· Web viewThe obtained biodiesel is tested in the diesel engine performance and reduction of...

ISSN 2455-7579

International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovations XVII (2018)24-38

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CONTROL TEST ON I.C ENGINE USING BIO- DIESEL EXTRACTED FROM NEEM OIL

1K.SARATHKUMAR and 2Mr.C.KARUN M.E.,

1PG Students, Dept. of Thermal Engineering, Muthayammal College of Engineering Rasipuram – 637408.

2Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Muthayammal College of Engineering, Rasipuram – 637408.

Abstract

As a renewable, sustainable and alternative fuel for diesel engine, biodiesel instead of diesel has been increasingly fuelled to study its effects on engine performances and emissions. Biodiesel production is a modern and technological area for researchers due to constant increase in the prices of petroleum diesel and environmental advantages. Neem oil is a potential alternative fuel. The most detrimental properties of neem oils are its high viscosity and low volatility, and these cause several problems during their long duration usage in diesel engines. From the review it is found that the use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in CO2, HC,CO and NOx emissions.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. INTRODUCTION

Automobile emission is one of the major factors that causes many environmental problems. The future availability of the crude oil is also at risk. So, The need of alternative fuel is become very essential . Bio diesel has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it is made from renewable resources. Currently the most of the bio diesel is produced from the refined/ edible oil type oils using methanol and alkaline catalyst. The difficulty with alkaline –etherification of these oils is that they often contain large amounts of free fatty acids(FFA).In the current energy scene of fossil fuel, renewable energy sources such as biodiesel, bio-ethanol, bio-methane, and biomass from

wastes or hydrogen have become the subjects of great interest. These fuels contribute to the reduction of dependence on fossil fuels. In addition, energy sources such as these could partially replace the use of those fuels which are responsible for environmental pollution and may be scarce in the future. For these reasons they are known as “alternative fuels”. Vegetable oil cannot be directly used in the diesel engine for its high viscosity, high density, high flash point and lower calorific value. So it needs to be converted into biodiesel to make it consistent with fuel properties of diesel. The growing demand for fuel and the increasing concern for the environment due to the use of fossil fuel have led to the increasing popularity of bio fuel as a useful alternative

24

ISSN 2455-7579


and environmentally friendly energy resourceBio-diesel has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it is made from renewable resources. Currently, most of the biodiesel is produced from the refined/edible type oils using methanol and an alkaline catalyst. However, large amount of non-edible type oils and fats are available. The difficulty with alkaline-etherification of these oils is that they often contain large amounts offree fatty acids (FFA) A two-step transesterification process is developed to convert the high FFA oils to its mono-esters. The first step, acid catalyzed etherification reduces the FFA content of the oil to less than 2%. The second step, alkaline catalyzed transesterification process converts the products of the first step to its mono-esters and glycerol.

2. METHODNeem oil was obtained commercially.

Chemicals such as Sodium hydroxide, Methanol, Sulphuric acid, Phosphoric acid were purchased from Merck. All the chemicals used were of analytical reagent grade. Many standardized procedures are available for production of bio diesel. The commonly used methods are:

1. Blending 2. Micro Emulsification 3. Thermal Cracking 4. Transesterification

Among these, transesterification of vegetable oils appears to be more suitable because the byproduct (glycerol) has commercial value. Transesterification (alcoholysis) is the

chemical reaction between triglycerides and alcohol in the presence of catalyst to produce mono-esters. The long and branched chain triglyceride molecules are transformed to mono-esters and glycerin. Transesterification process consists of a sequence of three consecutive reversible reactions. That is, conversion of triglycerides to diglycerides, followed by the conversion of diglycerides to monoglycerides. The glycerides are converted into glycerol and yielding one ester molecule in each step. The properties of these esters are comparable to that of diesel. The overall transesterification reaction can be represented by the following reaction scheme

