Team Members: ____________________________________________ Block: ___________________Southwest Asia: Trial Objectives Economic and Cross-cultural interactionsInstructions: The following primary and secondary sources are designed to provide your legal firm with the information needed to formulate arguments that will show that the societies you represent have met and exceeded the challenges posed by the following three questions. Use your time wisely and provide responses with proof that your culture has shown the best answers to these questions on earth for this time period. Be aware that other trial teams have access to this information as well and will be looking for weaknesses in your arguments. Be prepared to defend your assertions.

1. How is economic prosperity and opportunity distributed amongst the population in this society? Is economic prosperity dependent on exploitation of certain segments of this society or is it based on individual initiative? Why is this beneficial in either case?

2. What is more important; internal trade or external trade and contact? What kinds of items are they trading? Does economic expansion depend on aggression towards other cultures or does it rely on peaceful interactions? What are the advantages of either?

Objective: What is more important; internal trade or external trade and contact? What kinds of items are they trading? Does economic expansion depend on aggression towards other cultures or does it rely on peaceful interactions? What are the advantages of either?1. What did Islam offer to the culture’s it came into contact with? What were the results? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“Originally the Arabs considered Islam their special revelation and had little interest in sharing the faith with their non-Arab subjects, but several factors combined to attract large numbers of converts. These included Islam’s uncompromising monotheism and the straightforwardness of its other central doctrines; its attractive ethical code; the psychic and social security offered by membership in a totally integrated Muslim community, where one’ entire life is subjects to God’s Word; and the desire to escape the second-class status of Islam’s non-Muslim subjects. When the Abbasid caliphs (750 – 1258) established their court at Baghdad on the Tigris in 762, they claimed dominion over a multiethnic world bound together by one of the fastest growing religions in the history of humanity. The culture of this world community was a combination of many elements, of which the most important were Arabic, Persian, and Hellenistic. Later other peoples, especially the Turks, would convert to Islam and carry it farther afield, especially into the heart of India and deep into Central Asia. Arab and East African merchants would transport the faith across the Indian Ocean to the ports of Southeast Asia, and Berbers from North Africa would introduce Islam into western sub-Saharan Africa.”- (Secondary Source) “The Human Record” Volume I: To 1700. Fifth Edition. Andrea/Overfield. 2005

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Objective: How is economic prosperity and opportunity distributed amongst the population in this society? Is economic prosperity dependent on exploitation of certain segments of this society or is it based on individual initiative? Why is this beneficial in either case?2. In what ways were individual’s able to prosper outside of the realm of the state? In the pursuit of these endeavors what kinds of economic tools did individuals create? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“Early forms of proto-capitalism and free markets were present in the empire time where an early market economy and early form of merchant capitalism was developed between the 8th–12th centuries, which some refer to as “Islamic capitalism”. A vigorous monetary economy was created on the basis of a widely circulated common currency (the dinar) and the integration of monetary areas that were previously independent. Business techniques and forms of business organization employed during this time included early contracts, bills of exchange, long-distance international trade, early forms of partnership (mufawada) such as limited partnerships (mudaraba), and early forms of credit, debt, profit, loss, capital (al-mal), capital accumulation (nama al-mal), circulating capital, capital expenditure, revenue, cheques, promissory notes, trusts (waqf), savings accounts, transactional accounts, pawning, loaning, exchange rates, bankers, money changers, ledgers, deposits, assignments, the double-entry bookkeeping system, and lawsuits. Organizational enterprises independent from the state also existed in the medieval Islamic world. Many of these early proto-capitalist concepts were further advanced in medieval Europe from the 13th century onwards.”

