. They cannot be deposed by the

church and their subjects cannot be absolved by the church from their oaths of allegiance.

2. The authority in things spiritual belongs to the Holy See and the successors of St. Peter, and does

not affect the decrees of the Council of Constance contained in the fourth and fifth sessions of

that council, which is observed by the Gallican Church. The Gallicans do not approve of

casting slurs on those decrees.

3. The exercise of this Apostolic authority (puissance) must be regulated in accordance with canons

(rules) established by the Holy Spirit through the centuries of Church history.

4. Although the pope has the chief part in questions of faith, and his decrees apply to all the

Churches, and to each Church in particular, yet his judgment is not irreformable, at least

pending the consent of the Church.

Jansenism Cornelius Jansen (1585-1638) – French ______________

Developed a new “understanding” of ____________________________

God only granted salvific grace to _____________ of people; the rest predestined to __________

Sound familiar??? _______________________________________________

A very _______________ theology grew out of these teachings (surprised?)

Eventually he denied the _______________________________________________

Only the “just” (those who had practiced _________________), could receive Communion

Is this a problem? ________________________________________________________

God’s Response: St. Margaret Mary and the Sacred HeartSt. Margaret Mary (1647-1690) – ______________ Nun; Paray-le-Monial, ____________

Jesus ____________________________________ during prayer

“Behold ______________ that hath so much loved ____________ men!”

Perhaps a coincidence…BUT I DOUBT IT!

To ___________ people’s ________________ of God’s desire to save all men

B.A Radical Shift in Ideas

Scientific discoveries lead some to believe ____________________ could help

correct all the problems of ______________, including poverty, disease and war.

Brought a new __________________________

______________ took precedence over _________________ (Is there a conflict between them? ___)

Made possible by the Renaissance and Reformation

The _________________ challenged traditional religious authority and gave priority to the

individual’s subjective interpretation (ex. interpretation of ___________________)

Humanism (from ___________________) had focused man on his ________________________

Rene Descartes (1596-1650) A _______________________, strong in his faith

One problem: Theology NOT related to _____________________

Brilliant mathematician and (______________________) philosopher – too influenced by humanism

Wanted to develop a system of _______________; starts by focusing on ______________________

How do I know? How do I know what I know?

How do I know that I exist? (most basic question)

Human knowledge, he claims, is the only thing that _____________________________________

Senses not _________________________; what if there’s an evil genius _________________?

THEREFORE: “I think therefore, I am” (NOT: Duh, of course I exist!)

Denied man’s ability to know reality ___________________________________

Relying too much on _________________________;

St. Thomas would have turned to ______________ for truth, trusting ________________

By dismissing anything not based on __________________, Descartes put a huge wedge between

________________________ (Modern philosophy has never recovered from this)

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Galileo’s discoveries came as ____________ was growing more wary of __________________

During the Protestant Reformation, the Church was attacked for advocating _________________

and Scholastic education to the neglect of ___________________________

The Church was now trying to emphasize Scripture to explain ___________________

Some of Galileo’s observations _________________ prevalent interpretations of Scripture

Attempting to demonstrate faithful adherence to ___________, ecclesiastical authorities condemned

the ________________________

The Church asked him to present his ideas as _______________ rather than a _____________

Galileo _________________, and he was ____________________

DeismEnlightenment philosophies rejected _____________________ and supernatural ______________

Proved to be the Church’s ____________________________________________

All knowledge ought to be based on demonstration by the light of _____________________

In keeping with this position, philosophers came up with a notion of God called ________________

5 Principles of Deism1. God exists2. It is necessary that we honor God3. We have the duty of living virtuous and pious lives4. We should avoid sin and have the will to improve ourselves5. All religions believe in a reward and punishment here and

hereafter

God is like a watchmaker: _________________________________________

Total rejection of God’s ____________________________

Therefore, God could not demand ___________ nor require ______________

Only _____________ is necessary to guide an individual through life

Not the ______________________ or Providence

FreemasonsBy 1717, many __________ formed a secret fraternal organization known as the ________________

God seen as the ________________ of the universe

Masons base practices, rules & organization on __________________ philosophy and reason

Especially in the past, they have secretly worked to destroy ____________________ and undermine

her influence

Ex. Masons ______________ their dead as a way of denigrating the Christian concept of the

______________________________, daring God to put back together what they have destroyed

They have been condemned by at least __________________________

(Also condemned by Bishop Bruskewitz)

Francois-Marie Voltaire (1694-1778) A genius for expressing _______________ sentiments in his writings to spread Enlightenment ideas

Hated the ___________________

Attacked Catholic dogma, the priesthood, Sacred Scripture, and even Christ himself

Belief in God and deciding between ______________________ arose from ____________________

So long as a government was “enlightened”, it could have absolute power

Enlightened ________________________

In the end, he’s said to have ___________________, and requested a _________________________

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) He believed ____________ created rules to take away individual ______________