Transesterification of vegetable oils Transesterification is the reaction of a fat or oil with an alcohol to form esters and glycerol. Alcohol combines with the triglycerides to form glycerol and esters. A catalyst is usually used to improve the reaction rate and yield. Since the reaction is reversible, excess alcohol is required to shift the equilibrium to the product side. Among the alcohols that can be used in the transesterification process are methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and amyl alcohol. Alkali-catalyzed transesterification much faster than acid-catalyzed transesterification and is most often used commercially

R1, R2, R3 and R’ represent various alkyl groups. The process of transesterification brings about drastic change in viscosity of vegetable oil. The biodiesel thus produced by this process is totally miscible with mineral diesel in any proportion.

25

ISSN 2455-7579


Transesterification of Oil

Processing of Biodiesel from non edible oil (Neem Oil):

Free fatty acid (FFA) percentage in neem oil is very high. There are many methods to find out the free fatty acid percentage content in oil. Simple titration with the KOH is a simple method. For titration first 0.1 to 10 g of oil was weighed and dissolved in about 50 ml of a suitable solvent. Methanol, ethanol and ether are some normally used solvents; in this case methanol was used as the solvent. It was heated gently for some time. A small drop ofindicator was added. Phenolphthalein was used as indictor. Then the solution was titrated with KOH. The amount of KOH required, in milligram (mg) to neutralizing the free fatty acid in one gram of oil expressed as a number is known as acid number. From acid number the free fatty acid present in the oil can be calculated

Esterification procedure

Methodology The objective of this study is to develop

a process for producing biodiesel from non edible neem oil. The process consists of two steps namely, acid esterification and alkaline esterification.

(a) Acid Esterification: The firsts step reduces the FFA value of crude neem oil to about 2% using acid catalyst .

(b) Alkaline Esterification: After removing the impurities of the product of first step, it is transesterified to mono-esters of fatty acids using alkaline catalyst. The parameters affecting the process such as alcohol to oil molar ratio, catalyst amount, reaction temperature and duration are analyzed.

(c) Esterification Setup: A round bottom flask is used as laboratory scale reactor

26

ISSN 2455-7579


for these experimental purposes. A hot plate with magnetic stirrer arrangement is used for heating the mixture in the flask. The mixture is stirred at the speed for all test runs. The temperature range of 50–60 °C is maintained during this experiment

Figure 3 Washing

Biodiesel fuel blend can be conventionally prepared by using alkali or acid as catalyst.100gm of refined neem oil is mixed with 12gm of alcohol and 1gm of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) which acts as catalyst. The experiments were conducted in a m anner similar to Soxhlet extraction apparatus [7].This mixture is taken in a 500ml round bottomed flask .The amount of catalyst that should be added to the reactor varies from 0.5% to 1% w/w. Using magnetic stirrer and heater equipment the above mixture is thoroughly mixed and maintained at a temperature of 50-55 0 C for two hours. The mixture is now

allowed to settle for 24 hours at which two separate layers are obtained. The top layer will be methyl ester of neem oil (fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) i.e, .biodiesel) and the bottom one glycerin. Using a conical separating funnel the glycerin is separated at the bottom. To.

3. Experimental Set Up and Procedure3.1 Test Engine

A single cylinder 4-stroke water-cooled direct injection diesel engine with a displacement volume of 1670cc, compression ratio 18.5:1, developing 21 kW at 2000 rpm with a dynamometer was used for the present research work. The specifications of the engine are listed in Table 4.1 The engine is fitted with conventional fuel injection system, which has a 5 hole nozzle of 0.262mm separated at 146 degrees, inclined at an angle of 60 degrees to the cylinder axis.. The injector opening pressure recommended by the manufacturer was 250 bar. The Bosch fuel pump which is fitted on the engine enables the automatic regulation of the engine speed. The combustion chamber is hemispherical in shape with the overhead valve arrangement operated by push rods. The specifications of the test engine are given in Table 2.

