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Ministry of health care of UkraineUkrainian medical stomatological academy

Physiology chair

“APPROVED”The first vice-rector On scientific-pedagogical activity ____________________ V.M. Dvornyk “______”_______________2020 year

PHYSIOLOGY

SYLLABUS

educational and professional level the second (master's) level of higher

education

branch of knowledge22 «Health care»

speciality 221 «Dentistry»

educational qualification Master of Dentistry

professional qualification Dentist

education form full-time education

course and semester of academic

discipline study

The ІІ-nd course (the ІІІ-rd, the ІV-th semester)

Syllabus of discipline was approved at the meeting of the physiology chair

Head of the chair

I.V.MistchenkoMinutes of________________2020 N.____

Approved by the cycle methodological committee on the humanities, socio-economic and fundamental disciplinesHead G.A. Loban

Minutes of______________2020 N._

Poltava – the 2020th year

THE DATA ABOUT THE TEACHERS TEACHING THE ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE

Last name, first name, patronymic of the teacher (s), academic degree, academic title

Mistchenko I.V., d.med.sci., professorZaporozhets T.M., d.med.sci., professorVesnina L.E., d.med.sci., professorSokolenko V.M., cand.biol.sci., associate professorPavlenko G.P., cand.med.sci., associate professorZhukova M.Yu., cand.biol.sci., associate professorKokovska O.V., cand.med.sci., associate professorMorgun Z.K., cand.biol.sci., associate professorYudina K.Ye. cand.histor.sci.Sukhomlyn T.A. cand.med.sci.Tkachenko O.V. cand.med.sci.Fedotenkova N.M.Prylutskyi M.K.Novosyolova N.V.Boryak Ch.R.Sharlay N.M.

Teacher/s profile https://www.umsa.edu.ua/fakultets/stomat/kafedry/fiziologiyaContact number (0532) 56-47-86E-mail: [email protected] chair page on UMSA site

https://www.umsa.edu.ua/fakultets/stomat/kafedry/fiziologiya

ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS

The discipline volume

Credits number/hours – 10/300, from them: Lectures (h.) – 18 (main course)

Practical (h.) –100

Self-work (h.). – 62 (main course)

Control type – Semester final certification

Academic discipline features

The discipline character – regulative

The year of study - II

The semester – ІІІ-ІV Discipline policyWhen organizing the educational process at UMSA, teachers and students act in accordance with:

Regulations on the organization of the educational process (https://www.umsa.edu.ua/storage/department-npr/docs_links/o3MhEcAIDHFI4AilBuVYu8T0PfVtJeVK6qnv33oi.pdf);

The Code of Academic Integrity

(https://www.umsa.edu.ua/storage/department-npr/docs_links/xugb1mKV2PTYPLLu13JtfSgoV7Kpv9CzhulKT0rP.pdf) et al.

Internal regulations for students of the Ukrainian Medical Dental Academy (https://www.umsa.edu.ua/storage/department-npr/docs_links/r)

Course description (abstract) Physiology (from the Greek φυσιολογία —natural science) — is the science of life processes, the activity of individual organs and their systems as well as the whole organism. The basic in physiology is the experimental method of research, which was substantiated by the English scientist Francis Bacon.

The physiology study discipline subject represent the functions of a living organism, their relations with each other, regulation and adaptation to the environment, origin and development in the process of evolution (phylogenesis) and onthogenesis.

Prerequisites and post-requisites of the discipline (interdisciplinary links)

Academic discipline prerequisites. The study of physiology is based on the knowledge gained by students in the study of disciplines:

N.o/n

Discipline List of skills in the disciplines studied at the departments of the academy and applied at the department of physiology

1. History of Ukraine Formation of national consciousness, patriotism, respectful attitude to history, culture, traditions of the Ukrainian people.

2. Business Ukrainian Fluent in Ukrainian, competent registration of business professional documentation, free use of professional terminology.

3. History of Medicine Knowledge of the role and contribution of domestic scientists in the development of physiology, their scientific path and achievements

4. Philosophy Ability to introduce methodology and dialectics into cognitive activity in the study of the subject

5. Fundamentals of psychology and pedagogy

Ability to evaluate and form motivations and behaviors that contribute to the preservation of human health as a result of purposeful work on forming a healthy lifestyle of patients, to find an individual approach to each patient, to evaluate the peculiarities of higher nervous activity of the person.

6.Politology

Formation of the outlook of the personality and the specialist who is designed to care for human health and the conditions of its preservation nowadays

7.Fundamentals of Law

Ability to use general legal principles to explain the actions of a doctor, knowledge of the basic legal acts used in medicine

8. Foreign language Medical terms knowledge in Latin, foreign languages free management for work with literary foreign sources in origin.

9. Pathological physiology Understanding and explaining (with background) the mechanisms,

patterns of development and course of pathological processes10. Biology Substantiation of the essence of the living, explaining the differences

between the living and the non-living. Substantiation of genetic principles of blood group belonging. To explain genetic disorders of blood clotting and microcirculatory hemostasis. Knowledge of cell division, cells, membranes structure fundamentals. Knowledge of the basics of immunity.

11. Biophysics, informatics and medical equipment.

Medical equipment work principles knowledge as well as the rules of safe work with them. Ability to use medical equipment for the purpose of diagnosis, treatment and research. To background the mechanisms of exchange between cell and environment, maintenance of excitability level, processes of absorption in digestive system and kidneys. Knowledge of diffusion mechanisms, physical mechanisms of gas transport, gases tension.Understanding the electrolytes and non-electrolytes transmembrane transport different types biophysical mechanisms, active and passive transport processes.Ability to use the hemodynamics laws to evaluate the blood movement and heart function, body energy balance indices. Heat release methods and calorimetry principles substantiation.

12. Medical, bioinorganic chemistry

Chemistry basic laws knowledge. Ability to evaluate plasma properties as saline solution. To assess the osmotic pressure, buffer systems and their properties. To substantiate some buffer blood systems action mechanisms in its normal function maintaining.Explanation of the chemical mechanisms that provide gas transport, the concept of solubility, dissociation.Ability to describe substances dissociation conditions, solubility conditions and factors that influence it.

13. Biological chemistry Living cells activation basic mechanisms, polarization and depolarization mechanisms knowledge. Ability to evaluate the composition of various body fluids (saliva, digestive juices, urine, plasma). To substantiate the principles of calorimetric methods.Knowledge of the composition and properties of hemoglobin and its compounds, myoglobin and its properties.

14. Histology, cytology and embryology

Ability to recognize the separate tissues microstructure and evaluate the separate organs and tissues histological structure features.

15. Human anatomy Human body organs structure, their innervation and blood supply knowledge. Muscles and nerves preparation skills.

16.General hygiene and ecology The person and environment optimal interaction necessity

substantiation for health maintaining.

Academic discipline post-requisites. The study of the

following disciplines requires knowledge and skills acquired after completing the physiology study.N.o/n

List of the skills from the discipline Disciplines at study of which this material will be used

1. To calculate and assess resting membrane potential value, nervous and muscular fibers action potential amplitude, to draw charts of their registration, to determine and calculate the depolarization threshold, the excitement conductance velocity in these structures.

Pathological physiology, surgical, therapeutic and orthopedic dentistry, pediatric dentistry, treaty physical training and sportive medicine.

2. To calculate and to draw the types of muscular contraction based on the frequency of their irritation graphically, to explain the mechanisms of muscle contraction and relaxation, neuromuscular transmission of excitement and the influence of various factors on these processes.

Pathological physiology, surgical, therapeutic and orthopedic dentistry, pediatric dentistry, physical therapy and sportive medicine.

3. Graphically depict the circuit diagrams of biological regulation, reflex arcs of motor reflexes, the development

Pathological physiology, pathological anatomy, histology, pharmacology, human

of processes of excitation and inhibition in the CNS, the processes of their summation and coordination of reflexes.

anatomy, neurological diseases with neurosurgery, biology, dentistry, physical therapy and sportive medicine.

4. To depict the schemes of reflex arcs of motor reflexes, the centers of which are located at all levels of the CNS, and the conductive pathways that ensure the interaction of CNS different levels.

Pathological physiology, pathological anatomy, histology, pharmacology, human anatomy, neurological diseases with neurosurgery, biology, dentistry, physical therapy and sportive medicine.

5. To explain the organism systemic activity mechanisms during locomotion, the role of the cerebral cortex and the limbic system in these processes..

Pathological physiology, pathological anatomy, histology, pharmacology, human anatomy, neurological diseases with neurosurgery, biology, dentistry, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, therapy, therapeutic physical training and sportive medicine.

6. To draw diagrams and to explain the structure and mechanisms of autonomic reflexes reflectory arcs, the role of integrative centers in the visceral functions regulation.

Pathological physiology, pharmacology, neurosurgery, biology, dentistry, therapy, psychology, psychiatry, physical education and sportive medicine.

7. To depict the diagrams graphically and to explain the different hormones action mechanisms on target cells, to draw the endocrine glands hormonal secretion regulation circuits, to draw the circuits of homeostasis parameters maintaining regulation with the hormones participation.

Pathological physiology, pathological anatomy, histology, pharmacology and medical formulation, clinical pharmacology, emergency and catastrophic medicine, human anatomy, neurological diseases, biology, dentistry, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, therapy, psychiatry, medical psychology, narcology, obstetrics and gynecology, physical education and sports medicine.

8.To draw diagrams that explain the formation of biological behavior forms and interpret the mechanisms of each of its stages, the role of emotions in behavior.