-(Secondary Source) Islamic History Online; http://islamichistoryonline.com/islamic-golden-age/

Objective: What is more important; internal trade or external trade and contact? What kinds of items are they trading? Does economic expansion depend on aggression towards other cultures or does it rely on peaceful interactions? What are the advantages of either?3. How did the Islamic world spread its connections originally? Once this was done how did interactions change with markets in other cultures? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “In the seventh century C.E., Arab cavalries, recently converted to the new religion of Islam, conquered eastern and southern Mediterranean shores that had been Byzantine (and Christian), as well as the Sassanian empire (Zoroastrian) in what is now Iraq and Iran. In the eighth century they went on to conquer Spain and Turko-Iranian areas of Central Asia, as well as northwestern India. Once established on the Indian frontier, they became acquainted with many of the elements of Southernization. The Arabs were responsible for the spread of many important crops, developed or improved in India, to the Middle East, North Africa, and Islamic Spain. Among the most important were sugar, cotton, and citrus fruits. Although sugarcane and cotton cultivation may have spread to Iraq and Ethiopia before the Arab conquests, only after the establishment of the caliphates did these southern crops have a major impact throughout the Middle East and North Africa.”

- (Secondary Source) Lynda Norene Shaffer, “Southernization,” Journal of World History 5 (Spring 1994): 1-21.

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Objective: What is more important; internal trade or external trade and contact? What kinds of items are they trading? Does economic expansion depend on aggression towards other cultures or does it rely on peaceful interactions? What are the advantages of either?4. What was the point of view of the Islamic Caliph on creating long-distance trade connections? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“The Arab conquests also led to an increase in long-distance commerce and the ‘discovery’ of new sources of bullion (gold). Soon after the Abbasid caliphate established its capital at Baghdad, the caliph al-Mansur (ruled 745-75) reportedly remarked, ‘This is the Tigris; there is no obstacle between us and China; everything on the sea can come to us.’ By this time Arab ships were plying the maritime routes from the Persian Gulf to China, and they soon outnumbered all others using these routes. By the ninth century they had acquired the compass (in China, most likely)….Thus it was that the Arabs ‘pioneered’ or improved an existing long-distance route across the Sahara, an ocean of sand rather than water. Routes across this desert had always existed, and trade and other contacts between West Africa and the Mediterranean date back at least to the Phoenician period. Still, the numbers of people and animals crossing this great ocean of sand were limited until the eighth century when Arabs, desiring to go directly to the source of the gold, prompted an expansion of trade across the Sahara. Also during the eighth century Abdul al Rahman, an Arab ruler of Morocco sponsored the construction of wells on the trans-Saharan route from Sijilmasa to Wadidara to facilitate this traffic. This Arab ‘discovery’ of West African gold eventually doubled the amount of gold in international circulation. East Africa, too, became a source of gold for the Arabs. By the tenth century Kilwa had become an important source of Zimbabwean gold.”

- (Secondary Source) Lynda Norene Shaffer, “Southernization,” Journal of World History 5 (Spring 1994): 1-21.

Objective: How is economic prosperity and opportunity distributed amongst the population in this society? Is economic prosperity dependent on exploitation of certain segments of this society or is it based on individual initiative? Why is this beneficial in either case?5. How did the Islamic caliphate help spread economic opportunity through the cash crops of sugarcane and cotton? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“The Arabs were responsible for moving sugarcane cultivation and sugar manufacturing westward from southern Iraq into other relatively arid lands. Growers had to adapt the plant to new conditions, and had to develop more efficient irrigation technologies. By 1000 or so sugarcane had become an important crop in the Yemen; in Arabian oases; in irrigated areas of Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt, and the Maghreb; in Spain; and on Mediterranean islands controlled by Muslims. By the tenth century cotton also had become a major crop in the lands of the caliphate, from Iran and Central Asia to Spain and the Mediterranean islands. Cotton industries sprang up wherever the plant was cultivated, producing for both local and distant markets…”

- (Secondary Source) Lynda Norene Shaffer, “Southernization,” Journal of World History 5 (Spring 1994): 1-21.