MODEL S 217Capacity 21 kW (28 bhp @ 2000

rpm)Type / Configuration

Vertical in-line Diesel Engine

Bore 91.44 mmStroke 127 mmNo. of Cylinders 2Displacement 1670 cc

27

ISSN 2455-7579


Compression ratio 18.5:1Cycle 4 StrokeRotation Clockwise (viewed

from front)Aspiration NaturalCombustion System

Direct Injection

Fuel Pump MICO Bosch In-line Pump

Governing MechanicalEngine Starting System

Electrical

Cooling System WaterElectrical System 12 Volts

(Dynamo/Alternator)Flywheel Housing SAE 1 or SAE 3Flywheel Can be made to suit

applicationWeight (Bare Engine)

200 kg

Length x Width x Height

489 x 536 x 756nmm

Fan Centre from Crank Centre

282.6 mm

Power Take-off From Crankshaft axially or radially. Gear driven PTO Training gears on LHS beneath Fuel Pump

Air-compressor OptionalTable 1Test Bed Engine Specification

Figure 5 Engine Bed3.2 ENGINE INSTRUMENTATION 3.2.1 Dynamometer:

A dynamometer or “dyno” in short is a device for measuring force, moment of force (torque), or power. For example, the power produced by an engine, motor or other rotating prime mover can be calculated by simultaneously measuring torque and rotational speed (rpm).

A dynamometer can also be used to determine the torque and power required to operate a driven machine such as a pump. In that case, motoring or driving dynamometer is used. A dynamometer that is designed to be driven is called an absorption or passive dynamometer. A dynamometer that can either drive or absorb is called a universal or active dynamometer.

28

ISSN 2455-7579


Figure 6Dynamometer

EDDY CURRENT DYNAMOMETER

MODEL E 50Maximum Power 100 bhp (75Kw)

@ 3000 to 6000 rpmMaximum Torque 234 Nm @ 1500 to

3000 rpmAccuracy of Torque Indication

+ 0.25% of Max. Dyno Torque

Table 2 Eddy current Dynamometer 3.2.2 Pressure measurement

A piezoelectric pressure transducer (Kistler Instruments, Switcher land, model 6613CQ09-01) was installed in the engine cylinder head to acquire the combustion pressure-crank angle history. The sensitivity of the pressure transducer is 25 pC/bar. The pick up was water-cooled type. The piezoelectric transducer produces a charge output, which is proportional to the in-cylinder pressure. Machining for installation of the pressure transducer was carried out in the cylinder head and the engine main shaft was coupled to a precision shaft encoder with the resolution of 0.5o crank angle. A TDC marker was used to locate the TDC position in every cycle of the engine. The cylinder pressure data were acquired for 50 consecutive cycles and then averaged in order to eliminate the effect of cycle-to-cycle variations. The personal computer (PC), through an analog to digital

converter (ADC) reads the output of the charge amplifier. There is a small drift in the voltage measured (-2mV/s) due to charge leakage in the pressure transducer.

3.2.3 TDC position sensor

The TDC position sensor was developed and used to indicate the position of TDC by providing a voltage pulse exactly when the TDC position was reached. This sensor consists of a matched pair of infra red diode and phototransistor so that infra red rays emitted from the diode fall on the phototransistor when it is not interrupted. A continuous disc with a small cut at the TDC position with respect to sensor point was made to get the signal when the piston reaches TDC exactly. At this point the output voltage from photo-transistor rises to 5 volts and at all the other points it is zero. Voltage signals from the optical sensor were fed to an analog to digital converter and then to the data acquisition system along with pressure signals for recording.

3.2.4 Analog to Digital ConverterEngine cylinder pressure and TDC

signal are acquired and stored on a high speed computer based digital data acquisition system. A 24 bit analog to digital (A/D) converter was used to convert analog signals to digital signals. The A/D card had external and internal trigger facility and with sixteen ended channels. 3.2.5 Fuel flow rate measurement

Fuel flow rate was measured on the volume basis using a burette and stop watch.

