Web viewPolitical- Propaganda, the Great Terror. 3-5m. L3. Describes . ... Stalin made sure that he...

NA ANDERSON SECONDARY SCHOOLMid-Year Examination 2017

Secondary Four Normal Academic

CANDIDATE NAME:

CLASS: / INDEX NUMBER:

COMBINED HUMANITIES (HISTORY ELECTIVE)Paper 3 The Making of the Contemporary World Order (1900s – 1953)

2120/039 May 2017

1h 40min0800 – 0940h

Additional Materials: Writing paper

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your name, class and index number on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid/tape.

Section AAnswer all parts of Question 1.

Section BAnswer one question.Write all answers on the writing paper provided.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

For examiner’s use only: Section A: / 30 marks

Section B: / 20 marks

Total / 50 marks

This document consists of 6 printed pages.

Setter: Miss Wang Sichuan

2

Section A: Source-Based Case Study

Question 1 is compulsory for all candidates.

Study the Background Information and the sources carefully, and then answer all the questions.

You may use any of the sources to help you answer the questions, in addition to those sources which you are told to use. In answering the questions, you should use your knowledge of the topic to help you interpret and evaluate the sources.

1 (a) Study Source A.

What is the message of the cartoon? Explain your answer, using details of the cartoon. [5]

(b) Study Source B.

Why do you think this leaflet was produced? Explain your answer. [6]

(c) Study Source C.

Can you trust what Source C says about North Korea’s involvement in the war? Explain your answer. [6]

(d) Study Source D.

Are you surprised by this source? Explain your answer. [5]

(e) Study all the sources.

“The Communists were to blame for the outbreak of the Korean War.” How far do these sources support this view? Use the sources and your knowledge to explain your answer. [8]

MYE 4NA HYE P3 2017

3

Who was to blame for the Korean War in 1950?

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Read this carefully. It may help you to answer some of the questions The Korean War lasted from 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953. This war resulted from bitter tensions between North Korea led by Kim Il Sung and South Korean led by Syngman Rhee. North Korea used this war to expand their territorial control to show off their might. This war also saw the involvement of United States, China, Soviet Union and the United Nations. The United States was concerned of not allowing Communism spread into the Asia-Pacific through North Korea and decided to enter into the war. China also became involved in the war when the fighting came too close to the Chinese border to be ignored. Each of them having their role in fuelling the tensions. So who was to be blame for the Korean War?

Source A: British cartoon published in June 1950, showing Stalin and his Soviet leaders. It shows Stalin and his Soviet leaders disguised in North Korean army uniforms allowing tanks to cross a border. They are saying, ‘Honest mister, there’s nobody here but us Koreans.’

MYE 4NA HYE P3 2017

4

Source B: A South Korean leaflet used in North Korea that was air-dropped into North Korea, 1952. The caption says, “ Kim II Sung is devil dancing for USSR’s Future.”

Source C: From a speech made by Kim Il Sung, 26 June 1950 to North Koreans.

Dear brothers and sisters!

The USA threatens our motherland and its people! What is needed to get rid of this source of danger? Under the banner of the Korean’s People’s Democratic Republic, we must complete the unification of the motherland and create a single, independent, democratic state! The war which we are forced to wage is a just war for the unification and independence of the motherland and for freedom and democracy.

MYE 4NA HYE P3 2017

5

Source D: An American propaganda leaflet used in North Korea, December 1952. The caption says, “Korean Ox, Chinese Servant, Russian Master!”

Source E: An article from Daily NK, a North Korean newspaper in 2010.

On the 60th anniversary of the outbreak of the Korean War, North Korea’s state media has emphasised again that the Korean War was nothing but a “confrontational war by American imperialist invaders.”“The Korean War was a shameless, offensive robbery carried out by the American imperialists through their South *Chosun puppets in order to turn our nation into a slave colony. It was the most brutal slaughter in history.”

* Chosun – the old name of Korea

MYE 4NA HYE P3 2017

6

Section B: Structured-Essay Questions

Answer one question.

