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INDUSTRY PROFILE

The origin of automobile is not certain. The automobile industry has changed the way

people live and work. The earliest of modern cars was manufactured in the year 1895. Shortly

the first appearance of the car followed in India. As the century turned, three cars were imported

in Mumbai. Within decade there were total of 1025 cars in the city.

The dawn of automobile actually goes back to 4000years when the first wheel was used

for transportation in India. In the beginning of 15th century Portuguese arrived in Chin and the

interaction of two cultures led to a variety of new technologies, including the creation of a wheel

that turned under its own power. By 1600s small powered engine models was developed, but it

took another century before a full-sized engine-powered vehicle was created.

The actual horseless carriage was introduced in the year 1893 by brothers Charles and

Frank Duryea. It was the first internal combustion motor car of America, and it was followed by

Henry Ford’s first experimental car that same year.

One of the highest- rated early luxury automobiles was the 1909 Rolls Royce Silver

Ghost that featured a quite 6-cylinder engine, leather interior, folding windscreens and hood, and

an alluminium body. It was usually driven by chauffeurs and emphasis was on comfort and style

rather than spped.

During 1920s, the cars exhibited design refinements such as balloon tires, pressed-steel

wheels and four wheel brakes. Graham Paige DC Phaeton of 1929 featued an 8-cylinder engine

and an alluminium body.

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The 1937 Pontiac De Luxe sedan had roomy interior and rear-hinged back door that

suited more to the needs of families. In 1930s vehicles were less boxy and more streamlined than

their predecessors. The 1940s saw features like automatic transmission, sealed-beam headlights

and tubeless tyres.

The year 1957 bought high-performance cars such as Mercedes-Benz 300SL. It was built

on compact and stylized lines and was capable of 230 kmh (144mph).

INDIAN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

The Indian automotive industry is the 2nd fastest growing in the world. About 8 million

vehicles are produced annually in this country today. During 2005-2006, India has emerged as

the 3 rd largest market in the Asia Pacific Region. With various car manufacturing companies

setting up their units in different parts of the country, the production of the cars will increase at a

very fast rate. The car reports indicate that India will soon become one of the top 10 car

manufacturing countries , leaving behind the U.K. Car statistics also show that by the end of the

fiscal year 2006-2007, the car production capacity in India will exceed the mark of 2 million.

Thus, the production of cars will increase by 70% from the present capacity of 1.2 million.

The major car manufacturers in India are Maruti Udyog, Hyundai Motors India Ltd.,

General Motors India Pvt. Ltd., Honda Siel Cars India Ltd., Toyota Kirloskar Motor Ltd.,

Hindustan Motors etc

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The Indian automotive industry has flourished like never before in the recent years. The

extra-ordinary growth that the Indian automotive industry has witnessed is a result of two major

factors namely the improvement in the living standards of the middleclass, and an increase in the

disposable incomes.

Moreover, the liberalization steps, such as, relaxation of the foreign exchange and equity

regulations, reduction of tariffs on imports, and refining the banking policies, initiated by the

Government of India, have played an equally important role in bringing the Indian automotive

industry to great heights. It is estimated that the sale of passenger car have tripled compared to

their sale in the last five years. Thus the sale of cars has reached a figure of 1 million users and is

expected to increase further. It is also to be noted that the demand of luxurious models, SUVs,

and mini cars for family owners have shot up largely due to increase in consumers buying

capacity.

The increased demand for Indian Automobiles has resulted in a large number of multi-

national auto companies, especially from Japan, U.S.A and Europe, entering the Indian market

and working in collaboration with the Indian firms. Also, the institutionalization of automobile

finance has further paved the way to sustain a long-term high growth for the industry.