Pathological physiology, pathological anatomy, histology, pharmacology and medical formulation, clinical pharmacology, emergency and catastrophic medicine, human anatomy, neurological diseases, biology, dentistry, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, therapy, psychiatry, medical psychology, narcology, endocrinology, obstetrics and gynecology, physical education and sports medicine.

9. To evaluate and to interpret the results of investigations characterizing human HNA types.

Internal diseases, childhood diseases, physical education and sportive medicine.

10. To evaluate the blood system condition, its functions and mechanisms of regulation on the basis of analyzing the blood laboratory tests indices.

Surgery, microbiology, biology, pathological physiology, histology, pharmacology and medical formulation, clinical pharmacology, emergency and disaster medicine, dentistry, narcology, pediatric diseases, obstetrics and gynecology, physical education and sportive medicine.

11. To assess hematocrit index investigation results. Pathological physiology, pathological anatomy, histology, pharmacology and medical formulation, clinical pharmacology, emergency conditions and catastrophic medicine, human anatomy, neurological diseases, neurology, biology, dentistry, therapy, forensics, narcology, pediatric diseases, obstetrics, gynecology and endocrinology, therapeutic exercise and sportive medicine.

12. To determine hemoglobin level, color index, blood Forensic medicine, pathological

groups by ABO system and to make conclusions. physiology, pathological anatomy, histology, pharmacology and medical formulation, clinical pharmacology, emergency medicine and catastrophic medicine, human anatomy, nervous diseases with neurosurgery, biology, dentistry, therapy, pediatric diseases, obstetrics and gynecology, medical and sportive medicine.

13. ECG registration. General hygiene, pathological physiology, pharmacology and medical formulation, clinical pharmacology, emergency medicine and catastrophic medicine, neurological neurosurgery, biology, therapy, endocrinology, physical therapy and sportive medicine.

14. To analyze and to interpret normal ECG, PhG, SphG, arterial pressure level as well as cardiac cycle structure.

General hygiene, surgery, pathological physiology, pathological anatomy, histology, pharmacology and medical formulation, clinical pharmacology, emergency and catastrophic medicine, human anatomy, neurological diseases, biology, dentistry, therapy, pediatric diseases, therapeutic sports.

15. Arterial pressure measurement, pulse clinical characteristics.

Pathological physiology, pathological anatomy, general hygiene, histology, pharmacology and medical formulation, clinical pharmacology, emergency and catastrophic medicine, human anatomy, neurological diseases, biology, dentistry, therapy, surgery, medical psychology, childhood diseases.

16. To assess respiration every stage state as well as regulation mechanisms on the basis of analyzing the parameters characterizing respiration stages functions.

Obstetrics and gynecology, histology, pathological physiology, anatomy, surgery.

17. To evaluate the indexes of spirometry, spirography, pneumotachometry.


18. To evaluate the secretory, motor and absorbtive functions state in alimentary tract different parts.


19.To draw schemes of autonomic reflexes reflectory acrs and influencings of hormones, which regulate the digestive system secretory, motor, absorptive functions.


20. To know total urine analysis normal values and interpreting.

Pathological physiology, pathological anatomy, general hygiene, histology, pharmacology and medical formulation,

clinical pharmacology, emergency and catastrophic medicine, human anatomy, neurological diseases, biology, dentistry, therapy, surgery, medical psychology, childhood diseases.

Academic discipline aim and tasks:- the purpose of the study of the discipline is to study the function of

different cells, tissues, organs and systems as a whole in order to use the acquired knowledge in the study of the following medical disciplines, and in future professional activity. It provides an understanding of the concept of health, healthy lifestyles and prevention of impaired function in the process of life.

- the main tasks of studying the discipline is a systematic approach to the study of the essence of physiological processes, functions of individual organs, systems and the whole organism. Study of the nervous and endocrine regulation of the organism, its organs and systems. To reveal the physiological mechanisms of interaction of organs and their systems. To study mechanisms of pharmacological correction of physiological processes of an organism. To develop practical skills of definition and assessment of functional features of an organism in students. Expand on the role of studying human physiology for other medical disciplines.

Competencies and learning outcomes, the formation of which is facilitated by discipline (integral, general, special, competency matrix)

Competencies and learning results, the formation of which is facilitated by discipline (interconnection with the normative content of training of higher education applicants, formulated in terms of learning results in the standard).According to the requirements of the standard, the discipline ensures the acquisition of competencies by students:- integral:the ability to solve complex specialized problems and practical problems in professional activities or in the learning process, provides for the application of certain theories and methods of the corresponding science and is characterized by the complexity and uncertainty of the conditions;- general:The ability to apply knowledge in practical situations. Ability to abstract thinking, analysis and synthesis; ability to learn and be modernly trained. Knowledge and understanding of the subject area and understanding of the profession. The ability to communicate in one's native language, both orally and in writing, the ability to

communicate in a second language. Skills of using information and communication technologies. The ability to evaluate and ensure the quality of work performed. Ability to conduct research at an appropriate level.- special (professional, subject):To establish the causes and consequences of various disorders in order to successfully treat the patient. Prevention of diseases and their spread.Details of competencies in accordance with the NQF descriptors in the form of "Matrix of competencies".

Competencies matrixN. competence knowledge skill communication Autonomy and

responsibilityintegral competence

1 the ability to solve complex specialized problems and practical problems in professional activities or in the learning process, provides for the application of certain theories and methods of the corresponding science and is characterized by the complexity and uncertainty of the conditions

wide specialized factual and theoretical knowledge acquired in the process of training and / or professional activity, understanding (awareness) of the level of this knowledge

solving the typical specialized tasks of a wide range, provides for the identification and use of information for decision-making

interaction, cooperation with a wide range of persons (colleagues, managers, clients) to carry out professional or educational activities

implementation of limited managerial functions and decision-making under normal conditions with elements of unpredictability

2 planning, in particular the allocation of resources, analysis, control and evaluation of their own work and the work of others

improving the results of own educational and / or professional activities and the results of others’ability to further study with some level of autonomy

Integral competencies3 The ability to

apply physiological knowledge in practical situations

To have specialized conceptual knowledge acquired in the learning process

Be able to solve complex problems and problems arising in professional activities

clear and unambiguous report of their own conclusions, knowledge and explanations that justify to specialists and non-specialists

To be responsible for decision making in difficult conditions

4 Ability to To know the To be able to To establish To be

abstract thinking, analysis and synthesis, the ability to learn and be modernly trained

methods of analysis, synthesis and further modern learning

analyze information, make informed decisions, be able to acquire modern knowledge

appropriate links to achieve goals

responsible for the acquisition of modern knowledge in time

5 Ability to learn and be modernly trained

To know current industry trends and to analyze them

To be able to analyze professional information, make informed decisions, acquire modern knowledge

To establish appropriate links to achieve goals

To be responsible for the acquisition of modern knowledge in time

6 Knowledge and understanding of the subject area and understanding of the profession

To have deep knowledge on the structure of professional activity

To be able to carry out professional activities that need updating and integrating knowledge

The ability to formulate a communication strategy in professional activities effectively

To be responsible for professional development, the ability to continue professional training with a high level of autonomy

7 Ability to communicate in the native language both orally and in writing; ability to communicate in a second language.

To have perfect knowledge of the state language and basic knowledge of a foreign language.

To be able to apply knowledge of the state language, both orally and in writing, to be able to communicate in a foreign language.

To use the state language for professional and business communication and while preparing the documents. To use a foreign language in professional activities.

To be responsible for fluency in the state language, development of professional knowledge.

8 Information and Communication Technology Skills.

To have deep knowledge in the field of information and communication technologies used in professional activities.

To be able to use information and communication technologies in a professional industry that needs updating and integration of knowledge.

To use information and communication technologies in professional activities

To be responsible for the development of professional knowledge and skills

9 The ability to evaluate and ensure the quality of the works performed.

To know the methods for assessing the performance indices.

To be able to ensure the works quality.

To establish links to ensure works performance of high quality.

To be responsible for works performance with high quality.

10 Ability to carry the investigations out at corresponding level.

To know the investigations performance methods at corresponding level.

To be able to carry the investigations out at corresponding level.

To apply investigations performance methods at corresponding level.

To be responsible for the investigations performance at corresponding level.

Special competencies11 To establish different

disorders reasons and consequences for the patient successful treatment.

To know different disorders reasons and consequences for the patient successful treatment.

To be able to assess different disorders reasons and consequences for the patient successful treatment.

Ability to establish effectively the links to assess the different disorders reasons and consequences for the patient successful treatment.

To be responsible for the different disorders reasons and consequences to reach the patient successful treatment.

12 Preventing the diseases and their spreading.

To know methods of preventing the diseases and their spreading.

To be able to apply the methods of preventing the diseases and their spreading.

To apply the methods of preventing the diseases and their spreading.

To be responsible for preventing the diseases and their spreading.

Study results from the discipline:the students should after the academic discipline study finishingknow:

Excitive tissues physiology. Organism functions nervous regulation physiology CNS role in motor functions regulation Sensory systems physiology Behavior physiological bases, higher nervous activity Autonomic system role in visceral functions regulation Endocrine glands role in visceral functions regulation Labor activity and sport physiological bases Blood system physiology Circulation system physiology Respiration system physiology Energy exchange and thermoregulation physiology Digestive system physiology Excretory system physiology

to be able to: To make a conclusion about organism physiological functions, its systems and

organs state To analyze organism functions age peculiarities and their regulation To analyze regulated parameters and to make a conclusion about mechanisms

of organism and its systems physiological functions nervous and humoral regulation

To analyze human being health state under different conditions on the base of physiological criteria

To interpret organism excitive tissues functioning mechanisms and regularities

To analyze sensory processes state in human being life activity providing To explain organism functions investigative methods physiological bases

To explain organism integrative activity mechanisms

Academic discipline structureContent modules and topics content Hours amount

Total IncludingLec-tures med.