2 This question is on Stalin’s Russia.

(a) What were Stalin’s economic and political policies in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s? [8]

(b) Explain how each of the following factors helped bring Stalin to power in the Soviet Union:

(i) Trotsky’s unpopularity in the Politburo,

(ii) Non-disclosure of Lenin’s Testament. [12]

3 This question is on the Cold War in Europe.

(a) What were the key terms agreed at the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conferences? [8]

(b) Explain how each of the following factors worsened the Cold War tensions between USSR and USA.

(i) Berlin Blockade,

(ii) Truman Doctrine. [12]

END OF PAPER

Copyright Acknowledgments:

Source A: Taken from David Low; Honest Mister, There’s nobody here but us Koreans; Daily herald, 28 June 1950; Associated Newspapers Ltd.Source B: Adapted from the recollections of L. Lopelev.Source C: Adapted from http://www.johndclare.net/cold_war10_YoungSKim.htm Source D: Taken from http://www.psywarrior.com/KoreaPSYOPHist2.html Source E: Adapted from http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01700&num=6539

MYE 4NA HYE P3 2017

http://www.psywarrior.com/KoreaPSYOPHist2.html

http://www.johndclare.net/cold_war10_YoungSKim.htm

7

MYE 4NA HYE P3 2017

Anderson Secondary SchoolSec 4 Normal History SA1

2017 Answer Scheme / LORMSMARK SCHEME

Section A: Source Based Question

1a) Study Source A. What is the message of the cartoon? Explain your answer, using details of the cartoon. [5]

Target Skill: Basic Inference Level Band descriptor Marks

L1 Answers based on provenance and/or contextual knowledge only with no reference to source

E.g. The cartoon shows Stalin trying to gain control in Korea.

E.g. The cartoon shows Stalin and his Soviet leaders disguised in North Korean army uniforms allowing tanks to cross through a border.

1m

L2 Answers based on details in the source and/or message of the source but without supportAward 3m for additional details

E.g. The Soviet were disguised as Korean to cover up their participation in the Korean conflict.E.g. The tanks in the background highlighted that the Soviet were involved in providing military aid to the North Korea.

2-3m

L3 Answers based on message of the sourceAward 4m for one supported message.Award 5m if well-explained.

E.g. The message of the cartoon implies that Soviet Union was responsible for the Korean War. They have supported the North Korean army with military equipment and weaponry in the North Korean attack of the South. This can be seen in the cartoon that Soviet tanks crossed a border which symbolizes the 38th parallel border between North and South Korea. This suggests that the Korean War would not have started if help and support had not been given by Stalin. [4M]

OR

E.g. The message of the cartoon implies that Soviet Union was responsible for the Korean War. They have supported the North Korean army with military equipment and weaponry in the North Korean attack of the South. The cartoon suggests an act of disguise by the Soviet leaders of their supposed aim of expanding their communist influence in the Asia-Pacific region, by supplying North Korea with military equipment and weaponry. This can be seen from the source in which Stalin and his Soviet leaders had allowed tanks to cross through a border, which symbolizes the 38th parallel border between North and South Korea, with one of the leaders holding a paper labelled as “Next step to shove America out of Pacific”. This suggests that the Korean War would not have started if help and support had not been given by Stalin. [5M]

4-5m

© Anderson Secondary School 2017 | Not for circulation


2017 Answer Scheme / LORMS1b) Study Source B. Why do you think this leaflet was produced? Explain your answer. [6]

Target Skill: Inference with purpose

Level Band descriptor Marks

L1 Answers based on description of the sourceAward up to maximum of 2 marks

E.g. The source shows the North Korean President was being controlled like a puppet by the USSR.

1-2m

L2 Answers based on valid inference of messageAward 3m for message unsupported (or) weak inferenceAward 4m for message supported

E.g. The leaflet was produced in the 1952 to show the mastermind of the Korean War was actually the Soviets. [3M]

E.g. The leaflet was produced in the 1952 to show that North Korea was actually controlled by the Soviets. [3M]

E.g. The leaflet was to discourage the North Koreans from being manipulated by Kim Il Sung and to stop fighting the war against the South. [3M]

E.g. The source shows that Kim Il-Sung was acting under the orders of the Soviets in their acts of aggression. This is supported in the cartoon where it shows Kim Il-Sung as a puppet manipulated by the Kremlin in their acts of aggression as seen in the acts of hammering the skulls, an act of killing. [4M]

3-4m

L3 Answers based on purpose, supportedAward 5 marks for purposed explained and supported.Award 6 marks for a well-developed answer based on contextual knowledge.