29

ISSN 2455-7579


The fuel from the tank is sent to the engine through a graduated burette using a two way valve. When the valve is set at position 1 the fuel is sent to the engine directly and in position 2 the fuel contained in the burette is sent to the engine. For the measurement of fuel flow rate of the engine, the valve is set at position 2 and the time for a definite quantity of the fuel flow is noted. This gives The fuel flow rate for the engine.

Figure 6 Fuel pump

3.2.6 Temperature measurement Temperature of the exhaust gas was

measured with ChromelAlumel (K-Type) thermocouples. A digital indicator with an automatic room temperature compensation facility was used and it was calibrated periodically.

3.2.7 Exhaust Gas Analyzer

The use of a five gas exhaust analyzer (AVL 444 DIGAS) can be used to measure the exhaust gas emissions such as CO, CO2, HC, O2 and NO in the exhaust. A photographic view of the exhaust gas analyzer showing a sample result for the present research work is shown in Figure 4.3 and the photographic view of the exhaust gas analyzer used is shown in Figure 4.4. The detailed specifications of the AVL five gas analyzer are presented in Appendix 3.

Figure 7 Photographic view of the exhaust gas analyzer showing a sample result

Figure 8 Photographic view of the exhaust gas analyzer

3.2.8 Smoke measurement The exhaust smoke level was measured

by using a standard AVL smoke measuring apparatus. This measuring instrument consists

30

ISSN 2455-7579


of a sampling pump that sucks a definite quantity (330cc) of exhaust sample through a white filter paper.

Figure 9Photographic view of the exhaust gas analyzer

4. Results& Discussion

All the experiments were performed at different rpm at 2000,1800,1600,1500,1400,1200,1000 rpm which is the engine speed that produces the peak torque. Ultra-low sulfur No. 2 diesel fuel was used for all the engine experiments. The start of

injection (SOI) is denoted in degrees after Top Dead Center (ATDC). Most of, but not all, the combinations were tested, as either combustion did not sustain at certain cases or it was not necessary to test certain conditions due to apparently high emissions. A fuel mass of 50 mg/injection was injected. The engine was controlled and monitored using EPA software.

DIESEL ENGINE TESTING DIESEL READING

S.NO SPEED rpm load Efficiency CO hc co2 O2

1 1200 74.4 75 0.04 6 6.1 12.33

2 1200 55.8 71 0.03 9 5.4 13.36

3 1200 37.2 52 0.02 5 3.5 15.7

4 1200 18.6 41 0.01 7 1.6 18.18

31

ISSN 2455-7579


DIESEL ENGINE TESTING NEEM OIL

READING

S.NO SPEED LOAD Efficiency CO HC CO2 O2

1 1200 82.4 89 0.04 6 5.9 14.5

2 1200 50.8 75 0.03 5 5.1 13.52

3 1200 33.0 50 0.03 7 5.3 12.2

4 1200 14.2 25 0.02 5 3.2 13.2

METHODS AND PROCEDURES5.1Experimental Methods

All the experiments were performed at different rpm at 2000,1800,1600,1500,1400,1200,1000 rpm which is the engine speed that produces the peak torque. Ultra-low sulfur No. 2 diesel fuel was used for all the engine experiments. The start of injection (SOI) is denoted in degrees after Top Dead Center (ATDC). Most

of, but not all, the combinations were tested, as either combustion did not sustain at certain cases or it was not

necessary to test certain conditions due to apparently high emissions. A fuel mass of 50 mg/injection was injected. The engine was controlled and monitored using EPA software.

100 75 50 250

20406080

100

Load vs Torque

torque dieseltorque neem

Load in %

Torq

ue N

m

Figure.shows Torque vs Load

There is slight 2 to 3 % increase in torque observed due to increase in backpressure. The engine thermal efficiency increases due to reduced heat

32

ISSN 2455-7579


loss from engine through heat transfer to atmosphere. Neem biodiesel has higher laminar flame propagation speed, which may fasten engine combustion process and thus improve engine thermal efficiency. Neem biodiesel having higher brake thermal efficiency at constant engine speed.