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Objective: What is more important; internal trade or external trade and contact? What kinds of items are they trading? Does economic expansion depend on aggression towards other cultures or does it rely on peaceful interactions? What are the advantages of either?6. What kinds of trade items are the Arabs producing in Arabia? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The capital of the country, called Maluoba (Arabia), is an important center for the trade of foreign peoples…Very rich persons use a measure instead of scales in business transactions of gold or silver. The markets are noisy and bustling, and are filled with a great store of gold and silver damasks, brocades (richly patterned fabrics), and similar wares. The artisans have the true spirit….There is a great harbor in this country, over two hundred feet deep, which opens to the south-east on the sea and has branches connecting with all quarters of the country. (This harbor is Basra in Southern Iraq). On either bank of the harbor the people have their dwellings and here daily are held fairs, where boats and wagons crowd in, all laden with hemp, wheat, millet,, beans, sugar, meal, oil,…fowl, sheep, geese, ducks, fish, shrimp, date cakes, grapes, and other fruits. The products of the country consist of pearls, ivory, rhinoceros horns, frankincense, ambergris (a wax substance that sperm whales expel and was used in perfumes)…cloves, nutmeg, benzoin (a tree resin used for medicine and perfume), aloes, myrrh, dragon’s blood (tree resin)…borax, opaque and transparent glass….coral, cat’s eyes (gems), gardenia flowers, rosewater, nutgalls (tree burls), yellow wax, soft gold brocades, camel’s-hair cloth…and foreign satins.”

- (Primary Source) “The Land of the Dashi”, Zhau Rugua. 1178 C.E.

Objective: What is more important; internal trade or external trade and contact? What kinds of items are they trading? Does economic expansion depend on aggression towards other cultures or does it rely on peaceful interactions? What are the advantages of either?7. What kinds of trade items are the Arabs of Southern Spain producing? Be aware a lot of the sizes and weights are exaggerated. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“The country of Mulanpi (Spain) is to the west of the Dashi country (Arabia). There is a great sea, and to the west of this sea there are countless countries, but Mulanpi is the one country which is visited by the big ships of the Dashi. Putting to sea from Dobandi (Egypt) in the country of the Dashi, after sailing due west for a full hundred days, one reaches this country. A single one of these ships of theirs carries several thousand men (this is highly exaggerated), and on board they have stores of wine and provisions, as well as weaving looms….The products of this country are extraordinary. The grains of wheat are three inches long, the melons six feet round, enough for a meal for twenty or thirty men. The pomegranates weigh five catties (pounds), lemons over twenty carries, lemons over twenty catties, salad greens weigh over ten catties and have leaves three or four feet long. Rice and wheat are kept in silos for ten years without spoiling…”

- (Primary Source) “A Description of Foreign Peoples”, Zhau Rugua. 1178.

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Objective: How is economic prosperity and opportunity distributed amongst the population in this society? Is economic prosperity dependent on exploitation of certain segments of this society or is it based on individual initiative? Why is this beneficial in either case?8. How important is individual initiative in the eyes of Muslims? What traits do the Arabs see as valuable to someone who is going to get involved with trade? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________9. What role does this Arab philosopher see the state playing in protecting trade? Are there other societal forces that also aid the traders in keeping from losing their profits? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “Commerce, as we have said before, is the increasing of capital by buying goods and attempting to sell them at a price higher than their cost. This is done either by waiting for a rise in the market price; or by transporting the goods to another place where they are more keenly demanded and therefore fetch a higher price; or, lastly, by selling them on a long-term credit basis. Commercial profit is small, relatively to the capital invested, but if the capital is large, even a low rate of profit will produce a large total gain. In order to achieve this increase in capital, it is necessary to have enough initial capital to pay in cash the sellers from whom one buys goods; it is also necessary to sell for cash, as honesty is not widespread among people. This dishonesty leads on the one hand to fraud and the adulteration of goods, and on the other to delays in payment which diminish profits because capital remains idle during the interval. It also induces buyers to repudiate their debts, a practice which is very injurious to the merchant’s capital unless he can produce documentary evidence or the testimony of eyewitness. Nor are magistrates of much help in such cases, because they necessarily judge on evident proofs. As a result of all this, the trader can only secure his meager profits by dint of much effort and toil, or indeed he may well lose not only profits but capital as well. Hence, if he is known to be bold in entering law suits, careful in keeping accounts, stubborn in defending his point of view, firm in his attitude towards magistrates, he stands a good chance of getting his due. Should he not have these qualities, his only chance is to secure the support of a highly placed protector who will awe his debtors into paying him in the first case, and by compulsion in the second. Should a person, however, be lacking in boldness and the spirit of enterprise and at the same time have no protector to back him up, he had better avoid trade altogether, as he risks losing his capital and becoming the prey of other merchants. The fact of the matter is that most people, especially the mob and the trading classes, covet the goods of others; and but for the restraint imposed by the magistrates all goods would have been taken away from their owners…”

