· Web viewTitle, be concise (preferably 10 to 20 words). Avoid using abbreviations as much as...
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Potential of blended organic acids to improve performance and health of broilers infected with necrotic enteritis Alip Kumar a , Mehdi Toghyani a, 1 , Sarbast K. Kheravii a , Lane Pineda b , Yanming Han b , Robert A. Swick a , Shu-Biao Wu a* a School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, NSW 2351, Australia b Trouw Nutrition R & D, Stationsstraat 77, 3811 MH, Amersfoort, The Netherlands *Corresponding author. Email address: [email protected] (S.-B. Wu) 1 Present address: School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 1 / 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 2
Transcript of · Web viewTitle, be concise (preferably 10 to 20 words). Avoid using abbreviations as much as...
Potential of blended organic acids to improve performance and health of broilers
infected with necrotic enteritis
Alip Kumara, Mehdi Toghyania, 1, Sarbast K. Kheraviia, Lane Pinedab, Yanming Hanb, Robert
A. Swicka, Shu-Biao Wua*
a School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, NSW 2351,
Australia
b Trouw Nutrition R & D, Stationsstraat 77, 3811 MH, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
*Corresponding author.
Email address: [email protected] (S.-B. Wu)
1Present address: School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney,
NSW 2006, Australia
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Title, be concise (preferably 10 to 20 words). Avoid using abbreviations as much as possible。 Only well-known abbreviations can be used. Avoid using the word "effect” in the title where possible. If there is a (treatment) effect and it is of significance, this information should be made clear in the title.Minimize the use of names of commercial products throughout the manuscript. Only use generic names in article titles. Use Times New Roman font at 12 points, double spacing. Align all text to the left. Add line numbers and page numbers to all pages of the manuscript file.At submission, please use the fewest files possible to facilitate the review and editing processes. The manuscript file includes all from the Title page to Figures and Tables. Only if the manuscript file is too big (perhaps >15 MB), which makes it difficult to upload it to the system, authors use separate files for tables and figures.
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Use numeral superscripts to indicate authors who equally contribute to the work, or permanent addresses if any.
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* Indicates the corresponding author. No more than 2 corresponding authors (preferably 1). The corresponding author who is registered in the EM system and the one in the paper must be consistent.
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Organization name, city and country must be provided.
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Use lower case letter superscripts to indicate authors’ organizations.
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Authors’ given name is at the first and family name at the last. Use the initials for middle names if any.The authors and sequence registered in the EM system must be the same in the paper.
ABSTRACT
Organic acids (OA) and their blends have been shown to positively affect performance
and health of broilers. However, the data in the literature are not consistent. This study
examined the potential of blended short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) … on performance, health
and welfare of broilers infected with necrotic enteritis (NE). The additives used were A) a
blend of SCFA, MCFA, and a phenolic compound (SMP)... A total of 1,404 Ross 308 one-
day-old male parental chicks were randomly distributed into 78-floor pens with 13 replicates
of 18 birds each. Six treatments were the following: T1, unchallenged control (UCC); T2,
challenged control (CHC); T3, challenged group plus zinc bacitracin (BAC); T4, challenged
group plus additive SMP; T5, challenged group plus additive SMF; T6, challenged group
plus additive SHM. Challenged birds were gavaged with Eimeria spp. on d 9 and Clostridium
perfringens EHE-NE18 on d 14. Post NE challenge and cumulatively, BWG, FCR, and
nutrient digestibility of birds were compromised (P < 0.05) by NE challenge indicating a
successful induction of sub-clinical NE. Additive SHM had higher BWG compared to CHC
and BAC groups (P = 0.001; d 10 to 24) but not different from SMP and SMF groups (P >
0.05). All the 3 additive groups had lower FCR compared to CHC (P = 0.001; d 0 to 35), and
exhibited similar jejunal lesions (d 16) compared to BAC and apparent ileal protein
digestibility (d 21) compared to UCC and BAC groups (P > 0.05). Birds in additive SHM
group had a higher concentration of serum IgA compared to all groups (P = 0.001) except
additive SMF (P > 0.05; d 21). All the additive groups had lower footpad dermatitis and hock
burns compared to CHC (P < 0.05). The findings suggest the potential of blended OA as
alternatives to BAC to protect broilers from NE indicated by improved FCR, immunity,
digestibility, and bird welfare.
Keywords: Performance; Blended organic acid; Alternative to antibiotics; Necrotic enteritis;
Broiler chicken.
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Provide 2 to 6 keywords for indexing purposes. Avoid general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, ‘and’, ‘of’). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field may be eligible. Keywords are capitalized and separated by a semicolon.