E.g. The leaflet was produced to convince the North Koreans that their leader was merely a puppet being manipulated by Kim Il Sung and Soviet Union. The real master mind of the Korean War was actually Soviet. The evidence is the Kim Il Sung is portrayed negatively as he “is a devil dancing for Russia’s future.” He was maneuvered by the Soviet as though they were puppets. The intended outcome was to get the North Koreans to stop fighting the war against the democratic powers since it the Korean War was still on-going in 1952 despite them facing a stalemate. [5M]

Based on my contextual knowledge, this was the time of stalemate in the war and thus, the leaflet was therefore published in the hope of influencing the minds of the North Korean soldiers to stop their fight as their leader had been made use of by the Soviets to cause death to their fellow countrymen for the purpose of the Soviets and not to unify Korea. [6M]

5-6m



2017 Answer Scheme / LORMS1c) Study Source C.

Can you trust what Source C says about North Korea’s involvement in the war? Explain your answer. [6]

Target Skill: Reliability

Level

Band descriptor Marks

L1 Answer based on typicality

E.g. No, I cannot trust because it is not reliable since it is just one source.

1m

L2 Reliability based on contentAward 3m if well-explained.

E.g. I can trust what Source C says about North Korea’s involvement in the war. Source C says that North Korea was forced to fight the war to protect their independence from the USA. The evidence is “The war which we are forced to wage is a just war for the unification and independence of the motherland and for freedom and democracy.” This suggests that North Korean was forced to wage a war as United States/UN was taking away the peace and unity that Korea used to have and North Korean had to step in and to justify the reunification of Korea. [3M]

2-3m

L3 L2 + Reliability based on cross-reference or Contextual KnowledgeAward 5m if well-explained.

E.g. After cross-referencing to Source B, I cannot trust what Source C justification about its involvement in Korea was due to its own attempt to protect Korea from USA. Both sources disagree on the reasons North Korean joined Korean War. (Criteria) Source B shows that North Koreans were manipulated by the USSR to wage the Korean war. This is evident from Source B where it shows that Kim II Sung was controlled by the hook of USSR. The evidence from the provenance state, “Kim II sung is devil dancing for USSR’s Future. Thus it is only right for the North Korean’s involvement was not about unification and independence from USA but to launch and attack and spread communism under USSR’s manipulation. Since Source B disagree with Source C, Source C is cannot be a trustworthy account. [4M]

OR

E.g. However, when I cross-refer to my contextual knowledge, I cannot trust what Source D says about North Korea’s involvement in the war as it is contradicted by my background knowledge of the Korean War. From contextual knowledge, I know that Kim Il Sung was the one who provoked the Korean War and even asked Soviet Union for permission to do so. Hence, it was not an attempt to protect Korea from USA but to launch and attack and unite the whole of Korea under the North. [4M]

4-5m



2017 Answer Scheme / LORMSLevel


L4 Both aspects of L3 + Purpose explained

E.g. The source is not trustable because the author is the leader of North Korea, Kim Il Sung in June 1950 where he was just about to launch an invasion of the South. As such he made the speech to the North Korean (Audience) as he wanted his nation to believe that their country is in danger (Know). This is evident in Source C when he exaggerated the danger of South Korea falling into the hands of a democratic political system by saying “Great danger threatens our motherland” and projected the just cause of the war as unifying the country for freedom and democracy. He has the obvious motive for (Intention) accusing the United States/UN for taking away the peace and unity that Korea used to have while at the same time portraying his government as the savior of all Koreans. This is so that he (Do- Outcome) can portray himself and his government in a good light and win over the support of the North Koreans during his invasion of South Korea and battle with the UN forces. He was trying to garner support for the Korean War and was trying to encourage the North Koreans to fight in the war. [5M]