Man is naturally __________, but _____________ forces him to violence and falsehood

Solution: ______________ and ______________

Individuals should not be subject to anyone; is this a problem? __________________________

For the sake of protection, free individuals living in a society could create a “_________________”

Establish an authority to rule and legislate

Interpretations of his writings lead to ______________ movements and totalitarian regimes of 18th,

19th and 20th centuries

Laid the ___________________________ groundwork for the French Revolution, the Bolshevik

Revolution and the emergence of fascism

These always bring a ___________________________________________________

C.Suppression of the JesuitsThe only ORDER equipped to address the ________________ of the _______________________

Because of their influence, intellectual ability, and loyalty to the Pope, they were hated by

__________________________________ Enlightenment principles

In ____________________, Freemasons, intellectuals, Jansenists, etc. are all against the Jesuits

Jesuits banished from Portugal, France, Spain and Naples

Jesuits accused of a number of political & economic failures by various ___________________

___________________ defends the Jesuits while many kings were suppressing them

When Clement XIV begins his papacy, threatened w/_________________ by Church in France,

Spain, and Portugal

Why do you think he wanted to avoid schism? _____________________________________

1773 – Pope Clement XIV, pressured by several kings, ___________________ the Jesuit Order Poor pope! What could he do in the circumstances in which he was placed, with all the Sovereigns conspiring to demand this Suppression? As for ourselves, we must keep silence, respect the secret judgment of God, and hold ourselves in peace. – St. Alphonsus di Ligouri

They would be restored by Pope Pius VII in 1814

II. THE AGE OF REVOLUTION AND NATIONALISMThe French Revolution (1789-1799): Liberty, equality, fraternity

Destroyed the ____________ in France

Church property was confiscated, and many priests and religious were _____________

Ex. many ________________ – Carmelite martyrs of Compeigne (canonized), river at Lyon

Cathedral of ______________ (Notre Dame) became a temple to the Goddess of ______________

Christian calendar was replaced by a ___________________

A state-sponsored Deistic religion was set up

All talk, practice, and promotion of _________________ was strictly and brutally repressed

The Reign of _____________One regime after another tried to take control, each one worse than the previous

___________ was partially correct: man can be a savage beast

Liberty, equality, and fraternity only for __________________________…none for those on the outside

Robespierre had a “Committee of Public Safety” responsible for ______________________

Rousseau, are we really naturally good?

Is the Catholic Church really that bad?

Robespierre, with his cruel moral relativism, embodied the cardinal sin of all revolution, the hearlessness of ideas

Paul Johnson, “The Spectator”

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) Initially friendly toward the _____________

Eventually turned against the Church and began to ________________________________

_______________ priestly celibacy, suppressed religious orders, and invaded the Papal States

and imprisoned the Pope for _______ years

After a failed campaign in Russia, the other powers of Europe invaded France and forced Napoleon

to __________________________

"If there had been no Rousseau, there would have been no Revolution, and without the Revolution, I should have been impossible." – Napoleon

LiberalismFrom the Latin word for freedom “liberalis”

Glorified absolute individual ______________ and supported the overthrow of any ____________

or institution that limited that _____________

Freedom of religion, conscience, speech and press was seen as incompatible with Catholic

teaching since the Church was associated with __________________

The Church was seen as hindrance to ________________________________________________

Many liberals of the 19th century sought to destroy ___________________________________

Sound familiar???

Liberalism bases society and its rules on the “_________________________” of the people

Many of its principles regarding human rights do reflect _______________________

Among the first proponents were ______________________ who believed that monarchies were

out-of-date and unjust

Man, when perfected, is the best of animals, but, when separated from law and justice, he is the worst of all. – Aristotle

After __________________ defeat, the powers of Europe met to divide power

Austria, Prussia and Russia were all wary of _________________ and attempted to suppress liberal

governments

The Church in PrussiaAfter 1815, Prussia sought to impose _______________ over the other German states

Introduced policies designed to undermine _________________________ in Germany

In 1825 a new law was passed requiring ________________ to be raised in the father’s religion

Prussian executives (___________________) were then sent into Catholic German states with the

purpose of marrying young Catholic girls

They hoped to establish a Protestant _______________ in these __________________________

Pope Pius VII responded to this by ____________________________ who married outside the Faith

to instruct their children in the _______________ Faith

The Church in the United StatesImmigrants from Ireland and _________________ began to flood the United States in 1820

By __________ immigrants from Germany, Italy and Eastern Europe made Catholicism one of the

____________ Christian denominations in the country

This influx frightened the __________________ public and led to a fierce anti-Catholic backlash

Books and pamphlets were distributed that attacked the ___________ of priests and nuns

Churches were _________________ and some Catholics were __________________

Political parties such as the _________________ Party became popular on nativist, anti-Catholic

and anti-immigrant platforms

To protect each other, Catholics developed a support network based on ___________________

Established ____________________, orphanages, _______________, and nursing homes as a way

of preserving their ____________________________