100 75 50 2505

1015

HC Emission

HC dieselHC neem

Load in %HC E

miss

ion

(ppm

)

This fig shows the variation of HC emission with increased load. The HC emission is increased at 100 & 75% load condition. The HC emission is stable at 50% load condition. The emission is slightly decreased due to proper combustion at 25% load condition.

100 75 50 250

400

800

1200

1600

Nox Emission

nox dieselnox neem

Load in %

Nox

Em

issio

n (p

pm)

This fig shows the variation of NOx emission with increased load. Overall the NOx emission is reduced at various load condition due proper combustion of biodiesel.

100 75 50 250

0.20.40.6

CO Emission

CO dieselCO neem

Load in %Co E

miss

ion

(ppm

)

This fig shows the variation of NOx emission with increased load. The CO emission is decreased at 100% load condition. On decreasing the load the Co emission is slightly increased due to incomplete combustion.

33

ISSN 2455-7579


100 75 50 250

4

8

Co2 Emission

Co2 dieselCo2 neem

Load in %

100 75 50 250

200

400

600

Exhaust temp vs Load

Exhaust temp dieselExhaust temp Neem

Load in %

Exha

ust t

emp

The above fig shows the variations of exhaust gas temperature for diesel & biodiesel at various loading condition. From the fig we can observe the increase of exhaust gas temperature in biodiesel as the biodiesel has more cetane number than diesel. The cetane number leads to decrease in ignition delay hence giving availability of more time for combustion process which leads to maximize the exhaust gas temperature

All the experiments were performed at different rpm at 2000,1800,1600,1500,1400,1200,1000 rpm which is the engine speed that produces the peak torque. Ultra-low sulfur No. 2 diesel fuel was used for all the engine experiments. The start of injection (SOI) is denoted in degrees after Top Dead Center (ATDC). Most of, but not all, the combinations were tested, as either combustion did not sustain at certain cases or it was not necessary to test certain conditions due to apparently high emissions. A fuel mass of 50 mg/injection was injected. The engine was controlled and monitored using EPA software.

There is slight 2 to 3 % increase in torque observed due to increase in backpressure. The engine thermal efficiency increases due to reduced heat loss from engine through heat transfer to atmosphere. Neem biodiesel has higher laminar flame propagation speed, which may fasten engine combustion process and thus improve engine thermal efficiency. Neem biodiesel having higher brake thermal efficiency at constant engine speed.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES5.1Experimental Methods

34

ISSN 2455-7579


All the experiments were performed at different rpm at 2000,1800,1600,1500,1400,1200,1000 rpm which is the engine speed that produces the peak torque. Ultra-low sulfur No. 2 diesel fuel was used for all the engine experiments. The start of injection (SOI) is denoted in degrees after Top Dead Center (ATDC). Most of, but not all, the combinations were tested, as either combustion did not sustain at certain cases or it was not necessary to test certain conditions due to apparently high emissions. A fuel mass of 50 mg/injection was injected. The engine was controlled and monitored using EPA software.

100 75 50 250

20406080

100

Load vs Torque

torque dieseltorque neem

Load in %

Torq

ue N

m

Figure.shows Torque vs Load

There is slight 2 to 3 % increase in torque observed due to increase in backpressure. The engine thermal

efficiency increases due to reduced heat loss from engine through heat transfer to atmosphere. Neem biodiesel has higher laminar flame propagation speed, which may fasten engine combustion process and thus improve engine thermal efficiency. Neem biodiesel having higher brake thermal efficiency at constant engine speed.

100 75 50 250

4

8

12

16

HC Emission

HC dieselHC neem

Load in %

HC E

miss

ion

(ppm

)

This fig shows the variation of HC emission with increased load. The HC emission is increased at 100 & 75% load condition. The HC emission is stable at 50% load condition. The emission is slightly decreased due to proper combustion at 25% load condition.