This can be supported by my contextual knowledge; it was true that Kim invaded South Korea on 25th June 1950. However, it was not completely on the basis of unifying Korea on idea of democracy and freedom as claimed by Kim. This unification will be under the umbrella of Communism with Kim as a head. In short, the South will be completely subsumed by the North and lost its principle of democracy. Thus, Kim’s claims were not truly honorable, making me unable to trust it. [6M]

5-6m



2017 Answer Scheme / LORMS1d) Study Source D.

Are you surprised by this source? Explain your answer. [5]

Target Skill: Surprised

Level


L1 Yes/No – Valid assertion, unsupported

E.g. I am not surprised by Source D which is about Soviet Union being the mastermind behind the Korean War, while North Korea is just their slave/puppet.

E.g. I am not surprised that the Americans would drop these leaflets about the Soviet Union being the mastermind behind the Korean War.

E.g. I am not surprised by Source D which is about Soviet Union being the mastermind behind the Korean War.

1m

L2 Yes/No – Valid assertion, supported

E.g. I am not surprised by Source D as it shows Soviet Union being the mastermind behind the Korean War, while North Korea is just their slave. This can be seen in the cartoon which shows Kim Il Sung doing the work, but he is being whipped by Chairman Mao, and supervised by Stalin. This shows that North Korea is subservient to Soviet Union, and what they are doing is under Russian instructions. Thus, Soviet Union is the mastermind in the Korean War, not North Korea. I am not surprised by this because the Soviet Union is the large powerful communist nation, while North Korea is a small, newer nation. Thus it is unsurprising that they would be subservient to the Soviet Union. [3M]

2-3m

L3 Cross-references to another source (OR) Examines motive of source, supported

Yes/ No – Explanation based on cross reference.No - Explanation based on motive and purpose

E.g. I am surprise by Source D after cross referencing with my contextual knowledge. Source D shows Soviet Union being the mastermind behind the Korean War, while North Korea is just their slave. This can be seen in the cartoon which shows Kim Il Sung doing the work, but he is being whipped by Chairman Mao, and supervised by Stalin. This shows that North Korea is subservient to Soviet Union, and what they are doing is under Russian instructions. Thus, Soviet Union is the mastermind in the Korean War, not North Korea. I am surprised by this because when I cross refer to my own contextual knowledge, North Korea was a proud state who aimed to reunify Korea, and it seems unlikely that they would be willing slaves to the Soviet Union (criteria). Moreover, Stalin was reluctant to aid North Korean, and only provided support when circumstances

4m





became more favourable. China only joined the Korean War once their border was threatened. Thus it seems unlikely that they were the ones who forced North Korea to fight. [4M]

(Contextual knowledge must explain that North Korea went to war because of its own will)

E.g. I am not surprise by the source D after checking the purpose of the source. The source is from a leaflet that was dropped into North Korea by the Americans during the Korean War. The leaflet portrayed Soviet Union being the mastermind and North Korea as their slave. It aimed to convince the North Koreans that they have been used by the Chinese (Mao) and Soviet (Stalin) so that they will stop cooperating with the Communists, and help the South Koreans to win the War with American’s help. This can be seen in the cartoon which shows Kim Il Sung doing the work, but he is being whipped by Chairman Mao, and supervised by Stalin. This shows that North Korea is subservient to Soviet Union, and what they are doing is under Russian instructions. I am not surprised by this because it is likely that the Americans dropped this leaflet into North Korea to weaken their will to fight. If they perceive that their country is simply a tool being used by the Soviet Union, they will not wish to risk their lives continue fighting for them. This will provide an advantage for America. This does not surprise me because it was expected for the Americans would likely use any means necessary, such as this propaganda leaflet, to make their conflict in Korea easier, making me not surprised by it. [4M]

L4 Cross-references to another source (AND) Examines motive of source, supportedBoth aspects of L3

5m



2017 Answer Scheme / LORMS1 (e) Study all the sources.

“The Communists were to blame for the outbreak of the Korean War.” How far do these sources support this view? Use the sources and your knowledge to explain your answer. [8]

Target Skill: Assertion

Level


L1 Identifies which sources support/do not support the view given in the question

E.g. Source A, B & D support the statement and Source B & E do not support the statement. [1M]

1m

L2 Yes OR No, supported by valid source useAward 2 marks for one Yes or No supported by valid source use, and an additional mark for each subsequent valid source use up to a maximum of 4 marks.