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Italicize statistical letters, n for sample size, P for probability, R, etc. Italicize letters and numerals used as a symbol for a gene. Italicize bacteria names only at the genus and species levels. Write Latin names for bacteria genera, plants, and insects in full names at the first mention, such as Butyrivibrio fibrisolvensi, and thereafter in the short forms, such as B. fibrisolvensi.
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Use "to" for a numeral range.
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Insert spaces around operators ±, >, <, =, +, -, and ×, except /.
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Use "s", "min", "h", "d" rather than full words when it is used with a number, e.g., 2 h, 3 min, 20 s, 5 d, d 9.
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Arabic numbers are used except when they begin sentences.
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Use thousand separators for number greater than 999.
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The Abstract is one-paragraph short paper. It must contain the purposes, methods, results with statistical evidence (P-value), and conclusion.The Abstract consists of no more than 350 words (preferably within 250 words).Each of the Abstract, main text, and tables and figures should be independent and self-explanatory.
1. Introduction
In poultry, enteric diseases can reduce feed efficiency and enhance mortality, both of
which dramatically increase the costs of production (Porter, 1998). Necrotic enteritis (NE),
primarily caused by Clostridium perfringens, is one of the most severe and economically
important enteric diseases in the modern poultry industry (Cooper et al., 2013), burdening a
cost of US$6 billion to the global poultry industry each year (Wade and Keyburn, 2015). ... as
it reduces market weight by 12.9% and increases FCR by 10.9% without high mortality or
obvious disease symptoms to be detected and treated (Skinner et al., 2010).
Antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) have long been used in poultry feed to control
enteric diseases including NE (Van Immerseel et al., 2009; Moore, 2016). However, due to
public health concern over the application of in-feed AGP and the development of AGP-
resistant pathogens many countries have banned the application of in-feed AGP (Kocher and
Choct, 2008) such as in the European Union (Castanon, 2007). The phasing-out and/or ban of
in-feed AGP in the broiler industry have led to the emergence of enteric disorders, imbalance
of gut microflora, and nutrient digestibility (Dibner and Richards, 2005). Thus, the
performance and health of broilers are affected and the profitability in the industry is
compromised. …
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Animal ethics
All the experimental procedures applied in this study were reviewed and approved by
the …. All procedures involving live birds handling, management, and health care followed
the regulations of laboratory animals used for scientific purposes and were implemented
within the ….
2.2. Blended feed additives
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The institutional animal care and use committee statement should appear as the first item in the section of materials and methods in manuscripts, and authors should specify which publicly available animal care and use standards were followed.
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Requirements of using abbreviationsCommon and standard abbreviations can be directly used without being defined. A list of them is provided.Uncommon abbreviations should be consistently defined at first uses (the abbreviation follows the term and in parentheses) in the Abstract, main text, and tables and figures, and thereafter the abbr. is always used. Do not define an abbreviation if the full name is simple and short, or the abbreviation is rarely used in the later text.Chemical symbols and 3-letter abbreviations for amino acids can be directly used without definition.Do not use single-letter abbreviations that could be confused with chemical elements (e.g., P, C, S).
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Write Latin names for bacteria genera, plants, and insects in full names at the first mention, such as Clostridium perfringens, and thereafter in the short forms such as C. perfringens.
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Continuously number section headings. Only capitalize the first word and proper nouns in all titles.
The current study was designed to evaluate 3 different commercial blended additives
supplied by Trouw Nutrition (a Nutreco company, Selko B.V., Amersfoort, the Netherlands)
in sub-clinically NE infected birds. ...
2.3. Animals and husbandry
A total of 1,404 Ross 308 male parental chicks at 1 d old of age were obtained from
Aviagen hatchery, Goulburn NSW, Australia. Chicks were weighed upon arrival and placed
into their respective pens to have a similar pen body weight (± 20 g/pen) across treatments
based on a completely randomised design. Each of the 6 treatments had 13 replicate pens of
18 birds starting and 12 birds remaining at the end of the study. Birds were housed in floor
pens (0.725 m × 1.175 m = 0.85 m2) with softwood shavings as litter to a depth of 8 cm. The
house was environmentally controlled, and feed and water were provided ad libitum. Each
pen was equipped with a tube feeder and 3 nipple drinkers. ...
2.4. Dietary treatments
The treatments in a completely randomised design compromised of one unchallenged
group as control and 5 challenged groups to examine the additive effects as shown in Table 1.