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According to SIAM India - Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers

Automobile Production Trends

Category 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-092009-10(No

of Vehicles)

Passenger

Vehicles1,309,300 1,545,223 1,777,583 1,838,593 2,351,240

Commercial

Vehicles391,083 519,982 549,006 416,870 566,608

Three

Wheelers434,423 556,126 500,660 497,020 619,093

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Two Wheelers 7,608,697 8,466,666 8,026,681 8,419,792 10,512,889

Grand Total 9,743,503 11,087,997 10,853,930 11,172,275 14,049,830

Automobile Domestic Sales Trends

Category 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-092009-10 (No

of Vehicles)

Passenger

Vehicles1,143,076 1,379,979 1,549,882 1,552,703 1,949,776

Commercial

Vehicles351,041 467,765 490,494 384,194 531,395

Three

Wheelers359,920 403,910 364,781 349,727 440,368

Two Wheelers 7,052,391 7,872,334 7,249,278 7,437,619 9,371,231

Grand Total 8,906,428 10,123,988 9,654,435 9,724,243 12,292,770

Automobile Exports Trends

Category 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-092009-10 (No

of Vehicles)

Passenger 175,572 198,452 218,401 335,729 446,146

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Vehicles

Commercial

Vehicles40,600 49,537 58,994 42,625 45,007

Three

Wheelers76,881 143,896 141,225 148,066 173,282

Two Wheelers 513,169 619,644 819,713 1,004,174 1,140,184

Grand Total 806,222 1,011,529 1,238,333 1,530,594 1,804,619

CAR COMPANIES

Ford Motor Company

The Ford Motor Company has a rich legacy of translating better motoring ideas to the

roads. It has manufactured notable brands such as the Ford, Lincoln, Mercury and the Jaguar. It

is among the top five industrial corporations in the world and is available in more than 200

countries around the world. 

Ford has entered the Indian market through a tie - up with Mahindra Motors to

manufacture the Ford Escort. Sold to over 18 million owners worldwide, the models available in

India are specially engineered for Indian conditions. Ford has sold over 260,000,000 vehicles

around the world, and is all geared to make India a global player in automobiles. 

The Ford brand won the 2010 Ideal Popular Brand and Top Brand Overall Awards from

Auto Pacific, announced Fargo Ford dealer Nelson.

Small car Mid size car Premium car

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Ford Figo Ford Ikon Ford Mondeo Ghia Duratec

Ford Fiesta

Maruti Suzuki India Ltd

Established in December 1983, Maruti Suzuki India Ltd. has ushered a revolution in the

Indian car industry. This car is meant for an average Indian individual who is affordable as well

as has elegant appeal. Maruti Suzuki India Ltd. is the result of collaboration of Maruti with

Suzuki of Japan. At this time, the Indian car market had stagnated at a volume of 30,000 to

40,000 cars for the decade ending 1983. This was from where Maruti took over.

The company has crossed the milestone of becoming the first Indian company in March

1994, by manufacturing in totality one million vehicles. It is known for its mass-production and

selling of more than a million cars. Maruti Suzuki India Ltd. is the India's largest automobile

company which entered in the market with affirmed aim to render high quality fuel – efficient

and low – cost vehicles.

Maruti Suzuki India's Swift car wins the Frost & Sullivan 2010 Aspirational Car of the

Year Award in the B Segment cars.

Small car Mid size car Premium car

Maruti Suzuki Alto Maruti Versa New Maruti Suzuki SX4

Maruti Suzuki Cervo Maruti Esteem Maruti Suzuki Cervo

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Maruti Alto Maruti Baleno

Maruti 800 Maruti Swift

Maruti Omni New Maruti Suzuki Zen Estilo

Maruti Suzuki SX4

Maruti A-Star

Swift DZire

Nissan Motor Co. Ltd.

Jidosha Seizo Co. Ltd. was the founder of Nissan Motor Company. Ltd. The company

was established in Yokohama in the year 1933. After a year in 1934, Japan based Nissan Motor

Company Limited changed its name from Datsum. 

Nissan Motors started capturing Indian automobile market with the introduction of

Nissan X-TRAIL and compact Sports Utility Vehicles. Widely scattered dealer network of

Nissan Motors Pvt. Ltd. is in India covers Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai etc. The company is

engaged in joint ventures abroad, and Nissan has established assembly plants in several foreign

countries, including Australia, Peru, Mexico, the United States, and Germany.

Small car Premium car

Nissan Micra Nissan 370Z

Nissan Teana

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Tata Motors Limited

Tata Motors Limited is India's largest automobile company, and is revered as one of the

most dynamic, reliable and futuristic automobile manufacturers of the world. Tata Motor cars

and vehicles are favored worldwide for their versatile technology features and utility. With more

than 130 auto models spanning a wide range of passenger cars, commercial vehicles, and multi-

utility vehicles, Tata Motors stands out as a premiere growth booster of Indian automobile

industry.