- (Primary Source) “An Arab Philosophy of History: Selections from the Prolegomena of Ibn Khaldun 1332- 1406. (London: John Murray, 1950), 68-70. Copyright 1987 by the Darwin Press, Inc.

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Objective: How is economic prosperity and opportunity distributed amongst the population in this society? Is economic prosperity dependent on exploitation of certain segments of this society or is it based on individual initiative? Why is this beneficial in either case?10. How is slavery different in the Islamic world that what one would expect? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “Slavery was a universal practice in the Mediterranean world, modulated but not condemned by the scriptures of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam alike. Koranic and Islamic law limited slave status to non-Muslims, captives in war, or people purchased outside the boundaries of Islam. But dhimmis, non-Muslims with holy scriptures, such as Christians and Jews, were legally exempt from enslavement. Manumission (freeing ones slave) was viewed as a pious, meritorious act, practiced as a gesture of atonement or simply as a good deed. The prophet Muhammad and his companions served as a model for the treatment of slaves, with numerous hadith--narratives--illustrating the prophet's kindness. A number of members of the early community in seventh-century Arabia were Ethiopians, including a freed slave named Bilal ibn Rabah who became a companion to the prophet and was reputedly the first Muslim muezzin (the person who chants the call to prayer).In the classical period, especially during the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates (seventh to thirteenth century), legal doctrine and local conditions established a system of slavery practiced in Muslim societies until its abolition in modern times. Expansion beyond the Arabian Peninsula stimulated the slave trade, since captives were readily available and prosperous enlarged households demanded servants. The prohibition against enslaving Muslims and protected non-Muslims also led to the development of a significant long-distance slave trade. Black slaves from Africa, part of the trans-Saharan trade, and white slaves from the Caucasus region became an integral part of the Muslim community in the classical age. Slave traders came from all ethnic and religious groups, and the slave market was a feature of medieval Middle Eastern cities. The capture and transport of slaves over long distances took an appalling toll, but slaves who were established in a domestic setting were generally treated as members of the household.”

- (Secondary Source) Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, 1998.From World History in Context

Objective: What is more important; internal trade or external trade and contact? What kinds of items are they trading? Does economic expansion depend on aggression towards other cultures or does it rely on peaceful interactions? What are the advantages of either?11. Using the following four maps, describe the regions that the Muslims have access to from their empire and the trade routes they were connected to. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Objective: How is economic prosperity and opportunity distributed amongst the population in this society? Is economic prosperity dependent on exploitation of certain segments of this society or is it based on individual initiative? Why is this beneficial in either case?

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12. In what ways was the Muslim Sultan of Cairo, Egypt helping the economy? Was he doing any possible harm to the economy as well? What is the role of the individual in this economy? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“I estimated that there were no less than twenty thousand shops in Cairo, all of which belong to the Sultan Saladin. There is no end of caravansaries (hotels with stables for caravans), bath houses, and other public buildings including numerous palaces, public mosques, and barracks – all property of the Sultan for no one owns any property except house and what he himself builds. I heard in Cairo that there are eight thousand buildings belonging to the sultan that are leased out and where the rent is collected monthly. In the midst of Cairo are gardens watered by wells. Waterwheels have been constructed to irrigate the gardens. There are trees planted and pleasure parks built even on the roofs.”

- (Primary Source) Nasier – e – Khusraw, Persian Muslim traveler and Ismaili spy, his report on to his superiors on Cairo, mid-11 century CE.