The treatments were T1, unchallenged control (UCC) without additives or in-feed zinc
bacitracin (BAC); …; T3, challenged group plus in-feed BAC at 0.05 g/kg; T4, challenged
group plus additive SMP at the levels of 1.5, 1.5, 0.5 g/kg feed in starter, …
2.6. Performance measurement and sampling
Pen weights were measured on d 0, 10, 24, and 35. Feed refusal was weighed on d 10,
24, and 35. Mortalities were recorded daily and totalled for each period. …
Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP and GE was calculated using the following
equation, where TiO2 was used as an indigestible marker:
AID (%)=(1−TiO2∈diet (% )
TiO2∈digesta (%)× Digesta nutrient (%)
Diet nutrient (% ) )×100
2.8. ELISA analyses
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Use SI units or SI derived units. ppm is not a SI unit. Please use mg/kg, µg/g, mg/L, µg/mL, µL/L, or nL/mL instead of ppm.Numbers share the same unit.Use “mol/L” instead of “M”.
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"Table" is always capitalized and never abbreviated."Figure" is always abbreviated to "Fig." except to begin a sentence.Liter or Litre is always a capital letter "L", e.g., mL, dL.
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Non-English words in common usage (i.e., given in recent editions of standard dictionaries) do not appear in italics (e.g., in vitro, in vivo, ad libitum, in situ, a priori, etc., et al., vice versa, vs.)
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There is always a space between the number and its unit, such as 20 g, 15 ℃.
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Use thousand separators for numbers greater than 999.
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Use numerals rather than words to express numbers are used in text, titles, headings, tables, and figures except when they begin a sentence, such as 3, NOT three. – The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (8th ed.)
The total antibody titre concentrations of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in birds serum
samples collected on d 16 and 21 were determined using ELISA assays. Blood samples were
taken by the decapitation of broilers after being stunned. Blood was kept at room temperature
for 3 h to allow clotting, and centrifuged (3,000 × g for 10 min) to separate serum. All serum
samples were immediately frozen at −20 °C until ELISA assays were performed. …
….
2.10. Data analysis
All the data derived in this study were checked for normal distribution prior to
performing statistical analysis. … Significant values were declared if P < 0.05, and 0.05 < P
< 0.10 was considered a tendency.
3. Results
3.1. Performance
The effects of blended additives on growth performance are presented in Table 3. In the
starter phase (d 0 to 10), birds treated with all the 3 additives had higher BWG compared to
CHC group (P = 0.016) but were not different from the UCC group (P > 0.05). …
3.2. Lesion scores
On d 16, NE challenge increased jejunal lesion score compared to UCC group (P <
0.01; Fig. 1A). Birds fed additives SMP and SMF had lower jejunal lesion scores compared
to CHC group (P < 0.01). …
3.5. Litter scores, footpad dermatitis and hock burn scores
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"Figure" is always abbreviated to "Fig." in the main text and figures except to begin a sentence.
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The terms significant and highly significant traditionally have been reserved for P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively. When available, the observed significance level (e.g., P = 0.027) should be presented rather than merely P < 0.05 or P < 0.01.
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Centrifugation expression using "rpm" or "r/min" should be converted to centrifugal force, because g force depends on radius of the rotor and the speed of revolution. Relative Centrifugal Force (RCF) = (rpm)2 × 1.118 × 10-5 × r, where r is the radius of the rotor. (https://bcf.technion.ac.il/portfolio/rcfrpm-conversion/)
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Use "s", "min", "h", "d", "wk" rather than full words when it is used with a number, e.g., 2 h, 3 min, 20 s, 5 d, d 9.
The effects of blended additives on FPD, HB and litter scores of broilers are shown in
Fig. 2A, B, and C, respectively. ... Interestingly, no difference of HB scores between UCC
and CHC groups was observed, whereas all additive (SMP, SMF and SHM) and BAC groups
had lower HB scores compared to the CHC groups (P = 0.030). Moreover, …
4. Discussion
Necrotic enteritis is a frequent and devastating disease among enteric bacterial diseases
prevalent in the highly productive broiler industry, particularly in the post-antibiotic era. …
To conclude, the current findings suggest that…. These results also demonstrated the
potential of ….
Acknowledgments
This study was financially supported by … the technical assistance provided by ... The
authors thank … for providing Clostridium perfringens EHE-18 and … for providing
Eimeria oocysts.
References
…
Allain V, Mirabito L, Arnould C, Colas M, Le Bouquin S, Lupo C, et al. Skin lesions in
broiler chickens measured at the slaughterhouse: relationships between lesions and
between their prevalence and rearing factors. Br Poult Sci 2009;50:407-417.