Over 3.5 million Tata vehicles including Tata Motors cars are presently plying on Indian

roads since 1954. The company's manufacturing plant is located at Jamshedpur, Sanand, Pune

and Lucknow. Tata Motors believe in constant evolution in technology. So, it keeps lunching

new vehicles in the market. Tata Nano was a landmark launch in the small car category.

The Tata Nano, which was launched in March 2009, has been declared as the 2010 Indian

Car of the Year (ICOTY), an award instituted jointly by six publications – Auto Bild India, Auto

India, Business Standard Motoring, Car India, Overdrive and Top Gear India. It has been

individually declared as the Car of the Year by CNBC TV18 Overdrive Awards, the ET-

ZigWheels Car & Bike of the Year Awards, and the Bloomberg UTV Autocar Awards.

Small car Mid size car Premium car

Tata Nano Tata Indigo Manza Tata Indigo e-CS

Tata Magic Tata Indica Tata Indigo CS

Tata Indigo XL

Tata Indigo

Tata Indigo Vista

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Hindustan Motors

Hindustan Motors is one of the leading Electric Motors Manufacturers in India having

ISO 9001 Certification. It is the first Indian Car Company to start production in India in 1942.

Since then, it has emerged as a vast company manufacturing cars like the sturdy Ambassador, the

elegant Contessa, and in collaboration with Mitsubishi of Japan now manufactures the new

Mitsubishi Lancer.

The company launched its new model Ambassador Nova in 1990 and brings out

Ambassador 1800 ISZ in 1993. Though the sturdy Ambassador does not find many takers in

India, with people looking to more fancy cars, its export has been steadily increasing, mainly in

the British and Japanese markets.

Mid size car

Ambassador

Avigo

Grand

Chevrolet

Chevrolet is one of the most trustworthy, luxurious and dependable brand in the Global

market of vehicles. A large amount of Chevrolets were imported in India between 1918 and

1928. 

The company has made a king like entry in India in the year 1928 with its National Series

AB touring. The 171 cubic inches, 24.7hp four cylinder engine of Chevrolet has proved the

reliability of this car. First office of Chevrolet was established at Mumbai and its assembly plant

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was in Sewree. General Motors, the parent company of Chevrolet, was the first in setting up

assembly plant in India. It is among the newest brands in India launched by General Motors

Indian operations. Chevrolet was brought to India on 6th June 2003.

Mid size car Premium car

Chevrolet Beat Chevrolet Cruze Automatic

Chevrolet Aveo Chevrolet Cruze

Chevrolet Aveo U-VA Chevrolet Optra

Chevrolet Spark Chevrolet Optra Magnum

Fiat India Pvt Ltd

Fiat India Pvt. Ltd. is an Industrial Joint Venture, incorporated on January 02, 1997,

between Fiat Group Automobiles and Tata Motors Limited originally. This joint venture resulted

in the formation of Fiat Automobiles Pvt. Ltd. which has manufacturing locations in 60

countries. It was hoped that this new venture would produce cars which give good performance,

are beautiful and which would be suitable for Indian conditions. 

Mid size car

Fiat Linea

Fiat Palio

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Fiat Petra

Fiat Grand Punto

Honda Siel Cars

Honda Siel Cars India Ltd., (HSCI) was set up in December 1995 as a joint venture

between Honda Motor Co. Ltd., Japan and Siel Limited to manufacture passenger cars in India. 

The company has brought about three models in India - Honda City, Honda Accord, and

Honda CR-V. Its first model was launched in 1997. Very recently Honda Siel Cars has launched

one more market friendly model, Honda Civic on 9th July 2006 in India. Honda Siel Cars India

Ltd. is ISO 9002 & ISO 14001 certified.

Mid size car Premium car

Honda Jazz Honda Accord

Hyundai i20 Era Honda City

Hyundai i20 Sportz  Honda Civic

Hyundai i10

Hyundai i20

Hyundai Motors

Established in year 1996, Hyundai Motor India Ltd. is a sub division of the giant South

Korean multinational, the Hyundai Motor Company. It is Korea's top automobile manufacturer,

capturing the Indian market and giving a strong competition to its rivals in the same segment.