YesE.g. Source A agrees with the statement that the Communist were to be blame the outbreak for the Korean War. The cartoon suggests an act of concealment by the Soviet leaders of their supposed aim to expand their communist influence in the Asia-Pacific region, by supplying North Korea with military equipment and weaponry. This can be seen from the source in which Stalin and his Soviet leaders had allowed tanks to cross a border, which symbolizes the 38th parallel, with one of the leaders holding a paper labelled as “Next step to shove America out of Pacific”. This source implies that war in Korea broke out because of the ambition of the communist superpower. Thus it supports the judgment.

E.g. Source B agrees with the statement that the Communist were to be blame the outbreak for the Korean War. The source shows Kim Il Sung being manipulated by Russia and that Russia was using Kim to achieve their aims. This is because the picture portrays Kim as a puppet ‘dancing for Russia’s future” thus showing that the Russians were using the Korean War as a proxy war to further their interest. Thus it supports the judgment.

E.g. Source D agrees with the statement that the Communist were to be blame the outbreak for the Korean War. This is evident in the cartoon which shows Kim Il Sung doing the work, but he is being whipped by Chairman Mao, and supervised by Stalin. This suggests that the Soviet Union is the mastermind behind the Korean War, but the source does not show who the aggressor is. Thus it supports the judgment.

OR/AND

2-4m





NoE.g. Source C disagrees with the statement that the Communist were to be blame the outbreak for the Korean War.. Source C states that the North Korean were merely protecting their rights as their safety was in danger from external forces. This can be seen from ‘Great danger threatens our motherland and its people! … The war which we are forced to wage’. This means that they had no choice but to be involved in the war because their safety and sovereignty was in jeopardy. Their involvement was merely a retaliation to protect their rights from aggressive forces. Thus it does not support the judgment.

E.g. Source E disagrees with the statement that the Communist were to be blame the outbreak for the Korean War. Source E states that USA should take the most blame for the Korean War. The North Korean state media puts the blame on the USA that the Korean War was “nothing but a provocative war by American imperialist invaders”, suggesting that the war was started by the USA not the communist. Thus it does not support the judgment.

L3 Yes AND No, supported by valid source useAward 5 marks for one Y and N supported by valid source use, and an additional mark for each subsequent valid source use up to a maximum of 7 marks.

For L2 and L3 award a bonus of up to two marks (i.e. +1/+1) for use of contextual knowledge to question a source in relation to its reliability, sufficiency etc. The total mark must not exceed 8.

E.g. Source E disagrees with the statement. Source E does not support the judgment that North Korea should take the most blame for the Korean War. On the contrary, the North Korean state media puts the blame on the USA that the Korean War was “nothing but a provocative war by American imperialist invaders”, suggesting that the war was started by the USA. However, one should not just take Source E at face value because, the source is from a North Korean newspaper, it would want to defend its stand that it was not the main aggressor, and would put the blame on the USA, and to justify its actions and the role it played in the Korean War. This source would therefore not support that North Korea should take the most blame for the Korean War, but puts the blame on the USA instead. Hence this is not a reliable source and does not support this view.

5-8m



2017 Answer Scheme / LORMSSection B: Structured Essay Question

2 (a) What were Stalin’s economic and political policies in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s.[8]

L1 Describes Stalin’s rule without focus on the questionAward 1 mark for each detail, up to a maximum of 2.

E.g. Stalin’s rule brought sufferings to the Soviet people. [1m]

1-2m

L2 Identifies OR describes economic or political impacts of Stalin’s rule on Soviet UnionAward 3m for each identified aspect up to a maximum of 5m.Award 4m for one described aspect and 5m for two described aspects.