…
Tables
Table 1
Treatments applied in the study.
Treatments1 Inclusion level instarter phase
(d 0 to 10), g/kg
Inclusion level in grower phase
(d 10 to 24), g/kg
Inclusion level in finisher phase
(d 24 to 35), g/kg
NE challenge2
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Use a comma before the unit of measure or “%” (e.g., CP intake, kg/d).
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Table requirementsList Tables in the sequence that they are mentioned in the text.Align all content to the left.Table headers should be consistent.Put only one item or datum in one table grid. Each column has a column heading. Each Table should be self-explanatory and understandable without excessive reference to the text.No units are missing from the table.Avoid duplicating tabular data in figures or text.
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Only list the first 6 authors
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Use the author-year systemEach reference matches the citation in the text, and vice versa.
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Acknowledgements include funding or grants with grant numbers, experiment station, and those individuals who provided help during the research.
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Restrict the use of "while" and "since" to meanings related to time. Appropriate substitutes include "and ", "but" or "whereas" for "while" and "because" "even though" or "although" for "since".
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A, B, C share the same “Fig. 2”
UCC - - - Non-challenged
CHC - - - Challenged
…
SHM 2.0 1.5 1.0 Challenged
1UCC, unchallenged control; ….2Necrotic enteritis (NE) challenged birds were gavaged with Eimeria spp. on d 9 …
Table 2
Experimental diet composition and nutrients (as-fed basis, %)
Item Starter phase(d 0 to 10)
Grower phase(d 10 to 24)
Finisher phase(d 24 to 35)
Ingredients… L-Lysine HCl 0.31 0.24 0.22…Calculated nutrients3
AME, kcal/kg 3,025 3,120 3,200…. Dig. Met + Cys 0.94 0.83 0.79
Choline, mg/kg 1,700 1,600 1,500…
AME = apparent metabolisable energy
1Vitamin premix provided the following per kilogram diet: vitamin A, 12 MIU; …
Table 3
Effects of additives and necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge on growth performance of broilers at different phases1
Item UCCNE challenged2
SEM P-valueCHC BAC SMP SMF SHM
Starter phase (d 0 to 10)
…
Livability, % 100 100 100 100 100 100 0.0 1.000
Grower phase (d 10 to 24)
…
BWG = body weight gain; FI = feed intake; FCR = feed conversion ratio.
1UCC, unchallenged control; ....2 NE challenged birds were gavaged with Eimeria spp. on d 9 and C. perfringens on d 14.
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Define abbreviations immediately under the Table in this formatting.
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Use a comma to separate the item and “%”.
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Use a brief table title rather than to simply repeat the row or column headings in the table.
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Spell out the units that are not used with numbers.
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Check the premix footnote whether the value of each component is indeed the total amount described previously (per 1 kg of diet or premix).
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Use thousand separators for numbers greater than 999.
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Use a comma before the units of measure.
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Only capitalize the first word.
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Specify the basis for dietary ingredient and chemical composition data listed in tables.
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Use number superscripts for footnotes. Each footnote begins on a new row.
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Use the hyphen for “not detected” Leave empty for “no data”.
a – d Values in a row with no common superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05). Mean values are based on 18 birds per replicate and 13 replicates per treatment.
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Use letter superscripts for statistical comparisons
Figures
Fig. 1. Effects of additives and necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge on intestinal lesion scores: (A) d 16, (B) d 21.
UCC, unchallenged control; …. a – c Values in a row with no common letters differ significantly (P < 0.05). Mean
values are based on 2 birds per replicate and 13 replicates per treatment.
Supplementary data
Table S1
….
Fig. S1
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B…
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If authors need to have supplementary data, these are not directly presented on the article, and readers can download them by a link.
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Figure title requirementUse a brief figure title rather than to simply repeating the terms in the figure.Explain each figure following “(A)”, “(B)”.
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Figure requirementsList figures in the sequence that they are mentioned in the text.Put figure captions below the figures.Make figures clear to be seen, especially the number and words are big enough (not smaller than 8 points suggested). The font and size of numbers and words in all figures are consistent.Put upper case letters, A, B, etc. at the upper-left to the sub-figures. Each figure should be self-explanatory and understandable without excessive reference to the text.Define abbreviations in the figure caption such as [abbr. no. 1] = full name; [abbr. no. 2] = full name.The axes in a figure have a term on it. Units of measure, when needed, follow the term, separated by comma (e.g., CP intake, kg/d).Animal Nutrition is a fully electronic publication; authors are encouraged to use color to enhance figures. However, use color only when necessary because 8.5% people are colour-blind.