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The company success story is based on a profitable Indian - Korean partnership where Indian

skills and workmanship combine with Korean design and technology to produce one of the best

cars.

In the year 1997, its sales revenue had touched 8.24 billion. The Hyundai Santro is giving

tough competition to other segments and has been designed in India at the integrated auto-

manufacturing unit at Irrungattukatoi near Chennai. This plant is capable of producing 1,20,000

cars, 1,30,000 engine and transmission systems annually.

Mid size car Premium car Luxury car

Hyundai i10 Hyundai Sonata Hyundai Santa Fe

Hyundai i20

Hyundai Accent Eco

Hyundai Accent

Hyundai Getz Prime

Hyundai Elantra

Hyundai Santro

Hyundai Verna

Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.

Established in year 1945, Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. is a subsidiary of Mahindra group.

The company manufactures general-purpose utility vehicles. Today, it is the 10th largest private

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sector company in India, which is into manufacturing of tractors and light commercial vehicles

along with other general utility vehicles.

The company has been awarded by many acknowledgments like Bombay Chamber Good

Corporate Citizen Award for 2006-07, Business world FICCI-SEDF Corporate Social

Responsibility Award – 2007, Deming Application Prize and Japan Quality Medal in 2007. On

an average market capitalization up till June 2008 is around Rs. 13822.16 crores.

Mid size car

Mahindra Renault Logan

Audi AG

AUDI AG is a German based company with its production units in five major countries

viz. China, Hungary, Belgium, Italy and Germany itself. Audi is a manufacturer of exquisite cars

which are attractive, sophisticated and technically perfect in every aspect. 

Audi is looking tactfully towards the future and investing its wealth on India. The luxury

car market has tripled during last five years. With the excellent set-up of a dealer network in

India, Audi has already started sketching its footprint in this country from July 2004. Audi has

launched its bigger models A6 and A8 in this rat racing market. This is aimed towards the

massively popular Mercedes Benz C Class. Both these cars are good competitors in the

automobile markets around the globe.

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Premium car Luxury car

Audi A4 Audi A6 Limited Edition

Audi A6 Saloon Audi A5

Audi A8

Audi TT

Mitsubishi Motors

Since 1917, Mitsubishi Motors as a part of the global Mitsubishi Group has been quality

and luxurious cars. The company manufacturing cars since 1981 and sold their first car in the

year 1982. 

Mitsubishi Motors, the world's largest company, was established in 1970 with its head

office in Tokyo. The company is committed to develop ground-breaking technology that focuses

on better control, performance and lifestyle. They manufacture and design attention-grabbing

vehicles with real street presence and genuine performance. 

Premium car Luxury car

Mitsubishi Lancer Mitsubishi Lancer Evo X

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Mitsubishi Lancer Cedia

Skoda Auto India Pvt Ltd.

Skoda Auto is a part of the International Volkswagen Group. It is one of the premier

automobile manufacturers in Europe, based in Czech Republic. The company introduced itself

on November 16th, 2001. With its Greenfield plant in Aurangabad, the company has its

dealership network spread over Mumbai and Delhi region.

Skoda Auto in India received awards like 'Most Technologically Advanced Car' for

Skoda Laura and 'Best Variant' for Skoda Superb Turbo Diesel from CNBC-TV18 AUTOCAR

AUTO in the year 2006. It has also received 'Executive Car of the Year' award from NDTV

PROFIT CAR INDIA and 'Automotive Technology of the Year' award from OVERDRIVE, both

for Skoda Laura.

Premium car

Skoda Fabia

Skoda Laura

Skoda Octavia Classic

Skoda Octavia Combi

Skoda Superb

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Toyota Motors

Established on 6th October, 1997, Toyota motors has pulled the vigilant of Indian

customers to its products. With the full devotion and round the clock services, Toyota tied up

with Kirloskar Group by forming Toyota Kirloskar Motor Private Limited. Two shareholders of

Toyota Motors are Toyota Motor Corporation holding share of 89% while Kirloskar group is

having the share of 11%. 

Toyota Motors has been appreciated by many awards. In 1970, it was awarded by

Japanese Quality Control Award for being participating in a wide variety of Motor sports. Later

in the year 1990, Toyota Motors began to branch out from producing mostly compact cars by

adding several larger and luxurious vehicles to its lineup. 