Objective: How is economic prosperity and opportunity distributed amongst the population in this society? Is economic prosperity dependent on exploitation of certain segments of this society or is it based on individual initiative? Why is this beneficial in either case?13. Is wealth spread evenly in the Islamic Empire? What indications are given in this passage that shows that it would be advantageous to become a merchant in Islamic society? How would this fact help to spread the faith? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“Tabriz is a large and very noble city belonging to the province of Azerbaijan, which contains many other cities and fortified places but this is the most eminent and most populous. The inhabitants support themselves principally from commerce and manufactures, which consist of various kinds of silk, some of them interwoven with gold,, and of high price. It is so advantageously situated for trade that merchants from India, from Baghdad, Mosul, and Hormuz, as well as different parts of Europe, come to purchase and to sell. The merchants concerned by foreign commerce acquire considerable wealth, but the inhabitants in general are poor. They consist of a mixture of various nations and sects, Nestorians, Armenians, Jacobites, Georgians, Persians (Zoroastrians), and the followers of Muhammad, who form the bulk of the population.”

- Marco Polo, Italian merchant, notes during his eighteen year travel to China and back, from his travel journal, The Travels of Marco Polo, published in 1299, about the city of Tabriz, c. 1275 CE

Objective: What is more important; internal trade or external trade and contact? What kinds of items are they trading? Does economic expansion depend on aggression towards other cultures or does it rely on peaceful interactions? What are the advantages of either?

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14. How does the rise of Arab traders relate to the fall of other empires in the Indian Ocean basin? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“After the downfall of the Cholas "the supremacy of the oceanic routes had passed definitely to the Arabs. They were the great carrier of Indian trade in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and their activities extended from the Red Sea ports to Canton and the marts of China. With the Indian potentates on the coast and with the Indian traders in the ports they maintained the happiest relations. There was no attempt at any time of exercising a naval control, perhaps as a result of the fact that Arab navigation was not the outcome of any State policy, but was developed through centuries thanks to activities of merchant adventurers..."

- (Secondary Source) Panikkar, 1945. 36

Objective: How is economic prosperity and opportunity distributed amongst the population in this society? Is economic prosperity dependent on exploitation of certain segments of this society or is it based on individual initiative? Why is this beneficial in either case?15. What role did the mudarabah have in promoting and protecting the expansion of Islamic trade in the Caliphates? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“The terms of partnerships, which proportionally strengthened the wealth, responsibilities, and liabilities of enterprises, were also shaped by regional legal systems or customs and enforced by government authorities or by merchants themselves through their professional associations. In West Asia, North Africa, northern India, and Spain, where mudarabah partnerships emerged, Islamic law was applied by state governments after the eighth century. The mudarabah and its variations provided a contractual means by which unrelated individuals could pool large amounts of capital to outfit and supply long-term, long-distance caravans and fleets and share out the risk. Whether influenced by Islamic practice or emerging out of indigenous practices, commenda and compagnia partnerships, which offered similar advantages, emerged in Europe by the twelfth century. Similar economically based power associations in West Africa helped unify the Mande-speaking peoples of Mali and contributed to the expansion of the Mali Empire in West Africa.”

- (Secondary Source) Candice Goucher, Charles LeGuin, and Linda Walton, In the Balance: Themesin Global History (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998), selections from chapter 10,“Connections.”

Objective: How is economic prosperity and opportunity distributed amongst the population in this society? Is economic prosperity dependent on exploitation of certain segments of this society or is it based on individual initiative? Why is this beneficial in either case?