Semi-nars

Practical SSW med.

1 2 3 4 5 6Module. “ GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY, CNS PHYSIOLOGY, HIGHER INTEGRATIVE FUNCTIONS”

88 6 44 38

Content module 1: Introduction in physiology. 2 4Content module 2: Excitive tissues physiology. 2 6 4Content module 3: Organism functions nervous regulation.

2 8 4

Content module 4: CNS role in motor functions regulation.

10 4

Content module 5: Autonomic nervous system role in visceral functions regulation.

4 4

Content module 6: Endocrine glands role in visceral functions regulation.

2 2 2

Content module 7: Sensory systems physiology 2 4Content module 8, 9, 10: Nervous system higher integrative functions. Higher nervous activity.

6 4

Credit module controlling the managing module 1: General physiology, CNS physiology, higher integrative functions.

4 8

Module “VISCERAL SYSTEMS PHYSIOLOGY”

92 12 56 24

Content module 11: Blood system physiology. 4 16 4Content module 12: Circulation system physiology.

2 14 4

Content module 13: Respiration system. 2 6 4Content module 14, 15: Energy exchange and thermoregulation.

4

Content module 16: Digestive system. 2 8 4Content module 17: Excretion system. 2 4 4Credit module control of managing the module 2: “Visceral systems physiology”.

4 4

Totally hours 180 18 100 62

Thematic lecture plan (by modules) indicating the main issues addressed at the

lectureN.

o /nTopic name Hours

numberModule 1: General physiology, CNS physiology, higher integrative functions

1 Excitive tissues general physiology. Muscles and nerves physiology. Maxillary-facial area muscles functioning peculiarities.1. Introduction in physiology course. Excitive tissues. Biopotentials. Muscles physiology.2. Receptors, nervous fiber, synapses physiology.3. Excitement and inhibiting in CNS. Reflectory activity co-ordination principles.

2

2 CNS role in oral cavity physiological functions regulation.1. Spinal cord role in motor organism functions regulation.2. Spine conductive function.

3. Pain and anesthesia physiological bases.4. Somato-sensory system.5. Posterior brain role in motor and sensory functions regulation.6. Midbrain role in motor and sensory functions regulation.7. Cerebellum, diencephalon, subcortical nuclei and cortex role in organism motor functions regulation.

8. Brain cortex role in organism systemic activity formation.

2

3 Endocrine glands role in oral cavity physiological functions regulation.1. Humoral regulation, its factors, hormones action mechanisms to the target

cells, hormones secretion regulation. Hypothalamic-hypophyseal system.2. Hormones role in regulating the psychic, physical development, body linear growth, organism adaptation and homeostasis (thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas hormones). 3. Hormones role in organism adaptation regulating. Suprarenal cortical and adrenal hormones.

4. Hormones role in sexual functions regulating.

2

Module 2 "Visceral systems physiology" 124 Blood and its defensive functions. Oral cavity role in blood defensive

functions regulating.1. Blood system general description. Blood as transport mean and internal organism environment.2. Erythrocytes physiology. Blood groups.3. Leucocytes physiology.

2

5 Vascular-platelet and coagulational hemostasis. Anticoagulants.1. Platelets, vascular-platelet hemostasis.2. Blood coagulation investigating.3. Fibrinolysis and anticoagulants.4. Regulating the blood coagulation and fibrinolysis.5. DIC-syndrome.6. Differentiated coagulogram.7. Clinical total blood analysis.

2

6 Blood circulation and its regulating. Blood circulation and its regulating peculiarities in maxillary-facial area.1. Blood circulation system. Cardiac muscle physiological features. ECG.2. Cardiac activity phases, heart tones.3. Vessels role in blood circulation.4. Blood circulation regulating.

2

7 Respiration physiology. Oral cavity significance in respiration.1. External respiration.2. Respiratory cycle.3. Pulmonary ventilation.4. Gas-exchange.5. Gases transport by means of blood.6. Regulating the respiration.

2

8 Digestion, its types and functions. Oral cavity role in digestion. Substances, energy exchange and thermoregulation. Oral cavity role in their regulating.1. Digestion in oral cavity. Gustatory and olfactory sensory systems role.2. Digestion in stomach. Stomach secretory and motor function regulating.3. Digestion in duodenum, pancreas and liver role in digestion, their secretory and motor functions regulating.4. Digestion in intestinal lumen. Intestine secretory and motor functions regulating. Absorbtion.5. Energy exchange. Thermoregulation.

2

9 Excretion. Oral cavity as excretory organ.1. Kidneys role in excretory processes.2. Urine formation and urine releasing mechanisms.3. Regulation of urine formation and urine releasing.4. Clinical urine analysis.5. Kidneys participation in homeostasis maintaining.

2

total 18

Thematic plan of seminars for modules and content modules, indicating the main issues addressed at the seminar

N. o/n The topic title Hours amount1

NOT PROVIDED2

Total

Thematic plan of practical classes for modules and content modules, indicating the main issues addressed at the practical class

N o / n Topic name Hours

amount1 Topic 1. Physiology subject and tasks. Physiological investigative

methods. Excitability. Excitement. Irritation laws.

Physiology is a science studying objective regularities of human organism functions as well as his structures (systems, organs, tissues, cells) in their unity and the organism interaction to the external environment.

Physiology as medicine scientific basement about organism functions, health and working activity saving ways. Physiology role in doctor training.

Physiological investigation methods: observations, experiments, modeling.

Human organism structural levels and its functions. Organism unity with external environment.

Functions physiological description, their parameters. Interrelations between structure and function. Age and gender peculiarities of functions.

Functions of cells, tissues, organs, organism physiological systems.

Homeostasis and homeokinesis.

Physiology development characteristics. Role of works made by W.Harvey, R.Decart. Beginning and development of physiology in the XIX-th century (K.Bernar, E.Diubua-Reymon, W.Kennon, K.Liudwig, Ch.Sherrington).

Contribution of works of I.M.Sechenov, I.P.Pavlov, M.Ye.Vvedensky,

2

O.O.Uhtomsky, L.A.Orbeli, P.K.Anohyn, P.G.Kostiuk in world physiology development.

Ukrainian physiological school – V.Ya.Danilevsky, V.Yu.Chagovets, D.S.Vorontsov, P.M.Serkov, P.K.Kostiuk, V.I.Skok, M.F.Shuba, G.V.Folbort, V.V.Frol’kis.

2 Topic 2. Membrane potentials. Resting and action potential. Excitability changes during action potential development.

Irritability, excitability as basement of tissue reaction to the irritation. Excitement.

Modern representation about cellular membranes structure and functions. Ionic transport through membranes. Membranes ionic canals, their types, functions. Membranes ionic pumps, their functions. Cells ionic gradients – ionic asymmetry. Membranes receptors, their functions.

Resting membrane potential (RP), origin mechanisms, recording methods, RP parameters. RP physiological role.

Action potential (AP), origin mechanisms, recording methods, AP phases, AP parameters. AP physiological role.

Cells excitability changes during AP development. Absolute and relative refractiveness periods, their origin mechanisms, physiological role.

Membrane potential changes at electrical current action as a stimulus. Local answer. Depolarization critical level. Depolarization threshold as excitability mere.

Constant current action to the excitive tissues, its usage in clinical practice.

2

3 Topic 3. Electromyography. Skeletal muscles contraction mechanisms investigation.The method principle, types and practical application. Quantitative and qualitative analysis.Muscles physiology. Skeletal muscles contraction and relaxation mechanisms. Excitement and contraction conjugating mechanisms in muscular fibers.

Skeletal muscles functions and properties. Muscular fibers types. Muscles contraction types dependently on the irritation rate: single, tetanic. Muscles contraction types dependently on changing in their length and tension: isometric, isotonic. Dependence between muscular fiber length and its tension. Dependence between muscles contraction speed and their loading. Muscles properties in organism. Motor units. Electromyography. Muscles force and work. Dynamometry. Muscular contraction energy supply.

2

4 Topic 4. Skeletal and smooth muscles comparative characteristics.Smooth muscles physiology. Smooth muscles contraction and relaxation mechanisms. Excitement and contraction conjugating mechanisms in smooth muscular fibers.

Smooth muscles functions and properties. Smooth muscular fibers types. Muscular contraction energy supply. Peculiarities of excitement, contraction and comparison to the skeletal ones.

2

5 Reflectory arc investigation. Receptors physiology. Excitement conductance velocity through nervous fibers.Nervous fibers physiological properties.

Nervous impulse conductive mechanisms in myelinized and myelin-free nervous fibers. Excitement conductance regularities. Excitement conductance velocity, influencing factors. A, B, C typed nervous fibers characteristics.Biological regulation, its types, biological regulation contours, regulated

2

parameters, feed-back role in biological regulation contour.

Functions nervous regulation. Neuron as CNS structural-functional unit. Neurons types, their functions. Neuronic chains.Reflex, reflectory arc, its links functions, mechanisms of encoding and information transducting with reflectory arc links. Receptors role. Nervous centers and their physiological properties. Reflexes co-ordination principles. Reflexes types, their physiological role.

6 Excitement transmission investigating through synapses. Excitement processes investigation in CNS. Inhibiting processes investigation in CNS.Excitement and inhibiting processes in CNS.

Inhibitory synapses, their neuromediators. Post-synaptic inhibiting, inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) development. Pre-synaptic inhibiting, developmental mechanisms. Central inhibiting (I.M.Sechenov).