Premium car

Toyota Camry

Toyota Corolla

BMW

Established on March 7, 1916, BMW (Bayerische Motoren Werke GmbH) has now

become one of the major automobile manufacturers in the international market, and BMW cars

one of the most sough-after brand of luxury vehicles. The company is a worldwide manufacturer

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of high performance premium cars and motorcycles, and is known for classic BMW luxury cars

and BMW motorsports cars. It is the parent company of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars, and also owns

and produces the MINI brand.

Luxury car

BMW Z4 Roadster 2009

BMW

BMW-3s

BMW-5s

BMW-6 Series

BMW-7 Series

BMW X3

BMW X5

BMW-M

Mercedes Benz

With the aim to serve the customers in India with the latest products and technological

excellence from the Mercedes-Benz, Daimler Chrysler entered the Indian market and set up

Mercedes-Benz India Ltd. way back in 1994. 

In January 2000, Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W 210), 'Top of the line' E 240 Petrol and E

220 CDI Diesel versions were launched with several advanced technology and mentionable, high

end features. It has a long-term commitment to the Indian market and has full support of its

parent company for its future plans in India.

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Luxury car

Mercedes Benz E Class Cabriolet

Mercedes Benz S-Guard

Mercedes Benz E250

Mercedes Benz

AUTO PARTS

A car has as many as 3000 different components, each of which designed separately to

work in perfect coherence with each other.

A vehicle can broadly be seen as comprising of four main sections-

The engine

Vehicle Frame

Covering body (including interiors in case of four wheelers)

Suspension, brakes & wheels

These sections are further made of millions of small and big components. the auto parts

and components industry is a big industry in itself, and is considered separate from Automobiles

industry in economic studies and various other practical purposes.

The Engine

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There are different kinds of internal combustion engines. Diesel engines are one form

and gas turbine engines are another. See also the articles on HEMI engines, rotary

engines and two-stroke engines. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages.

There is such a thing as an external combustion engine. A steam engine in old-fashioned

trains and steam boats is the best example of an external combustion engine. The fuel (coal,

wood, oil, whatever) in a steam engine burns outside the engine to create steam, and the steam

creates motion inside the engine. Internal combustion is a lot more efficient (takes less fuel per

mile) than external combustion, plus an internal combustion engine is a lot smaller than an

equivalent external combustion engine. This explains why we don't see any cars from Ford and

GM using steam engines.

Vehicle Frame

Body-on-frame is an automobile construction technology. Mounting a separate body to a

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rigid frame that supports the drivetrain was the original method of building automobiles, and its

use continues to this day. The original frames were made of wood (commonly ash), but

steel ladder frames became common in the 1930s.

In the USA the frequent changes in automobile design made it necessary to use a ladder

frame rather than monocoque to make it possible to change the design without having to change

the chassis, allowing frequent changes and improvements to the car's bodywork and interior

(where they were most noticeable to customers) while leaving the chassis and driveline

unchanged, and thus keeping cost down and design time short. It was also easy to use the same

chassis and driveline for several very different cars. Especially in the days before computer-aided

design, this was a big advantage.[1]

Most small passenger vehicles switched to monocoque construction in the 1960s, but the

trend had started in the 1930s with cars like the Opel Olympia, and Citroen Traction

Avant leaving just trucks, some bus manufacturers and large cars using conventional frames. The

switch continued for several decades - even small SUVs typically use this construction method

today. Body-on-frame remains the preferred construction method for heavy-duty commercial

vehicles, especially those intended to carry or pull heavy loads, such as trucks.

A halfway house to full monocoque construction was the 'semi-monocoque' used by

the Volkswagen Beetle and Citroen 2CV. These used a lightweight separate chassis made from

pressed sheet steel panels forming a 'platform chassis', to give the benefits of a traditional

chassis, but with lower weight and greater stiffness. Both of these chassis were used for several

different models. Volkswagen made use of the bodyshell for structural strength as well as the

chassis - hence 'semi-monocoque'.

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There are basically two types of car frames, full frames and unibody frames. Full frames

are utilized on heavy-duty trucks where the chassis or body mounts on the frame. Unibody

frames are the type of frames that are on most vehicles today. Unibody frames mean the chassis

and the body are all one unit.