35

ISSN 2455-7579


100 75 50 250

500100015002000

Nox Emission

nox dieselnox neem

Load in %

Nox

Em

issio

n (p

pm)

This fig shows the variation of NOx emission with increased load. Overall the NOx emission is reduced at various load condition due proper combustion of biodiesel.

100 75 50 250

0.10.20.30.40.5

CO Emission

CO dieselCO neem

Load in %

Co E

miss

ion

(ppm

)

This fig shows the variation of NOx emission with increased load. The CO emission is decreased at 100% load condition. On decreasing the load the Co emission is slightly increased due to incomplete combustion.

100 75 50 250

4

8

Co2 Emission

Co2 dieselCo2 neem

Load in %

100 75 50 250

100200300400500600

Exhaust temp vs Load

Exhaust temp dieselExhaust temp Neem

Load in %

Exha

ust t

emp

The above fig shows the variations of exhaust gas temperature for diesel & biodiesel at various loading condition. From the fig we can observe the increase of exhaust gas temperature in biodiesel as the biodiesel has more cetane number than diesel. The cetane number leads to decrease in ignition delay hence giving availability of more time for combustion process which leads to maximize the exhaust gas temperatureCONCLUSION

The work is about the method and material which are being followed for extraction of

36

ISSN 2455-7579


biodiesel from Neem seed oil. The neem oil are mixed sodium hydroxide, methyl alcohol the Product we obtain is glycerol and biodiesel. Further by downstream processing the biodiesel is separated from glycol. The obtained biodiesel is tested in the diesel engine performance and reduction of emission testing is done.

REFERENCES[1] Guy Purcella, “Biodiesel: What it is and How to Make it at Home” Summit Enterprises, LLC First Edition, Revision 6a, (2006).[2] Syed Ameer Basha “A review on biodiesel production, combustion, emissions and performance” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 pp.1628–1634, (2009)[3] A.S. Ramadhas, C. Muraleedharan, S. Jayraj, “Performance and emission evaluation of a diesel engine fuelled with methyl esters of rubber seed oil”, RenewableEnergy, 30, 1789–1800, (2005)[4] O. P. S. Verma, K. L. Patel “Emerging Perspectives for Biodiesel in India” .Society of Automotive Engineers Inc., pp.28-034 (2004).[5] Christopher Strong, Charlie Erickson and Deepak Shukla, Western Transportation Institute, January (2004)[6] L.C. Meher, D. Vidya Sagar, S.N. Naik, “Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification—a review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xx(2004) 1–21.[7] Bozbas K. “Biodiesel as an alternative motor fuel” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 20, pp. 1-12,(2005)[8] Antolı´n, G., Tinaut, F.V., Bricenˇo, Y., Castanˇo, V., Pe´rez, C., Remı´rez, A.L.

“Optimization of biodiesel production by sunflower oil transesterification”.Bioresour. Technol. Vol.83, pp.111–114, (2002).[9] National biodiesel board, http://www.nbb.org.(2005)[10] Report of the Committee on Development of Bio-Fuel, Planning Commission, Govt of India, (2003).[11] National Policy on Biofuels, Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Government of India.(2008).[12] M. Mohibbe Azam et.al. “Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some Non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India”. Biomass and Bioenergy [13] Meda Chandra Sekhar, Venkata Ramesh Mamilla, M.V. Mallikarjun and K. Vijaya Kumar Reddy, “Production of Biodiesel from Neem Oil”, International Journal of Engineering Studies ISSN 0975- 6469 Volume 1, Number 4 (2009), pp. 295–302.

37

· Web viewThe obtained biodiesel is tested in the diesel engine performance and reduction of...

Documents

Transcript of · Web viewThe obtained biodiesel is tested in the diesel engine performance and reduction of...