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16. What kind of services did the futuwwa lodges provide to merchants? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“In thirteenth- through fifteenth-century West Asia, the Muslim futuwwa lodge functioned like a modern businessmen’s fraternal organization, complete with charitable activities. These organizations evolved from brotherhoods of men that sprang up in urban settings to provide protection for the interests of its members, who were often young and poor. By the thirteenth century, futuwwa lodges served the needs of the merchant class, especially in the Turkish and Persian territories of the Muslim world. A member merchant from western Anatolia could visit Aleppo or Baghdad and find a hostel there maintained by the lodge for its members; he would also find ready-made business connections among the local membership. Similar lodges functioned in the same fashion in North and West Africa, where the karimi merchant society, headquartered in Cairo, flourished as early as the eleventh to thirteenth centuries. Its membership was made up mostly of Jewish, but also of Muslim, long-distance traders who worked commercial network that stretched from Spain to India. Arabic language and culture plus common business interests held this society together. Jewish members wrote their contracts in Arabic using Hebrew characters; among themselves they used Talmudic contract law, but with Muslim colleagues commonly accepted legal variations were practiced.”

- (Secondary Source) Candice Goucher, Charles LeGuin, and Linda Walton, In the Balance: Themesin Global History (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998), selections from chapter 10,“Connections.”

Objective: What is more important; internal trade or external trade and contact? What kinds of items are they trading? Does economic expansion depend on aggression towards other cultures or does it rely on peaceful interactions? What are the advantages of either?

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17. In what ways were pilgrimage routes profitable to local economies? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

“Pilgrimage as a vehicle for connecting the world also had its effect on governments and economies. Major pilgrimages such as the Muslim hajj were big business…Governments along the routes took special interest in protecting—and taxing—the pilgrimage trade and services industry. They also identified themselves with the shrines within their territories and maintained old temples, churches, and mosques on the sites and built new ones. In the fifteenth century, Egypt’s Mamluk government and the expanding Ottoman state in Anatolia fought over the right to claim primacy in defending Mecca and its pilgrimage. With that claim, it was felt, came ideological supremacy in the Muslim world. Pilgrims commonly brought along small goods and traded them to pay their way on the lengthy journey. At established international shrines, annual markets developed which sometimes became more important for the region’s economy than the pilgrimage business itself. Long-distance pilgrimages, finally, meant increased traffic along established highways and, in a few instances, the building of new roads. For example, before Islam, Mecca was a way station on the Red Sea trade line. After Islam, it became a terminus of world pilgrimage and new trans-regional roads were built to it. Caravanserais, overnight stopping stations, were built at regular intervals on roads in the Arabian Peninsula leading to Mecca. Pilgrimage, trade, and diplomacy accounted for nearly all of the long-distance world travelers before the fifteenth century. Missionaries such as Buddhist monks and Muslim sufis were added to these travelers. Both Buddhist and Muslim missionaries carried with them more than their faith: new technologies, different social and cultural customs, and a broader knowledge of the world were products of missionary activities.”

- (Secondary Source) Candice Goucher, Charles LeGuin, and Linda Walton, In the Balance: Themesin Global History (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998), selections from chapter 10,“Connections.”

Objective: What is more important; internal trade or external trade and contact? What kinds of items are they trading? Does economic expansion depend on aggression towards other cultures or does it rely on peaceful interactions? What are the advantages of either?

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18. Which regions of the Islamic world would have been most affected by the religious pilgrimages of the Muslim world? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: ________________________________ Block: _____________________________________

Trial preparation: Now that you have explored the basic outlines of the East Asian Economic systems it is time for your law firm to construct a series of answers that will be used in the trials. For each question you must construct an opening statement that you will present to the court. Include aspects of all of the societies you represent and then list specific examples you will use in your rebuttals during the trials. Divide the

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topics between your legal team. Each of you will use the research from today to construct opening arguments. These opening arguments are required by the beginning of the next class day. Teams that do not submit opening arguments will not be qualified to move on to the next research topic and will be given the essay topics.

1. How is economic prosperity and opportunity distributed amongst the population in this society? Is economic prosperity dependent on exploitation of certain segments of this society or is it based on individual initiative? Why is this beneficial in either case?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Evidence: Cite the Source and summarize the evidence.a. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________d._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________e._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. What is more important; internal trade or external trade and contact? What kinds of items are they trading? Does economic expansion depend on aggression towards other cultures or does it rely on peaceful interactions? What are the advantages of either?

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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Evidence: Cite the Source and summarize the evidence.a. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________d. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________e. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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