E.g. Stalin implemented collectivization, an economic policy which severely hampered the Soviet agricultural sector. [3 m]

Economic – Collectivisation, IndustrialisationPolitical- Propaganda, the Great Terror.

3-5m

L3 Describes economic and political impacts of Stalin’s rule on Soviet UnionAward 6m for describing one economic impact and one political impact and an additional mark for covering the depth of supporting evidence and the number of aspects covered.

Economical policiesE.g. Stalin implemented collectivization, an economic policy which severely hampered the Soviet agricultural sector. Stalin sought to merge small individual farms into larger collective farmers. It was believed that the larger units of land could be farmed more efficiently through mechanization. However, many peasants, especially the kulaks, killed their own animals, burnt their grain and produce, and hid or buried their crops in the ground to prevent them from being taken over by the state. Bad harvest contributed to the Great Famine of 1932-1933. Grain harvest also dropped dramatically between 1931 and 1934 and did not recover to their 1928 level. [6m]

OR/AND

Political policiesE.g. Stalin used propaganda, an economic policy, extensively to build up his own profile as the rightful successor to Lenin. He claimed to be a father to his people. Loyal or intimidated artists praised him in films, books, posters, paintings and musicals. Pictures and propaganda posters of Stalin were placed everywhere, and all achievements and successes of the Soviet Union were credited to Stalin’s leadership. Furthermore, large portions of Soviet history were also rewritten to boost Stalin’s status and discredit his rivals as disloyal counter-revolutionaries. Even photographs were edited to

6-8m



2017 Answer Scheme / LORMSremove unwanted people. All the achievements and successes of the Soviet Union were credited to Stalin’s leadership.

(b) Explain how each of the following factors helped bring Stalin to power in the Soviet Union:

(i) Trotsky’s unpopularity in the Politburo, and(ii) Non-disclosure of Lenin’s Testament. [12]

L1 Writes about Stalin’s rise to power in the Soviet UnionAward 1 mark for each detail, up to a maximum of 2

E.g. Stalin became the supreme leader of the Soviet Union from 1929. [1m]

1 – 2

L2 Describes reasonsAward 3 – 4 marks for one described reason.Award 5 – 6 marks for two described reasons.

Trotsky’s unpopularity in the PolitburoE.g. Trotsky’s unpopularity in the Politburo helped bring Stalin to power in the Soviet Union. Trotsky was one of the strongest competitors that Stalin faced in succeeding Lenin as the leader of the Communist Party. He was seen as Lenin’s right-hand man and also the head of the Red Army. He led them to victory against the Whites in the 1918-1921 civil wars and thus had a huge support from the army, which gave him a great deal of power. [4m]

OR/ AND

Non-disclosure of Lenin’s TestamentE.g. Non-disclosure of Lenin’s Testament helped bring Stalin to power in the Soviet Union. When Lenin suffered a stroke, Stalin visited him often and acted as his connection to the rest of the world. However, they often quarreled, and Lenin became suspicious of Stalin’s character and ambitions. He made his views known in his Testament and in it, he criticized Stalin and other of his leading successors. However, the party agreed that the Testament was not to be made public, and its mention was not made in future meetings. [4m]

3 – 6

L3 Explains reasonsAward 7 – 9 marks for one explained reason.Award 10 – 12 marks for two explained reasons.

Trotsky’s unpopularity in the PolitburoE.g. Trotsky’s unpopularity helped bring Stalin to power in the Soviet Union. Trotsky was one of the strongest competitors that Stalin faced in succeeding Lenin as a leader of the Communist Party. He was regarded as Lenin’s right-hand man and was also the head of the Red Army. He had the support of the army as he had led them to victory against the Whites in the civil war of 1918-1921. This support gave him a great deal of power and he was thus seen as the biggest threat by others in the Politburo and therefore became very unpopular. Moreover, Trotsky had always been outspoken and had argued with Lenin and the Party on several topics such