Summation processes in central synapses: spatial summation, temporary summation. Excitement and inhibiting summation by means of CNS neurons.

CNS synapses, their structure, information transducting mechanisms. Neuromediators (acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, glycin, GABA, glutamate, serotonine, nitrogen oxide etc.) and neuromodulators (neuropeptides, neurosteroids etc.). Excitive synapses, their neuromediators, cytoreceptors, excitive post-synaptic potential (EPSP) development, its parameters, physiological role. Excitement conductance blockers.

Nervous-muscular synapse, its structure, functions. Excitement chemical transduction mechanisms through nervous-muscular synapse. Ending plate potential (EPP). Nervous-muscular transduction block physiological mechanisms.

2

7 Reflectory activity co-ordination mechanisms investigating.The term “nervous center”. Its features. Reflectory activity coordination mechanisms (convergence, divergence, motoneurons inhibiting types – recurrent, reciprocal). Dominanta principle and the one of general ending pathway.

2

8 Practical skills on the content module 1,2,3. Situational tasks solving on the content module 1,2.To estimate and to assess resting membrane potential value, nervous and muscular fibers AP value, to draw their recording graphics schemes, to determine and to estimate depolarization threshold, excitement conductance speed in these structures. To estimate and to designate graphically muscular contraction types dependently on their irritation rate, to explain muscles contraction and relaxation mechanisms as well as the ones of excitement nervous-muscular transduction and various factors influence on these processes.

Solving the situational tasks on content module 1,2 of different complicity levels including “Krok-1” test tasks.

2

9 Spinal cord role investigation in organism motor functions regulating. Investigating the conductive function and spine. Pain and anesthesia physiological bases.Sensory information spinal analysis. Spine ascendant and descendant pathways. Spine conductive function, its role in motor functions regulating.Spine motor systems, their organization and co-ordination mechanisms (convergence, divergence, motoneurons inhibiting types – recurrent, reciprocal). Proprioreceptors physiological description. Muscular spindles or stretching receptors, their structure and functions. Stretch reflexes (myotatic), their reflectory arcs, gamma-loop functions. Alpha- and gamma-motoneurons activation with supraspinal motor centers. Stretch reflexes role in tone regulation (tonic myotatic reflexes) and regulating the muscular length (phasic myotatic reflexes). Myotatic reflexes assessment clinical

2

significance. Goldgi tendineal receptors, their functions, reflexes from tendineal receptors, their reflectory arcs, physiological importance. Flexory and extensory cutaneous-muscular reflexes. Isolated spine functional abilities. Spine transversal cutting and spinal shock.

10 Posterior brain role investigation in motor and sensory functions regulation.Descendant motor conductive pathways, their role in regulating the alpha- and gamma-motoneurons. Posterior brain role in antigravitation posture providing (of vestibular nuclei and reticular formation), decerebrative rigidity mechanisms. Tonic labyrinthic reflexes. Sacculus and utriculus vestibular receptors, their role in regulating the tonus and posture. Tonic cervical reflexes.

2

11 Midbrain role investigation in motor and sensory functions regulation.Midbrain motor reflexes: stathic and statho-kinetic. Strengthening reflexes (of labyrinth, cervical). Head turnings and semicircular canals receptors, their physiological role in equilibrium posture saving during movement with acceleration. Eyeballs stabilizing vestibular mechanisms. Midbrain role in stereotypic non-arbitrary movements regulation. Orienting reflexes. Reticular formation role in motor functions regulation. Brain stem reticular formation descendant and ascendant influences. Works of Megoon and Morootsi.

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12 Cerebellum, Intermediate brain (diencephalons), subcortical nuclei and cortex role investigation in organism motor functions regulation.

Brain cortex role in organism systemic activity formation. Electroencephalography.

Cerebellum role in motor functions regulation.

Cerebellum structural-functional organization, its afferent and efferent bonds, their physiological role. Cerebellum cortex functional organization. Cerebellum cortex interrelations to cerebellar and vestibular nuclei. Cerebellum role in movements programming, initiating and controlling. Cerebellum and study. Consequences of cerebellum removal or damage appearing in human being, their physiological mechanisms.

Thalamus role in motor functions regulation.

Thalamus nuclei (specific: switching over, associative, motor, non-specific) functional characteristics in motor functions regulation.

Basal nuclei role in motor functions regulation.

Basal nuclei (caudate nucleus, putamen and pale globule) functional organization and bonds. Basal nuclei role in regulating the muscular tonus and complicated motor acts, in motor programs organization and realization. Their interaction to hypothalamic nucleus and black substance, other structures. Neuromediators in basal nuclei system, their physiological role. Putamen and caudate body cycles. Clinical expressions at basal nuclei damage, their physiological mechanisms.

Cortex motor zones role in motor functions regulation.

Cortex primary motor zone (area 4), its functional organization and role in motor functions regulation. Cortex pre-motor and additional motor zones, their organization and role in motor functions realization. Motor cortex afferent bonds. Descendant conductive pathways: cortical-nuclear, cortical-spinal – lateral, ventral, their role in axe skeleton, extremities proximal and distal parts muscles functions regulating.

Human locomotions, their regulation. Movements programming. Arbitrary movements functional structure. Motor functions age changes.

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Brain cortex role in organism systemic activity formation.Brain cortex physiological anatomy. Modern representations about functions locating in cortex and its organization. Brain cortex functional bonds to CNS structures. Functions of cortex separate areas (associative, sensory, motor). Cortex role in organism systemic activity formation. Brain cortex functions electrophysiological investigative methods: electroencephalography (EEG), recording the caused potentials, neurons impulse activity.

Limbic system role in organism systemic activity formation.

Limbic system, its organization, functions, hypothalamus leading role. Hypothalamus neurons functions peculiarity: neuroreception, neurosecretion. Hypothalamus role in visceral functions regulating, somatic, autonomic and endocrine mechanisms integration in homeostasis regulating, forming the motivations, emotions, organism non-specific adaptation, biological rhythms.Limbic system other structures – hippocamp, amygdals, limbic cortex - specific functions.Brain electrical activity, its graphic registration – electroencephalography (EEG). EEG application. Waves types. Sleep, sleep mechanisms, its types, phases and biological role.

13 Situational tasks solving on content module 3, 4.Solving the different-leveled situational tasks on content module 3, 4 including “Krok-1” test tasks.

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14 Autonomic nervous system structural-functional organization, its role in visceral functions regulation.Autonomic nervous system structural-functional organization. Sympathetic, parasympathetic and metasympathetic parts, their role in visceral functions regulating. Visceral functions central regulating. Visceral functions integrative regulatory centers. Brain stem role. Hypothalamus, its afferent and efferent bonds. Hypothalamus functions in visceral functions regulation.

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15 Autonomic reflexes, their practical usage in clinics.Autonomic reflexes, their reflectory arcs efferent link structural peculiarities. Autonomic ganglia, their functions. Excitement conductance mechanisms in ganglionar and nervous-organic synapses of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Autonomic nervous system neuromediators. Cytoreceptors types (cholinergic, adrenergic, purinergic, serotoninergic etc.). Excitement transductance blockers in synapses. Sympathetic, parasympathetic and metasympathetic parts influence on organs functions.

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16 Humoral regulation, its factors, hormones action mechanisms to the target cells, hormones secretion regulation. Hypothalamic-hypophyseal system. Hormones role in regulating the psychic, physical development, body linear growth, organism adaptation and homeostasis (thyreoid hormones, parathyreoid hormones, pancreatic hormones). Hormones role in regulating the organism adaptation. Suprarenal gland cortical and medullar hormones. Hormones role in sexual functions regulation.Humoral regulation factors, their characteristics and classification. Humoral regulation contour, feed-back role in regulation. Interrelation between nervous and humoral regulation.Endocrine system structural-functional organization. Endocrine glands, endocrine cells, their hormones and role. Hormones main action mechanisms. Membrane and intracellular receptors, G-proteins, secondary messengers (cAMP, cGMP, Са2+, NO et al.), their role. Hormones secretion regulating. Hypothalamic-hypophyseal system. Hypothalamus functional bond with hypophysis. Hypothalamic neurosecrets. Liberines and statines role.Adenohypophysis, its hormones, their influences. Role of somatotropin (STH) and somatomedines (insulin-like growth factor I: IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor II: IGF-II) in providing the growth and development processes. Somatotropin synthesis and secretion regulation contour. STH secretion regulative contour, circadian rhythms. STH metabolic influencings.Thyroid, its hormones (iodthironins). Iodthironins action mechanisms to the target cells, influence on psychic functions state, growth and development

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processes, metabolic processes, visceral systems state et al. Thyroxin (T4) and triiodthironin (T3) synthesis and secretion regulation contour.Role of other hormones influencing on normal growth processes (insulin, gonads steroid hormones, cortisol).Pancreas hormones (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin), their influencings on glucose metabolism and glucose concentration in blood. Blood glucose concentration constancy maintaining hormonal regulation contour.Calcium balance in organism and hormones regulating calcium and phosphate homeostasis: parathormone, calcitonin, calcitryol or 1,25 (ОН)2

D3. Other hormones influence on calcium metabolism (glucocorticoids, somatotropin and IGF-1, thyreoid hormones, estrogens, insulin).

Vasopressin and oxytocin role.