The invention of the unibody frame made cars safer in accidents as they are designed to

crush or crumple when damaged in a collision. Think of your car’s frame as a base that holds

everything together whether it’s a unibody or full frame design.

Covering body

The body of an automobile is categorized according to the number of doors, the

arrangement of seats, and the roof structure. Their roofs are conventionally supported by pillars

on each side of the body in recent times, there are convertible models with retractable fabric tops

that rely on the pillar at the side of the windshield for upper body strength, as convertible

mechanisms and glass areas are essentially nonstructural. The glass areas have been increased for

improved visibility and for aesthetic reasons. New designs are usually programmed on three- to

six-year cycles with generally minor refinements appearing during the cycle. 

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Redesigning was a tough job in the past, when as much as four years of planning and new tool

purchasing was needed for a completely new design. Computer-aided design (CAD) and

computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) techniques may now be used to reduce this time

requirement by 50 percent or more.

Sheet steel is generally used to make automotive bodies. Elements are added to the alloy

to improve its ability to be formed into deeper depressions without wrinkling or tearing in

manufacturing presses. Steel is used because of its general availability, low cost, and good

workability. Other materials for certain other materials are also used. Other materials, such as

aluminum, fiberglass, and carbon fiber reinforced plastic are used because of their special

properties. 

For more toughness and resistance to brittle deformation, Polyamide, polyester,

polystyrene, polypropylene, and ethylene plastics have been formulated. Tooling for plastic

components generally costs less and requires less time to develop than that for steel components. 

Painting and priming processes are used to protect bodies from corrosive elements and to

maintain their strength and appearance. Bodies are first dipped in cleaning baths to remove oil

and other foreign matter and then they go through a succession of dip and spray cycles. Enamel

and acrylic lacquer are both in common use.

Electrodeposition of the sprayed paint, a process in which the paint spray is given an

electrostatic charge and then attracted to the surface by a high voltage, helps assure that an even

coat is applied and that hard-to-reach areas are covered. To speed up the drying process in the

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factories, ovens with conveyer lines are used. In those body areas that are more susceptible to

corrode, galvanized steel with a protective zinc coating and corrosion-resistant stainless steel are

used.

Suspension, brakes & wheels

Suspension is the term given to the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkages that

connects a vehicle to its wheels. Suspension systems serve a dual purpose — contributing to the

car's roadholding/handling and braking for good active safety and driving pleasure, and keeping

vehicle occupants comfortable and reasonably well isolated from road noise, bumps, and

vibrations,etc. These goals are generally at odds, so the tuning of suspensions involves finding

the right compromise. It is important for the suspension to keep the road wheel in contact with

the road surface as much as possible, because all the forces acting on the vehicle do so through

the contact patches of the tires. The suspension also protects the vehicle itself and any cargo or

luggage from damage and wear. The design of front and rear suspension of a car may be

different.

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Brakes are designed to slow down your vehicle but probably not by the means that you

think. The common misconception is that brakes squeeze against a drum or disc, and

the pressure of the squeezing action is what slows you down. This in fact is only part of the

equation. Brakes are essentially a mechanism to change energy types. When you're travelling at

speed, your vehicle has kinetic energy. When you apply the brakes, the pads or shoes that press

against the brake drum or rotor convert that energy into thermal energy via friction. The cooling

of the brakes dissipates the heat and the vehicle slows down. This is all to do with The First Law

of Thermodynamics, sometimes known as the law of conservation of energy. This states that

energy cannot be created nor destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another. In the

case of brakes, it is converted from kinetic energy to thermal energy.

Angular force. Because of the configuration of the brake pads and rotor in a disc brake,

the location of the point of contact where the friction is generated also provides a mechanical

moment to resist the turning motion of the rotor.

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Tyre is a ring shaped circular cover that get fits around a wheel to give protection to the

wheel and performs like a cushion that absorbs shocks when wheel comes in close contact with

ground. Mainly tyres are made up of Rubber, fabric and other compound chemical. A tyre

basically consists of two part- Tread and body. The tread is like thick rubber that gives traction

while body provides support. The main types of car tyres are- Cross ply, Radial, non-pneumatic,

Semi-pneumatic depend upon its construction type.

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