7 – 12



2017 Answer Scheme / LORMSas the New Economic Policy and the increasing control of the Party by the Politburo and Central Executive Committee and these were seen as acts of disloyalty and to the Party’s decisions. This made the Politburo turn against him and his unpopularity rose. Trotsky also believed in ‘permanent revolution’ and sought to promote and incite revolutions all over the world. However, he failed to convince his fellow Party members of his idea of world revolution. Stalin, on the other hand, argued for ‘socialism in one country’ which called for the strengthening of the Soviet Union first before spreading to other countries. Stalin made sure that he had the support of his other Party members on this, and cleverly made it seem like Trotsky was moving away from the Party’s decisions and ideas and as a result of this, Trotsky became all the more unpopular. As a result, he was seen as the biggest threat by others in the Politburo. The troika alliance between Kamenev, Zinoviev and Stalin aimed to remove Trotsky from power by discrediting him. Trotsky’s unpopularity paved the way for Stalin’s rise to power as this made his rivals establish the Troika alliance to get rid of him and they were then able to vote Trotsky out of power. With Trotsky out of the way, it was easier for Stalin to gain more power and this caused his rise to power.

OR/ AND

Non-disclosure of Lenin’s TestamentE.g. Non-disclosure of Lenin’s Testament helped bring Stalin to power in the Soviet Union. When Lenin suffered a stroke, Stalin visited him often and acted as his connection to the rest of the world. Lenin was highly suspicious of Stalin’s character and ambitions as the latter had argued on many occasions with him. Lenin had mentioned all his doubts and suspicions in his will. He also voiced criticism against his leading successors such as Bukharin and Kamenev and he was especially clear that Stalin be removed as his position as the Secretary-General of the Communist Party. When the Lenin was read out after his death, the Central Executive Committee members who were also the leading successors, agreed that the will was not to be made public as Lenin had criticised all of them. Many chose to ignore Lenin’s warning about Stalin as they felt that Trotsky was a greater threat due to his powerful personality and close connection to the army. Thus, this led to the rise of Stalin as the Testament did not achieve what it hoped for. The non-disclosure of Lenin’s will was an important factor as it allowed Stalin retained his position as the Secretary-General , which he later used to great effect during his rise to power. With the position retained, he was able to influence more party members and win their support. It was with this support that he was able to establish the Troika alliance which he used to get rid of Trotsky and was able to vote Trotsky out of power. With his biggest competitor gone, it was easier for him to gain more power and this caused his rise to power.



2017 Answer Scheme / LORMS

3. (a) What were the key terms agreed upon the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference? [8]

L1 Writes about the Cold War and the USA in the late 1940sAward 1 mark for each detail, up to a maximum of 2

In 1945, when the defeat of Hitler’s Germany was imminent, the differences between the Allies became more apparent. This was especially so during the negotiations for a post-war settlement at the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences. [2m]

1-2m

L2 Describe the terms of Yalta Conference Or the Potsdam ConferenceAward 3 marks for 1 termAward 4 marks for 2 termsAward 5 marks for 3 terms

Yalta Conference-It was agreed that Germany would be divided into four zones of occupation. Britain, France, the USA and the Soviet Union would each administer one zone. The capital of Berlin would also be divided into zones of occupation.

-The Nazi war criminals would be brought to trial.

-Countries liberated from German occupation (e.g Poland) would hold free elections to choose their own governments.

-Emergency relief was to be provided to the liberated people of Europe and practical steps to be taken to help them set up democratic and self-governing nations

-The Soviet Union’s border was to be redrawn to include parts of Poland; Poland’s border to be moved to include parts of Germany

-The Soviet Union to help the USA in the Asia-Pacific war against Japan in return for Soviet occupation of North Korea and Manchuria

-An international organisation named the United Nations to be established to replace the League of Nations and maintain international peace and security.

Potsdam Conference-Germany to be demilitarised and all Nazi influence removed

-Nazi war criminals to be brought to trial

-Germany to be divided into four temporary zones of occupation, following agreements made at the Yalta Conference

3-5m



2017 Answer Scheme / LORMS-Reparations to be imposed on Germany

-Germany to be administered by an Allied Control Council, comprising the Soviet Union, the USA, Britain and France, until the formation of a new Germany that would no longer threaten the peace of Europe

-The Polish Provisional Government of National Unity (a coalition government comprising Polish communists and the Polish government-in-exile) to be recognised and free elections to be held in Poland as soon as possible.