Suprarenal glands medulla hormones (catecholamines), their role in organism, secretion regulating.Suprarenal glands cortex hormones, their secretion regulative contours, glucocorticoids secretion circadian rhythms, their influencings and action mechanisms on the target cells.Representation about stress and stress factors. Types of adaptation to the stress factors. General adaptive syndrome (G.Selie). Sympathetic-adrenal system role in adaptation.Role of suprarenal hormones (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids), hypophyseal, thyreoid (thyroxin, triiodtironin), vagal-insular system in providing the organism non-specific adaptation to the stress factors.Sexual glands. Sexual differentiation, reproductive system development and functions. Sexual maturation period.Male sexual system, its structure and functions. Spermatogenesis. Testes endocrine function, testes functions regulation, regulation contour with hypothalamic-hypophyseal system participation. Erection and ejaculation, hormonal and nervous regulative mechanisms.Female sexual system, its structure and functions. Ovarial hormones, their role, ovaries function regulation. Menstrual cycle. Pregnancy. Placental hormones. Lactation.

Endocrine glands age peculiarities.

17 Sensory systems general characteristics. Visual and acoustic sensory systems investigation.Representation about sensory systems or analyzers. Sensory systems importance in world recognition. Perception systemic character.Sensory system structural-functional organization. Receptors: classification, main features, excitement mechanisms, functional lability. Receptors function regulation. Representation about receptive field and reflexogenic zones. Receptors excitability investigative methods.Sensory system conductive part. Conductive pathways: information transduction specific and non-specific canals. Participating the spine, stem, thalamus structures in afferent excitements processing. Thalamus as afferent ways collector. Thalamus specific (rheleic, associative) and non-specific nuclei functional characteristics.

Sensory system cortical part. Afferent functions location in cortex. Processes of afferent excitements higher analysis and synthesis. Sensory systems interrelation. Information encoding and its processing in sensory system different parts. Sensory systems investigative methods physiological basements. Sensory systems age changes.

Somato-sensory system (skin and proprioceptive sensitivity) structural-functional organization. Pain physiological basements. Nociception, nociceptors physiological characteristics and classification (Ch.Sherrington). Nociceptive or pain system, its structural-functional organization, conductive pathways and information processing levels. Pain physiological importance. Antinociceptive or anti-pain system, its structural-functional organization,

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opiate and non-opiate mechanisms, physiological role. Anesthesia physiological bases.Visual sensory system structural-functional organization, major and additional structures. Receptive apparatus: rods and cones. Photochemical processes in receptors (rods and cones) under light action, receptive potential. Sight field. Refraction and accommodation. Visual sensory system conductive and cortical parts. Information analysis at different levels. Visual image formation. Modern data about color perception. Color perception disorders main forms. Main visual functions and their investigative methods physiological basements.Acoustic sensory system structural-functional organization, main and additional structures. Sound-conducting, percepting and analyzing structures. Acoustic sensory system conductive and cortical parts. Sound information analysis central mechanisms. Sounds perception theory. Binaural hearing.Vestibular sensory system structural-functional organization. Receptive, conductive and cortical parts, information central analysis at various levels. Perception of head position in the space and movements direction.

18 Conditioned reflexes formation and inhibiting investigation.Innate (non-conditioned) behavioral forms. Instincts, their role for organism adaptive activity. Acquired (conditioned-reflectory) behavioral forms, their role for organism adaptive activity.Conditioned reflexes formation and saving regularities (I.P.Pavlov).

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19 Behavior congenital and innate forms investigation: attention, study and memory, motivations and emotions, thinking and speech, psychics and consciousness.Representation about higher nervous activity, its investigative methods. Contribution of I.M.Sechenov, I.P.Pavlov into HNA scientific investigation. Behavior physiological bases. Study and memory, its types and mechanisms.

Needs and motivations, their physiological mechanisms, role in behaviour forming.

Behavior functional system. Whole behavioral act structure by P.K.Anohyn.

Emotions, their types, formation mechanisms, biological role. Emotions theories.

Brain new cortex functions and human higher nervous activity. Brain big hemispheres cortex functional asymmetry, dominant hemisphere conception, subdominant hemisphere functions, hemispheres interaction. Speech. Speech functions. Its formation physiological bases. Human higher nervous activity age aspects.Thinking. Brain structures role in thinking process, consciousness.

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20 Sleeping, its types, phases, physiological role. HNA types investigation.Higher nervous activity types, their classification, physiological bases, investigative methods. Upbringing role.Human nervous system types, their investigative methods.

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21-22 Credit module control of managing the module 1: “General physiology, CNS physiology, higher integrative functions”.Mastering the knowledge acquired and its checking.

4

23 Blood physical-chemical features investigation.Representation about blood system. Blood main functions. Blood content and volume in a human being. Hematocrit index. Blood main physiological constants, their regulation mechanisms.

Plasma, its content, plasma proteins role. Osmotic and oncotic pressures. Osmotic pressure constancy regulation. Blood acid-alkaline state, buffer systems role in its constancy regulation.

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24 Erythrocyte number and hemoglobin concentration investigating. 2

Erythrocytes, structure, amount, functions. Hemoglobin, its structure, features, types, compounds. Hemoglobin concentration. Erythrocytes hemoglobin satiation criteria: average concentration, color index. Hemolysis, its types. Erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR), influencing factors. Representation about erythron as a physiological system, erythrocytes number regulating in blood.

25 Blood group belonging investigation.Blood groups: systems АВО, СDE, others. Blood groups determining methods. Hemotransfusions physiological bases. Blood-replacers.

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26 Leucocytes number, leucocytic formule investigation.Leucocytes, their number, types. Representation about leucocytosis and leucopenia. Leucocytic formula. Different-typed leucocytes functions. Leucocytes number regulation. Representation about immunity, its types.

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27 Thrombocytes and vessel-thrombocytic hemostasis investigation.Platelets, their number, functions. Hemostasis, its types. Vessel-thrombocytic hemostasis, its role.

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28 Blood coagulation investigation.Coagulational hemostasis, its phases, mechanisms, importance. Modern representations about main factors participating in coagulation hemostasis – coagulants.

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29 Fibrinolysis and anticoagulants. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis regulation. DIC-syndrome. Differentiated coagulogram.Blood liquid maintaining mechanisms. Anticoagulants, their types, action mechanisms, importance. Plasmines and fibrinolysis, its mechanisms, role. Vascular wall role in regulating the hemostasis and fibrinolysis. Blood coagulation regulating. Representation about DIC-syndrome.Hemostasis state investigation methods physiological bases. Hemostasis disorders types. Coagulograms types. Hemostasis system age changings.

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30 Total blood. Practical skills on content module 11. Situational tasks solving on content module 11.

Total blood indices and their importance for pathological processes differential diagnostics.Hemopoiesis and its regulation. Blood system age changes.

Organism extra-vascular liquids, their role in organism cells life activity providing.To assess blood system state, its functions and regulative mechanisms on the base of blood laboratory investigations indices analysis.

To assess hematocrit index investigation results. To determine hemoglobin quantity, color index, ABO system blood group and to make conclusions.

Solving the different-leveled situational tasks on content module 11 including “Krok-1” test tasks.

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31 Heart muscle physiological peculiarities investigation.Circulation system general characteristics, its role in an organism.Heart structure, its functions. Heart muscle, its structure, functions. Myocardium physiological features and their peculiarities. Heart automatism. Atypical cardiomyocytes heart rhythm pace-maker – sino-atrial node - action potential. Conductive system, its functional peculiarities, heart structures excitement conductance velocity. Typical cardiomyocytes action potential. Refractiveness periods. Cardiomyocytes contraction and relaxation mechanisms.

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32 Heart excitement dynamics investigation. ECG registration.Excitement dynamics in the heart. Electrocardiography physiological bases. Normal ECG.

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33 Heart excitement dynamics investigation. ECG analysis.ECG analysis main principles. Determining the rhythm, heart contraction rate, excitability sources, heart electrical axe, heart turnings.

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34 Heart pump function and heart tones investigation. Phonocardiography (PhCG).Cardiac cycle, its phase structure. Blood pressure in heart chambers and valvular apparatus work during heart activity. Blood systolic and minute volume, heart index. Heart work. Physiological bases of the investigative methods: electrocardiography, phonocardiography, echocardiography, the others.

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35 Arterial pressure and pulse determining in humans. Sphygmography (SPhG). Vessels role in blood circulation. Hemodynamics laws. Rheography.Blood pressure: arterial (systolic, diastolic, pulse, average), capillary, venous. Factors determining blood pressure level. Arterial pressure measurement physiological bases in the experiment and clinical practice. Arterial pulse, its main parameters. Sphygmogram, its assessment.Systemic circulation. Hemodynamics main laws. Vascular tone formation mechanism. Vessels general peripheral resistance. The factors providing blood movement through the high- and low-pressured vessels. Blood movement linear and volumary velocity in vascular bed various parts. Blood complete circulation time.

Blood vessels functional classification. Physiological characteristics of pressive and resistive vessels.

Microcirculation. Microcirculatory bed vessels morpho-functional description. Blood movement in the capillaries, its peculiarities. Blood pressure in the capillaries. Exchange mechanisms of water and other substances between blood and tissues.Cavitary vessels physiological characteristics. Blood venous movement peculiarities. Venous pulse. Blood return to heart. Blood depot and its relativeness.

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36 Investigating the heart activity regulation and circulation regulation.Cardiac activity regulation: myogenic, nervous, humoral. Heart contraction force dependence on cardiomyocytes length (Franc-Starling’s heart law), heart contraction rate (Bowdich’s ladder) and blood ejection resilience (Anrep’s law). Influences mechanisms of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves on cardiac muscle physiological features. Blood plasma ionic influencing mechanisms on heart activity. Hormones influencive mechanisms on heart activity: of catecholamines, thyroxin and triiodthironin, glucagon and the others.

Vessels smooth muscles structural and functional peculiarities. Vascular tone and its regulation, nervous and humoral mechanisms. Microcirculative bed vessels regulative mechanisms peculiarities. Blood local movement regulation. Endothelium-released substances role in vascular tone regulation.

Cardiac-vascular center, its structure, afferent and efferent bonds. Representation about whole hemodynamic center (Frol’kis V.V.). Main reflexogenic zones, baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of carotid sinus and aortal arc, their role. Reflexes from atrial receptors and the ones of big veins. Pressor and depressor reflexes.

Heart activity, vascular tone and blood circulating volume nervous and humoral regulation interrelated mechanisms at different adaptive reactions. Blood pressure level disorders physiological predispositions. Blood pressure nervous and humoral regulative mechanisms.

Circulation regulation at body position changing. Circulation regulating at physical work.

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Age peculiarities of circulation and its regulation.

Physiological peculiarities of regional circulation: pulmonary, coronary, cerebral, abdominal.

Fetal circulation. Circulation changing after birth.37 Practical skills on circulation system physiology. Situational tasks

solving on content module 12.Solving the different-complicated situational tasks on content module 12 including “Krok-1” test tasks.

To draw heart pace-maker sino-atrial node (SA), heart ventricles typical cardiomyocytes AP graphics schemes and to explain their developmental mechanisms.

To analyze and to interpret normal ECG, PhG, SPhG, arterial pressure value, cardiac cycle structure.

To draw systemic circulation regulation contours schemes at organism different physiological states.

To interpret regional circulation role and its regulation peculiarities (pulmonary, coronary, cerebral, abdominal) for adaptive reaction providing.

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38 External respiration investigation.Respiration system structure and function. Respiration importance for organism. Respiration processes main stages. External respiration. Respiratory cycle. Respiratory pathways physiological characteristics, their functions. Ciliary epithelium importance. Inspiration and expiration biomechanics. Pressure in pleural cavity, its changing at respiration. Elastic features of lungs and thorax walls. Alveoles superficial tension, its mechanisms. Surfactants, their significance. External respiration stathic and dynamic indices.

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39 Lung ventilation. Gas exchange. Gas transport by means of blood.Inspired, expired, alveolar air content. Alveolar air content relative constancy. Tension of the gases solved in blood. Partial pressure of the gases (РСО2, РО2) in alveolar air. Gases exchange mechanisms between inspired air and alveolar gas mixture, between alveoles and blood in pulmonary capillaries. Pulmonary membrane feature. Lungs diffusive ability. Interrelations between pulmonary circulation and lungs ventilation. Anatomical and physiological “dead space”.

Hemoglobin. Myoglobin. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, the factors influencing on oxyhemoglobin formation and dissociation. Oxygen and carbonic dioxide content in arterial and venous blood. Blood oxygenous capacity. Bicarbonates and carbohemoglobin formation and dissociation. Carboanhydrase significance. Gas exchange between blood and tissues. Oxygen and carbonic dioxide tension in tissular liquid and cells.

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40 Respiration regulation. Situational tasks solving and practical skills on respiration system physiology.CNS structures providing respiratory periodicity. Posterior brain structures: neurons dorsal respiratory group, its role in generating the respiration main rhythm and inspiration regulation; neurons ventral respiratory group, its role.

Pneumotaxic center role in inspiration inhibiting, regulating the respiration volume and rate. Apneustic center, its role.

Gas content and arterial blood pH influence on respiration rate and depth. Central and peripheral chemoreceptors, their significance in gas homeostasis providing. Ventilation changes at hypercapny, hypoxy.

Lungs stretch receptors, their role in respiration regulating. Gering-Breyer’s reflex. Other receptors role in respiration regulation: irritant, j-receptors,

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proprioreceptors.

Protective respiratory reflexes. Respiratory ways resistance regulation. Respiration arbitrary regulation. Respiration at physical work, increased and decreased barometric pressure. Newborn first inspiration regulation.

Respiration age peculiarities.

To assess respiration every stage state and regulation mechanisms on the base of analyzing the parameters that characterize respiration stages functions.

To assess spirometry, spirography, pneumotachometry indexes.

Solving the different-complicated situational tasks on content module 13 including “Krok-1” test tasks.

41 Basal energy exchange investigation. General exchange investigation. General data about substances metabolism in organism. Substances metabolism between organism and external environment as main conditions for life and homeostasis saving. Nutrients plastic and energetic role. Balance of substances consumption and expenditures.

Energy metabolism. Organism as an opened thermodynamic system. Organism energy balance. Physic calorymetry. Different nutrients caloric value (physic and physiological). Direct and indirect calorymetry (energy expenditures investigation with complete and non-complete gas analysis help). Oxygen 1 liter caloric co-efficient. Respiratory co-efficient. Basal metabolism, value, conditions for its investigations.

Nutrients specific-dynamic action. Working metabolism. Organism energetic expenditures at work different types. Age peculiarities.

Feeding physiological norms. Needs in proteins, fats, carbohydrates dependently on age, labor type and organism state (pregnancy, lactation period et al.).

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42 Thermoregulation. Situational tasks solving and practical skills on thermoregulation and energy exchange physiology.Internal environment constancy as an essential condition of metabolic processes normal state. Poykilothermy, homoiothermy. Human body temperature, its fluctuations in course of 24 hours. Temperature of human skin various areas and human inner organs. Physical and chemical thermoregulation. Substances metabolism as heat formation source. Separate organs role in heat-production. Heat-releasing. Ways of heat-release from body surface (radiation, conduction, convection, sweating). Heat-release physiological mechanisms (blood movement in the skin vessels, sweating and the others).

Thermoregulative center. Peripheral and central thermoreceptors. Thermoregulation nervous and humoral mechanisms. Body temperature regulation at external environment temperature changings. Toughening physiological bases. Thermoregulation age and gender peculiarities.To assess basal and general metabolism. To investigate basal metabolism by oxyspirogram. To assess thermoregulation methods effectiveness under different conditions.

Solving the different-complicated situational tasks on content module 14, 15 including “Krok-1” test tasks.

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43 Digestion investigation in oral cavity. Gustatory and olfactory sensory systems role.Digestive system structure and functions. Alimentary canal and alimentary glands. Digestive system main functions: secretion, motorics, absorbtion.Digestion: its types (cavitary, membraneous, intracellular), major stages.

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Secretory cells peculiarities, secretion mechanisms, calcium ions and cellular messengers role in a secretory process. Digestion regulation main principles and regulative mechanisms. Gastral-intestinal hormones. Main digestive glands secretion phases. Digestive organs periodic activity.

Alimentary canal peristalsis. Alimentary canal smooth muscles structural and functional peculiarities.

Alimentary canal functions investigative methods physiological bases.

Digestion in oral cavity. Food mechanic and chemical processing. Salivation. Saliva amount, content and features, its significance in digestion, secretion mechanism (primary, secondary saliva). Saliva secretion regulating.

Mastication, its peculiarities dependently on food type, mastication regulating. Swallowing, its phases, regulation.

Taste sensory system role. Receptive, conductive and cortical parts. Gustatory sensations types, importance for digestion. Interaction to olfactory sensory system, role of this in the food character determining.

44 Investigating the digestion in stomach.Stomach glands secretory activity. Investigative methods. Stomach juice content and features. Hydrochloric acid, enzymes, mucus secretory mechanisms and their regulation. Stomach glands secretion nervous and humoral regulation, secretion phases regulation: cephalic, gastral, intestinal. Stomach secretion adaptive changings. Stomach motor function, its regulating.

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45 Investigating the digestion in duodenum.Pancreas exocrine activity. Pancreatic juice amount, content and features, its role in digestion. Pancreatic secretion nervous and humoral regulation. Secretion phases regulation: cephalic, gastral, intestinal.

Liver role in digestion. Bile formation, its content and features. Investigative methods. Bile of liver and gall bladder. Bile role in digestion. Regulating the bile formation and release into duodenum.

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46 Investigating the digestion in intestines. Absorbtion. Situational tasks solving on digestive system physiology content module.Intestinal secretion, intestinal juice content and features, its role in digestion. Investigative methods. Intestinal secretion regulating. Nutrients cavitary and membraneous hydrolysis. Small intestine motor activity, its role in digestion. Peristalsis types, its regulation. Metasympathetic system role in intestines secretory and motor functions regulation.

Digestion in large intestine. Intestinal microflora role. Large intestine peristalsis, its regulation. Defecation act.

Absorbtion processes. Investigative methods. Substances absorbtion in alimentary tract different parts, its mechanisms. Absorbtion peculiarities of water, salts, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, other substances. Absorbtion regulating.

Hunger and satiation physiological bases. Feeding motivation. Representation about alimentary center. Nutrients content constancy maintaining regulative contour in internal environment. To assess secretory, motor, absorbtive function state in alimentary tract different parts.To draw the schemes of autonomic reflexes reflectory arcs and the ones of hormones performing digestive system secretory, motor and absorbtive functions regulating.Different-leveled situational tasks solving on content module 16 including test tasks “Krok 1”.

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47 Investigating the kidneys role in excretion processes. Urine formation and urine releasing mechanisms.

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Excretory system, its structure, functions. Excretory organs (kidneys, skin, lungs, digestive tract), their participation into organism homeostasis maintaining. Kidneys as the excretory system major organs. Nephron as kidney structural and functional unit. Blood circulation in kidney, its peculiarities. Urine formation major processes: filtration, reabsorbtion, secretion. Filtration mechanisms, primary urine content. Filtration velocity regulating. Reabsorbtion in canals, its mechanisms. Countercurrent-multiplied system, its role. Secretory processes in proximal and distal canals as well as collecting ducts. Ending urine, its content, quantity. Clearance co-efficient (clearance) and determining the velocity of filtration, reabsorbtion, secretion as well as renal plasmic flow and blood circulation.