L3 Describe the terms of the Yalta Conference AND the Potsdam Conference

Award 6 marks for 1 term at Yalta Conference and 1 term at Potsdam Conference

Award 7 marks 2 terms at Yalta Conference and 2 terms at Potsdam Conference

Award 8 marks for additional information/ details

6-8m




3. (b) Explain how each of the following factors worsened the Cold War tensions between USA and USSR:

(i) Berlin blockade(ii) Truman Doctrine. [12]

L1 Writes about the Cold War tensions between USA and USSR.Award 1 mark for each detail up to a maximum of 2.

1-2m

L2 Describes the factors, without explaining link to Cold War tensions between USA and USSR.Award 3-4 marks for one described reason and 5-6 marks for two described reasons.

E.g. One of the factors that worsened the Cold War tensions between USA and USSR was the Berlin blockade. It was the first major Cold War crisis of the Cold War. [3m]

3-6m

L3 Explains reasonsAward 7-9 marks for one explained reason and 10-12 marks for two explained reasons.

Berlin blockadeE.g. One of the factors that worsened the Cold War tensions between USA and USSR was the Berlin blockade. It was the first major crisis during the Cold War. The Berlin blockade began in June 1948, when Stalin imposed a blockade on movement from West Germany into West Berlin by cutting off all land and water pathways, as well as communications between the Western zones in Germany and West Berlin. Food supplies and electricity to West Berlin were also cut off. Stalin aimed to starve the Germans in West Berlin into submission, and force the Western powers to abandon their plans of unifying their three zones of occupation into an eventual West German state, in accordance with his wish to keep Germany divided and weak. In order to help West Berlin, US and Britain agreed to a decision to transport supplies into West Berlin by air, the only channel not blocked by the USSR. The USA thus carried out the Berlin Airlift, where supplies were flew into West Berlin for the next 11 months, with one plane reaching West Berlin every 30 seconds at the height of the airlift. When Stalin realized that his blockade had failed, he entered into negotiations with the Western powers, and the Berlin Airlift came to an end in September 1949. The Berlin blockade worsened the Cold War tensions between USA and USSR as it humiliated the USSR and boosted the credibility of the Western powers. This made the USSR more insecure about its position vis-à-vis USA, and made Stalin more suspicious of USA’s actions. Additionally, as a result of the Berlin blockade, Germany was formally divided between the Cold War superpowers into West Germany and East Germany, becoming a symbol of Cold War bi-polarity, thus worsening the Cold War tensions.OR/AND

7-12m




The Truman DoctrineE.g. One of the factors that worsened the Cold War tensions between USA and USSR was the Truman Doctrine. The Truman Doctrine worsened relations between the Soviet Union and Germany as it was a plan devised by President Harry Truman to contain the spread of communism at the end of WW2. Under the doctrine, any country that was threatened by communism could seek aid from the United States. The United States could then dispatch economic assistance or military aid to help the government resist the communists.One example of this was in Greece where the government faced severe pressure from the communists. The communists threatened to take over the country and they seeked assistance from the U.S. After aid was rendered, the communist rebellion was suppressed and the Greek government was restored to power Truman believed that weak states such as these were more likely to be influenced by communism. The Truman Doctrine was a precursor to the Marshall Plan under which USA pumped US $ 13 billion in aid to 16 countries in Western Europe to build a prosperous and industrialized Europe with successful and stable democratic governments that could resist Communism. The success of the Truman doctrine threatened to further undermine Soviet authority in Eastern Europe, which led to the setup of Cominform by Soviet Union, to unite the communist states in Europe. Such formalized structures and plans further increased the tension between the two superpowers .


Web viewPolitical- Propaganda, the Great Terror. 3-5m. L3. Describes . ... Stalin made sure that he...

Documents

Transcript of Web viewPolitical- Propaganda, the Great Terror. 3-5m. L3. Describes . ... Stalin made sure that he...