48 Urine formation and urine releasing regulation investigation. Urine clinical analysis. A study of kidney involvement in homeostasis maintaining. Situational tasks solving and practical skills on excretory system physiology.Urine formation regulation. Urine releasing regulation. The participation of the kidneys in maintaining the nitrogen balance, the homeostasis parameters.Osmotic pressure constancy regulation in the internal environment, the vasopressin role. The thirst mechanisms.Сonstancy regulation of the concentration of sodium, potassium ions, volumes of water and circulating blood in the body with the kidneys participation. The role of renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic hormone.Constancy regulation of the concentration of calcium and phosphate ions with the kidneys participating. The kidneys role in the internal environment acid-basic state regulation. Physiological bases of methods for the renal function study.Age-related changes in urine formation and urination.Urine clinical analysis parameters assessment. Different-leveled situational tasks solving on content module 17 including test tasks “Krok 1”.

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49 Credit module control of managing the module 2: “Visceral systems physiology” (test control).Mastering the knowledge acquired and its checking.

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50 Credit module control of managing the module 2: “Visceral systems physiology” (practical skills).

2

total 100

Self-work

N. o / n topic Hours amount

1 The history of the physiology development in the XIX century.1. Characteristics of the development of physiology.2. The role of the work of W. Harvey, R. Descartes.3. The formation and development of physiology in the XIX century (C. Bernard, E. Dubois-Raymond, V. Cannon, C. Ludwig, C. Sherrington).

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2 Contribution of the works of I.M.Sechenov, I.P. Pavlov, P.K. Anokhin, P.G. Kostyuk to the development of world physiology. Ukrainian physiological school1. Contribution of the works of I.M.Sechenov, I.P. Pavlov, M.E. Vvedensky, A.A. Ukhtomsky, L. Orbeli, P.K. Anokhin, P.G. Kostyuk in the development of world physiology.2. Ukrainian physiological school - V.Ya. Danilevsky, V.Yu. Chagovets, D.S. Vorontsov, P. Serkov, P.G. Kostyuk, V.I. Skok, M.F. Shuba, V. Folbort, V.V. Frolkis, P. Bogach, A.A. Moibenko.

2

3 Vestibular sensory system1. The structural and functional organization of the vestibular sensory system.2. Receptive, conductive and cortical parts, a central analysis of

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information at different levels.3. Perception of the head position in space and the direction of movement.

4 Taste and olfactory sensory systems1. The structural and functional organization of the taste sensory system.2. Receptor, conductive and cortical parts, a central analysis of information at different levels.3. The physiological role of the taste sensory system.4. Structural and functional organization of the olfactory sensory system.5. Receptor, conductive and cortical parts, a central analysis of information at different levels.6. Classification of odors, theories of their perception.

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5 Sleep, its types, mechanisms, biological role1. The physiology of sleep, its types and phases, the electrical activity of the brain.2. Modern mechanisms of sleep development, its biological role and disorders.3. Biological rhythms, their physiological role.

2

6 Oral cavity role in well-aimed movement.1. Digestion in oral cavity.2. Food mechanical and chemical processing.3. Salivation.4. Saliva quantity, content and features, its role in digestion, secretion mechanisms (primary, secondary saliva).5. Saliva secretion regulating.

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7 The dynamics of lymph circulation1. Lymph, its composition, quantity, function.2. The mechanisms of formation and movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels.

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8 Physiology of regional blood circulation1. Physiological peculiarities of regional blood circulation: pulmonary, coronary, cerebral, abdominal.2. Blood circulation of the fetus.3. Changes in blood circulation after birth.

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9 Individual students’ self-work: To develop homeostasis regulation contour scheme with kidneys participating.

2

Individual tasks list

1. Making the topic tables on the chapter as well as reports and synopses preparing on the topics.

2. Modern topic literature review on the topics: ANS functioning peculiarities (new data on receptors) Humoral regulation, its factors, hormones action mechanisms to the target cells, hormones secretion regulation. Hypothalamic-hypophyseal system. Hormones role in a regulation of processes of body psychical, physical development and body linear growth as well as organism adaptation and homeostasis regulation.

3. Synopses:

Physiology development history in the XIX-th century. I.M.Sechenov works contribution in world physiology

development. I.P.Pavlov works contribution in world physiology development.

P.K.Anohyn works contribution in world physiology development.

P.K.Kostyuk works contribution in world physiology development.

Ukrainian physiological school. 4. To develop homeostasis regulation circuit with the kidney participation.

5. Synopses: regional circulation physiology lymphatic circulation dynamics.

Theoretical questions list for the students’ training to the credit module control and term credit attestation

To the credit module control N.1 on the module “General Physiology, CNS physiology, higher integrative functions” and to the term credit attestation To the credit module control N.1 on the module “General Physiology, CNS physiology, higher integrative functions” and to the term credit attestation

1. Resting potential, origin mechanisms, its parameters, physiological role.2. Action potential, origin mechanisms, its parameters, physiological role.3. Excitement conductance mechanisms through nervous fibers.4. Excitement conductance regularities through nervous fibers. 5. Excitement conductance mechanisms through nervous-muscular

synapse.6. Skeletal muscles contraction and relaxation mechanisms.7. Muscular contractions types: single and tetanic; isotonic and isometric.8. Central inhibiting types. Pre- and post-synaptic inhibiting developmental

mechanisms.9. Spine motor reflexes, their reflectory arcs, physiological importance.10.Posterior brain motor reflexes, their physiological importance.

11. Midbrain motor reflexes, their physiological importance.

12. Cerebellum, its functions, injury symptoms.13. Autonomic nervous system synapses, their mediators, cytoreceptors and

blockers of conduction transmittance in synapses.14. Sympathetic nervous system influence on visceral functions.15. Parasympathetic nervous system influence on visceral functions.16.Higher nervous activity types (temperaments).

To the credit module control N.2 on the module “Visceral systems physiology” and to the term credit attestation

1. Erythrocytes, their norm, dependence on age and gender, functions. Physiological erythrocytoses. 2. Types of hemoglobin and its compounds, dependence on age and gender, physiological role. 3. Leucocytes and their types, norms and functions. Physiological leucocytoses.

4. Platelets, their norm and physiological role. Vascular-platelet hemostasis, its stages and physiological significance. 5. Blood ABO system physiological characteristics. Donor and recipient blood compatibility conditions. 6. Heart automatism. Automatism gradient. 7. Heart conductive system. Conductivity and excitement conductance velocity in heart. 8. Cardiac cycle, its phases, their physiological role. 9. Heart tones, their origin mechanisms. 10. Arterial pulse, its origin and characteristics, their norms. 11. Arterial pressure, norm, factors determining its value. Arterial pressure registration methods. 12. Blood circulation reflectory regulation: to describe methods and action mechanisms (reflex of Dagnini-Ashner, Chermak, Holtz, clino-orthostathic reflex).13. External respiration. External respiration indices and their assessment. 14. Basal exchange and its determining conditions, the factors influencing on its value. 15. Organism heat-release methods, their regulation. 16. Saliva content, its role in digestion. Salivation regulation. The stimule features influence on saliva quantity and quality. 17. Stomach juice content and features. 18. Stomach secretion regulation phases. 19. Pancreatic juice content and features. Pancreas secretory function regulation phases. 20. Bile content and features. Bile formation and release regulation. Bile passage mechanisms into duodenum. 21. Urine formation mechanisms. Glomerular filtration and influencing factors. 22. Reabsorbtion and secretion in nephron, their physiological mechanisms. 23. Coagulational hemostasis, its mechanisms and physiological importance. 24. Anticoagulants and fibrinolysis, their physiological significance.

Practical skills list to the credit module control N.2 on the module “Visceral systems physiology” and to the term credit attestation

1. To evaluate blood total clinical analysis indices.

Form of the final performance control• Final module control

The final module control in physiology is carried out exclusively in accordance with the schedule, which is developed and brought to the attention of teachers of the department and students NOT later than a month before the start of the credit-certification week.

Students who have completed all the requirements of the curriculum are allowed to pass the final module control, and in the individual curriculum (test book) there is a mark on admission to the CMC. CMC is accepted by the schedule teacher.• Semester final certification

The last CMC on physiology is carried out in the form of an exam.The final certification in physiology is carried out exclusively in the credit-

certification week in accordance with the schedule that is developed and brought to the attention of the department staff and students NOT later than a month before the start of the credit-certification week.

Students who have completed all the requirements of the curriculum are allowed to pass the final certification, and in the individual curriculum (test book) there is a mark on admission to the preparation of the SCA. The exam is taken by the commission, which is approved by order of the rector, consisting of: examiner, members of the commission - representatives of the dean’s office and specialized departments, in the presence of the teacher who last taught in this student group.

The system of current and final controlWhile assessing the mastery of each topic of the module, the student is given

a grade on a 4-point (traditional) scale using the following assessment criteria for the discipline. This takes into account all types of work provided for by guidelines for the study of topics.

The student receives:- “excellent” - the student owns at least 90% of the knowledge on the subject

both during the survey and test control. He is well versed in subject terminology. Clearly formulates answers to the questions posed. Practical work is carried out 100%.

- “good” - the student has knowledge in the amount of at least 75 - 89%, makes minor errors, which he corrects while answering the questions. During the test tasks answers 75% of the questions. Practical work has been completed 100%, minor errors are allowed.

- “satisfactory” - the student owns knowledge on the topic in the amount of at least 60 - 74%, while testing answering at least 60% of the questions. The answers are not accurate enough, suggestive questions correct them. Practical work is not fully completed.

- “unsatisfactory” - the student did not learn the necessary minimum knowledge on the topic of classes and testing within 59%. Unable to answer helping questions, operates with inaccurate formulations. The test control task was completed by less than 59%. He does not have practical skills.

Exposure according to the traditional grading scale is converted into points after the lesson preceding the final modular control.

Current academic performance average degree by traditional 4-degreed scale corresponding to summary current academic performance for the module

Current academic performance

average degree by 4-degreed scale

Current academic performance average after average degree

converting

Current academic performance

average degree by 4-degreed scale

Current academic

performance average after

average degree converting

2,00 0 3,55 852,05 49 3,60 862,10 50 3,65 872,15 52 3,70 892,20 53 3,75 902,25 54 3,80 922,30 55 3,85 932,35 56 3,90 942,40 58 3,95 952,45 59 4,00 962,50 60 4,05 972,55 61 4,10 982,60 62 4,15 992,65 64 4,20 1012,70 65 4,25 1022,75 66 4,30 1032,80 67 4,35 1042,85 69 4,40 1062,90 70 4,45 1072,95 71 4,50 1083,00 72 4,55 1093,05 73 4,60 1103,10 74 4,65 1113,15 75 4,70 1133,20 77 4,75 1143,25 78 4,80 1153,30 79 4,85 1163,35 80 4,90 1183,40 82 4,95 1193,45 83 5,00 1203,50 84

Students with an average grade point score of 4.5 to 5.0 get free from compiling the CMC and automatically (by agreement) receive a final mark.

Current academic performance average degree corresponding criteria to CMC compiling

Current academic performance average

degree

Corresponding to the degrees on CMC

Traditional mark

4,5 69 44,6 704,7 71 54,8 734,9 775,0 80

The minimal converted total performance score for all modules of all disciplines of all departments is the only one and comprises 72 points. The result of the final module control is evaluated in degrees (the traditional 4-degreed rating is NOT set). The maximal number of degrees of the final module control is 80 degrees. The minimal number of degrees of the final module control, at which the control is considered passed, is 50 degrees.

The maximal number of degrees per module is 200 points. Criteria for assessing CMC are brought to the attention of students at the beginning of the study of the discipline (first lecture and practical lesson).

The module mark is defined as the sum of the total score for the current learning activity in degrees and the score for the total module control.

A student who scores less than 50 degrees at the CMC passage is required to reschedule the CMC according to the schedule no more than 2 times.

CMC on module 1 "General physiology, CNS physiology, higher integrative functions" takes place taking into account testing from the CCT base on module number 1 and written answer to 2 theoretical questions. 20 test questions are evaluated as 2 degrees each correct answer (max 40 degrees). The student is allowed to pass theoretical questions under the condition of passing the test task minimally for 24 degrees (12 correct questions). 2 theoretical questions are estimated max of 20 degrees each correct answer (max 40 degrees). The assessment takes place on theoretical questions, on the average arithmetic score for every question “5” - 20 degrees, “4” - 17 degrees, “3” - 14 degrees.

CMC No. on module 2 "Visceral systems Physiology" and the semester final certification is in the form of SCA take place taking into account testing from the CCT database and written answers to 2 theoretical questions and 1 question from practical skills (Examination cards). 20 test questions are rated at 1 degree for each correct answer (max 20 points). The student is allowed to theoretical questions on the

condition of passing the test task minimally for 12 degrees (12 valid questions). 2 theoretical questions and questions on practical skills are estimated max at 20 degrees for every correct answer.

The assessment takes into account all components: testing, 2 theoretical questions and 1 question from practical skills (Examination cards). Degrees are added up.

Mark on exam corresponds to the scale:

Mark «5» - 80-71 degrees;Mark «4» - 70-61 degrees;Mark «3» - 60-50 degrees;Mark «2» - less than 50 degrees.

The results of passing the SCA (exam) by the student are recorded in the “Student Success List by Discipline” and are signed by the examiner and members of the commission, after which the results of passing the SCA are announced to students.

In order to get an assessment from the corresponding discipline, the dean's office enters the “contingent” system, the student received degrees for current performance and exam, and the average score for the discipline is ranked.

After the department receives from the dean’s office the protocol for the relative ranking of the discipline, the teacher who last taught in this academic group of students makes an individual grade plan for the entire discipline (points, ECTS category, traditional grade), which is confirmed by the teacher and examiner’s signatures and the individual plan returns to the student.

The final grade from the discipline is set only to students who have counted all the modules from the discipline.

Discipline AssessmentGrade from the discipline is set by the department on a traditional (national)

4-degreed scale based on the average number of degrees for all modules that are provided for by the discipline program. The scale for transferring the average number of degrees for all modules that are provided for by the program from a discipline to a traditional assessment on a 4-degreed scale of disciplines is unique for all departments (according to the table).

Table Degrees average number converting for all modules that are provided for by the program from the discipline into the traditional assessment on a 4-degreed scaleThe degrees average number for all modules that are provided by the discipline program

Traditional assessment by4-degreed scale

170-200 «5»140-169 «4»

139 - to the minimum number of degrees that a student must score from the discipline

«3»

Less than degrees minimal number «2»

Discipline scores are NOT converted to ECTS scores. Students are awarded grades from the discipline no later than the next working day after the last final module control.

Assessment from the discipline is set only if the student has enrolled all the modules.

If a student does not retake at least one final module control before the start of a new semester, he receives a traditional grade of 2 and an ECTS grade of F for discipline, which is the basis for expelling a student.

teaching methods • verbal (lecture, explanation, story, conversation, briefing)• visual (observation, illustration, demonstration)• practical (various types of tasks, performing graphic work during the experiment, practice); explanatory-illustrative or informational-receptive, which involves the

presentation of ready information by the teacher and its assimilation by students;• reproductive which is based on the various tasks performance according to the model;• the method of problem presentation, which consists in the fact that the teacher poses a problem and solves it himself, demonstrating the contradictions that characterize the process of cognition, while the students task is to control the sequence of presentation of the material, the materiality of the evidence, and forecasting the next steps of the teacher; this mean is implemented by training students in problem situations with the goal of successful preliminary preparation for future work in real conditions of practical medical institutions;• partially search or heuristic, aimed at mastering certain elements of search activity, for example: a teacher formulates a problem, students a hypothesis;• research, the essence of which is the organization by the teacher of search creative activity of students by setting new problems and problem tasks.

control methods

- oral control; - writing control; - test control; - programmed control; - practical check; - self-control; - self-assessment.

Control types:• previous (initial) - carried out immediately before training and allows you to assess the initial level of student knowledge correctly and to plan training;• current - carried out at each lesson and allows you to identify the level of assimilation of individual elements of educational material;• thematic (stage);• final - serves to test and evaluate knowledge, skills in a particular academic discipline.

methodical providing1. Lectures methodical recommendations2. Guidelines (methodical instructions) for students self-work during preparation for a practical lesson and in the class3. List of recommended literature4. Materials for the control of knowledge, skills of students:- different-leveled tests- tests from the bank of licensed exams "Krok - 1"- situational tasks- computer monitoring programs5. Videos.6. Multimedia presentations.7. Tools for the practical part of the lesson.

Recommending literatureMain:

Zaporozhets T.N., Tkachenko E.V. Normal Physiology: Methodical Instructions to Practical Classes for students of medical and stomatological specialities. Module 1. General Physiology.-Poltava, 2008.-187p.

Zaporozhets T.N., Tkachenko E.V. Physiology: Methodical Instructions to Practical Classes for students of medical and dental prophiles. Part 2. Visceral Systems: “Blood Physiology”.-Poltava, 2009.-135p.

Zaporozhets T.N., Tkachenko E.V. Physiology: Methodical Instructions to Practical Classes for students of medical and dental prophiles. Part 3. Visceral Systems Physiology: “Cardio-Vascular And Respiratory Systems Physiology”.-Poltava, 2009.-124p.

Zaporozhets T.N., Tkachenko E.V. Physiology. Study manual for the students of medical and dental faculties. Part 4. Visceral systems physiology: “Energy metabolism and thermoregulation. Digestive and excretory systems physiology”.-Poltava, 2011.-146p.

Zaporozhets T.N., Tkachenko E.V. Normal Physiology: Tests Manual for training to the examination Krok-1 for students of medical and stomatological specialities.-Poltava, 2010.-158p.

Collection of tasks for preparing for test examination in natural sciences “Krok-1. General medical training” /A group of authors; edited by V.F.Moskalenko, O.P.Volosovets, I.E.Bulakh, O.P.Yavorovskiy, O.V.Romanenko, L.I.Ostapyuk.-K.: Medicine, 2006.-367p.

Physiology: Textbook /Ed. by V.M. V.M.Moroz, O.A.Shandra.-Vinnitsia: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2011.-888p.

Zaporozhets T.N., Rud M.V., Sukhomlyn T.A. Physiology Module 1. General physiology and high integrated functions .-Poltava, 2018.-192p.

Zaporozhets T.N., Tkachenko O.V. Tryniak S., Dental Physiology: Publishing «Magnolia 2006».-Lviv, 2019.-180p

Additional

Mistchenko V.P., Tkachenko E.V. Normal Physiology (Short Lection Course for the Students of Medical Department).-Poltava, 2005.-124p.

Mistchenko V.P., Tkachenko E.V. Normal Physiology (Short Lection Course for the Students of Dental Department).-Poltava, 2005.-83p.

Fox S.I. Human physiology: Eighth Edition.-The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2004.-726p.

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